Kuzokwenzekani lapho uwoyela siphela? Yeka ukuthi kuyinto amafutha anele? izinkampani zikawoyela

Lapho siphela zamafutha? Emashumini eminyaka adlule, izwe usexwayise kakade ukuthi igodla siphele. Namuhla uwoyela ngaphezu kokudingekile. Yini feeds ukukhula igolide elimnyama?

ikheli Carter sika isiqephu

Kusihlwa, April 18, 1977, umongameli wase-United Dzhimmi Karter abamenyiwe izintatheli ithelevishini e le Okusaqanda Office of the White House kanye ominously yamemezela kubantu American ukuthi manje ufuna ukukhuluma ngendaba abuhlungu inkinga libonwe emlandweni United States. Wakhuluma enkulu post-yimpi ukulondeka kwezwe usongo.

inselele ezingakaze zibe khona., kuxoxwa kulo kwakungelentombazane amandla. Noma kunalokho ukungabi khona. Ngokusho uMongameli lama-39 e-United States, obumbi uwoyela kuye kwabangela isidingo silinganise ukufunwa amandla ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu e imithombo. akhawunti mpilo hydrocarbon izinqolobane for 75% imithombo yezwe uphelelwa amandla. UMongameli ngisho ngokuthi isikhathi lapho uwoyela siphela - ke okuyakumehlela kule minyaka 6-7 esilandelayo.

Inkulumo Carter wamukelwa ngaphandle intshiseko. AbaseMelika awawazisanga umyalezo ezibhubhisayo, ngisho kancane - umbono walo ephumayo kulesi simo nge imfuneko didactic of ukwesekwa collective zokuziphatha. Kodwa neze ubani bezikungabaza amaqiniso inikezwe.

Nokho, umongameli wase-United States wenza iphutha. Idatha amasheya petroleum kanye negesi yemvelo wazibonakalisa okungalungile. Amandla babengagcini hhayi ekupheleni, bashaywa, uma kungekhona obungapheli, engaqondakali omkhulu. Akekho owayazi kahle-ke, kodwa namuhla abantu abaningi bayakubona lokhu.

Yeka ukuthi kuyinto amafutha anele?

Ngaphandle esindayo hydrocarbon ezifakwa eNyakatho Melika, i-Russia, i-Saudi Arabia nakwamanye amazwe Middle East esikhiqiza, kukhona eside ezigcine untapped eNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika kanye ne-Arctic: hhayi izinkulungwane zezigidi zemiphongolo futhi izigidigidi. Ngakho, ngicabanga ukuthi kuyokwenzekani uma uwoyela siphela kuze ekuseni. Kunalokho, ngokusho kombiko eHarvard University, izwe ukuthuthela hydrocarbon glut.

Isazi enamakhasi angu-75 isifundo ngaleso sikhathi nalabo bangaphambili umphathi phezulu Leonardo Modzheri Eni, okuyinto ihlaziye ukuthuthukiswa nokuxhashazwa Amasimu uwoyela emhlabeni wonke, ubikezela ukuthi lande ngamaphesenti angu-20 ekukhiqizweni global ngo-2020.

Ikakhulu, ziqokonyiswe mbiko:

• ezifakwa ekujuleni Brazilian Santos Basin, okukholelwa ukuthi okungenani ibe namagama angu- 150 bhiliyoni imiphongolo kawoyela ;
• ezifakwa waseVenezuela "extra esindayo" uwoyela Orinoco itiyela Sands, balinganiselwa ku 1.2 isigidintathu imiphongolo;
• Sands uwoyela laseCanada;
• Kwanza umcengezi e-Angola,
• kanye ezifakwa we Bakken futhi Three Izimfoloko e North Dakota futhi Montana e-United States, lapho, ngokuvumelana Modzheri bangaba okulingana ePersian Gulf.

Futhi isizathu salokhu boom? Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe eshintsha izindlela lokuthola umsebenzi futhi esikhiqiza uwoyela.

"Namuhla, lo umkhakha uyakwazi ukubona ukuthi ngamgcina ngaphambi, futhi uthole into ngaphambili ayikwazanga ukuthola - uthi Gerald Shotman, abakhulu ubuchwepheshe isikhulu yenkampani ye Shell, ngokusekelwe e-The Hague. - Kodwa thina bayakwazi ngaphezulu ukuphuma labo izinqolobane, indlela abaphendula ngokunengqondo xaxa indlela esisingatha ngayo izimo kubo ".

uwoyela oluthambile

Enye impumelelo enkulu nezindlela zokukhiqiza amafutha, okuyinto uye wabusa izindaba eminyakeni yamuva, kokubili omuhle futhi ngendlela engafanele, kuyinto ubuchwepheshe aphuke wokubacindezela, noma freking. Empeleni, le ndlela lokukhululwa hydrocarbon ebiyelwe zokwakheka oluthambile, usebenzisa futha amanzi enamandla kakhulu, benengcindezi amathani 14 / sq. m. aphuke umfutholuketshezi yaqale esetshenziswa Kansas ku forties kwekhulu elidlule, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje sibonga ngcono eziningi intengo kawoyela bewe le nqubo ukuze ubuchwepheshe isibe kwezomnotho iphila. Minerals, ngaphambili kubhekwe okungapholi, manje okusemandleni.

Akukho ndawo kuthiwa ezifinyelelwe kungukuthi bexhashazwa ngomdlandla kuzo lokhu ukwedlula e-US. Iminyaka eyisithupha, inani imiphongolo kukhiqizwa kusuka Bakken ekwakhekeni, oluthambile, okuyinto oluthatha indawo mayelana 518 sq. M. km, elula esuka Montana ukuba North Dakota anda izikhathi 100 ngu - kusukela ayizinkulungwane 6 kuya kwezingu-600 ngosuku - .. futhi wenze North Dakota umkhiqizi lesibili ngobukhulu amafutha e-United States ngemva Texas. Inani labantu base-umuzi omkhulu Williston woMbuso liye laphindeka kathathu past 10 iminyaka. Lapha baphuthuma abashayeli bamaloli nezisebenzi Oilfield kusuka ezweni lonke abaphethwe komnotho. E North Dakota, ukuvula amabhizinisi amasha kanye neminyango entsha izibhedlela, kulandele ingqalasizinda, ibubula ngaphansi isisindo sabantu kutheleka kwabantu. amaqembu ezemvelo ubamba umkhankaso vociferous ngokumelene frekinga, osho ukuthi ubuchwepheshe elingcolisa imithombo yamanzi engaphansi kwenhlabathi, kubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba zendawo sonakalise indalo eningi kwemfucumfucu enobuthi.

Abasekeli frekinga bagcizelele ukuthi lezi zingozi zingavinjelwa kakhulu. Futhi ukuthi siyabuthola yini izinzuzo omkhulu we indlela izinguquko. I boom e North Dakota futhi ushintsho ngokushesha e-United States kusukela ongenisa inetha inetha amandla isithekelisi singadingeki wezwe ku amandla leMpumalanga Ephakathi. Enterprises lamafutha umkhakha of China, Russia nase-Argentina, ehlatshwe umxhwele imiphumela United States ngokwabo sebeqala zamukele lobu buchwepheshe. Inkampani LINC Energy umemezela ukuthi uhlose yezimayini 233 bhiliyoni imiphongolo kawoyela kusukela oluthambile idwala emaphandleni ase-Australia.

itiyela Sands

Kodwa yini okufanele uyenze uma uphelelwa uwoyela oluthambile? Freking - lena nje omunye ngempumelelo eziningi ezimangalisayo ngemuva boom entsha. Ukusiza ukukhiqiza kanzima uwoyela ubuchwepheshe ithole indlela yokungena Mkhipheni ingxube isihlabathi nobumba eyaziwa ngokuthi itiyela noma uwoyela esindayo sandstone, imali ngobukhulu zazo ezitholakala eCanada.

Thanda oluthambile, ukukhiqizwa hydrocarbon ngaphambili uneconomical, kodwa izinqubo ezintsha, ezihlanganisa umusi Ukushisa isihlabathi, wenza ubuchwepheshe ikhange nakakhulu. Canada okwamanje ukhiqiza imiphongolo abayizigidi ezingu 1.9 ngosuku lamafutha Nokho etholwe ngale ndlela, njengoba indlela freking kuye kwabangela imibhikisho emikhulu. Albert Gor, fighter imvelo, echazwe kwezihlabathi itiyela ngokuthi "umthombo dirtiest uphethiloli okusamanzi okungaphathwa ungase ucabange, wabiza amapulani okwakha iphayiphi ezinkulu entsha evela emasimini amafutha Alberta ukuze zokuwuhluza« Texas Gulf "" ngendlela yokusangana. "

imishini ovundlile

I boom uwoyela ibhebhezelwa entsha, izindlela imishini esinembile. Ukusungulwa indlela evundlile kusho ukuthi indawo phezu kuyinto amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka target. Izinkampani zingenza ushone ekugxileni, bese ngiphendukele kolunye ukuze sifinyelele eqophelweni oyifunayo. Umbhoshongo itholakala olwandle at ibanga amakhilomitha 500 kusuka osebeni, idwala, futhi kungase kudlule phansi 7 km 7 km nimuke ncamashi indawo oyifunayo. Ngamafuphi, lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe engenakwenzeka bayamba umgodi ezomile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2011 impumelelo yokubhola uye waphumelela 99% amacala.

Izinkinga ultradeep imithombo

Izinkampani zikawoyela yamba kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Rig "The Hawk" esiqhingini Sakhalin eduze nogu olungasempumalanga ye-Russia umise amarekhodi umkhakha eziningi, kuhlanganise imishini kwemithombo kanye ephumayo ukuphambuka 12 345 m ukujula, okuyinto kosayizi ka-Mount Everest.

Okwamanje, i-geometry elula enqanda Drilling ekujuleni okukhulu. Njengoba sekuchaziwe Lens Awe-Kuk, abakhulu yokusebenza isikhulu Shell eChina, kahle kufanele kuqiniswe ngensimbi, ngakho kungukuthi ubhujiswe, kodwa indlela kuphela ukwehlisa steel bezinhlamvu - ukukwenza ububanzi ipayipi ngalinye kulandele engaphansana nje kwengu-kulowo odlule.

Yilokhu kukhawulela ukujula. "Uma manje inkampani wafuna sokuprakthiza a-ikhilomitha amathathu kahle, khona-ke, ake sithi, owokuqala bezinhlamvu kufanele sibe ngaphezu isakhiwo lapho ngihlezi," - uthi Cook.

Nokho, intuthuko ine umfutho angenakuvinjwa phambili, futhi yini kubonakala esibekele namuhla, kusasa kuyoba uyisidala. Ukuze inkampani Shell eyi 10 eyedlule isungule monobore ubuchwepheshe ongeke wehlisa bezinhlamvu ngaphakathi nomunye, bese wandise ukuba alingane. Okwazekayo, lokhu kuzokwenza lula imishini kwemithombo ezijulile, nakuba onjiniyela kusadingeka ukuthola indlela ukuvimbela ukuncibilika ipayipi ekujuleni ezinjalo. Ngesikhathi lapho uwoyela siphela Amasimu etholakalayo, futhi inkinga surely ingaxazululwa.

Cinga hydrocarbon: izitsha zokuzamazama komhlaba

Njengoba umbuzo lapho likhona imali uwoyela, ukuba sifune izimpendulo senzeka njalo. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, okungenani, wazi ukuthi akudingekile ukuba ufune. Hydrocarbon akhiwa nezitshalo ezincane ukubola, ulwelwe nama-bacterium ezikhona ezingeni eshalofini Continental, kodwa ungalokothi iya kuyo, ngakho amafutha Drilling phakathi nolwandle bekuyoba yize.

Eduzane phansi, Nokho, t. N. izitsha zokuzamazama komhlaba 10 ukudonsa izintambo 20, ngamunye 15 km ubude, isikhala acoustic iphenya for khona uwoyela negesi. "Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bashukumiseleka, bayizithunywa izinto ngobukhulu ezenziwe umuntu emhlabeni," - kusho uRobin Uoker, iphini likamengameli we ukuthengisa WesternGeco, engabanikazi bephephandaba izinkantolo eziningana ezinjalo. Futhi zinkulu ngempela. I enkulu babo, Ramform Sterling, ingeyona WesternGeco, PGS futhi amaNorseman futhi has ebhodini amathani angu-400 ephezulu ukucacisa zikagesi ibekwe endaweni 830 zebhola.

isitsha ngasinye zokuzamazama komhlaba ukukhiqiza pulses acoustic emanzini nge air onomfutho Usebenzisa isibhamu emoyeni. Amaza omsindo bese kubonakala kusuka izingibe futhi abuthele scythe zokuzamazama komhlaba ifakwe imibhobho kwamanzi. Ukutadisha lokhu idatha, izazi zokuma komhlaba imali kanye nekhadi isethi, lapho egcwele - uwoyela, igesi, noma amanzi nje.

Esikhathini yoma, izitsha zokuzamazama komhlaba baguquka izikebhe zokudoba, kodwa has a ubuchwepheshe ezimbili ntathu kuphela. Namuhla akhiwa ngokuqondile abiza $ 200 million futhi isebenzisa ngeso ngakuthathu, okuye kwaba ngcono zinembile. Le ndlela akuyona ingaphumeleli. Ngezinye izikhathi izintambo hopelessly udidekile. "Lena ipuleti spaghetti esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - Walker uthi. - Kuthatha amasonto ambalwa ukuxazulula kubo. Noma kunjalo, izinga yinkimbinkimbi kuyinto umoya. "

izindleko isikhala

"Kwenzekalani kukhona okulingana zasolwandle zohlelo isikhala, - uthe Robert Bryus, umlobi waseMelika nowaseNingizimu intatheli onguchwepheshe nezindaba amandla. - Futhi konke lokhu uxhaso ezivela emithonjeni yangasese ".

Amanani behileleka lapha, kungaba umuntu ujike inhloko. Sekukonke, inkampani wahlanganyela ukuhlola ukukhiqizwa onyakeni owodwa vo isebenza imali engaphezulu kwaleyo $ 1 billion. inkampani Amafutha Shell, isibonelo, ngikhokhe opondo abangu-izigidi ezingu-63 ukuze amalungelo ukuhlola indawo ayizinkulungwane 13 sq. M. km ngasogwini olusempumalanga yeCanada. Ngeke ibe khona ngaphandle idatha olunzulu khona hydrocarbon, kodwa namanje ngezindlela eziningi isiphakamiso yesiteleka kakhulu ukukhululwa press ekumemezeleni deal kwaba okulandelayo: «Shell wathi, isekhona kuze kube azimisele, aqukethe ke izindawo entsha uwoyela noma igesi yemvelo. " Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuningi kangakanani Shell ikhokhwe, uma bengazi ngokuqinisekile?

pool Santos

Umncintiswano phakathi wabenza, opharetha, abacwaningi kanye abaxhumanisi kuyinto optic iqine ngempela. Wonke umuntu ufuna ukuba uthole isabelo sawo, futhi abaholi ukuthenga ilungelo ngokushesha.

Omunye izimpi kunezimpi kule minyaka engamashumi amabili Brazil. Ngaphambili Santos elisemcengezini, endaweni olwandle angu-320 eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Sao Paulo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba aphenye khona uwoyela ngenxa ungqimba obukhulu usawoti, ngoba ekhanya okuhambisa vibration. Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa seismology ngokuzumayo wenza endaweni injongo corporations amandla esikhiqiza, futhi ngo-1999 inkampani kawoyela Petrobras atholakala lapha ensimini equkethe abangaba yizigidi ezingu-700 imiphongolo.

pool Kwanza

Impumelelo eBrazil utshelwa izazi zokuma komhlaba ukubheka ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic ukuze Angola pre-usawoti kumiswa. Ukwazi ukuthi ugu yeBrazil, eminyakeni million 100 edlule, adjoined ukuya ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika, babekholelwa ukuthi la izinqolobane kungase okulapho. Ngo-February 2012, lokhu kusikisela eye yaqinisekiswa kokutholakala ezifakwa kule Kwanza elisemcengezini, emandleni akhe ifinyelela imiphongolo engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 1.5. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, zikawoyela eziningi, kuhlanganise BP kanye obuphelele, ivikelwe amalungelo ukuhlola e-Angola.

Umhlangano eyimpumelelo akazange ukudalula usayizi okuthiwa isignesha amabhonasi, kodwa kuphephile ukuphetha ngokuthi ayemakhulu kakhulu. Ngo-2006, lowo mdondoshiya Chinese Sinopec osethe irekhodi lomhlaba ngokukhokha endaweni ulwandle zamadola 1.1 bhiliyoni. Kungakanani ukuthi imali ozothola kwabantu base-Angola - iphuzu moot. Umlando lamafutha ukuhlola e-Afrika akulona ujabule kakhulu. Izwe usesikhundleni out abaphansi 168th lamazwe 182 kule wemiqondo Inkohlakalo Inkomba I-Transparency International.

Kungaba ukunganaki ukumane udlulise ukukholelwa ukuthi genie azisoze ukubeka emuva zingene ibhodlela. Robert Brays Ethi, izwe ugijima on uwoyela, period. Ayikho enye into angeke ancintisane ke, uma kuziwa amandla kwabantu, ukushintsha-shintsha, kalula ukucutshungulwa futhi adambise yezokuthutha. Uma uwoyela alikho, kwakuyodingeka ube baziqambela.