Umkhakha e China. Industry and Ezolimo of China

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo we umkhakha e China waqala ngo-1978. Kulapho uhulumeni waqala ngenkuthalo lokuqala kabusha kwezomnotho ovulekile. Okokuqala, bona ezazikhathaza reorientation eziyisisekelo ukuthekelisa izimboni, ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle kanye ukudala esishintshashintshayo kwezomnotho kanye intela evumayo nangenkathi sezulu zokulawula. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhathini sethu, lokhu ezweni ingenye abaholi bezwe ekukhiqizeni cishe wonke amaqembu umkhiqizo.

Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukisa umkhakha e China

Njengoba isimanga kungase kuzwakale, kodwa kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-Athazeksesi, eChina-semi izinduna isimo uhlelo nge umnotho ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele futhi ukukhiqiza. Ngamagama kwezimboni, ke abasasilele emuva emazweni asethuthukile emhlabeni isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu, futhi lasetshenziswa kuphela njengoba ngempahla kanye neseleko nezokulima. Izinto zaqala ukushintsha emva 1949, lapho China ezamenyezelwa. Ngemva ukuzibamba esifushane kwezimboni umkhakha futhi ezolimo China basungula ngokushesha. Kuvele ubufakazi obucacile lokhu kungenziwa ngokuthi iqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni engaphezu nje kwengu amahlanu kuleli zwe uvele amabhizinisi amasha angaba yizinkulungwane 370. Umthamo production ngalesi sikhathi kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 39. Namuhla, izwe usesimweni okuholela emhlabeni ngenani izimboni. umkhakha wakhe wonke ngalesi emelelwa kwimisebenzi ehlukile 360. Ngenxa lasetulu kakhulu ebantfu ukukhula, uhulumeni ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ophoqelelwe wokuvimba kuye. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuvimbela esibucayi ezayo futhi uthuthumele emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba. Izizinda elikhulu umkhakha China bagxila ikakhulu ugu ezisempumalanga. Lezi zihlanganisa Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong nezinye.

Isizinda of igesi namafutha

Izwe inama kugcwele sasivumela ocebile. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukucutshungulwa umkhakha we neChina ingcono kakhulu ezimayini. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, ubukhulu zigcine igesi yemvelo wathola ezindaweni eningizimu nasempumalanga yezwe, abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi amathani angaphezu kuka-4 billion ayizinkulungwane. Namhlanje, zibhekiwe esingaphansi 4% wabo. Njengoba for umkhiqizo kawoyela, khona-ke ebangela eyodwa nanhlanu ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kanye energy imithombo Ephakathi Kingdom. Okubekiwe zegolide abamnyama, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola 16% ukuthekelisa nomholo, kukhona amathani yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 64. Okwamanje kuleli zwe kukhona izinkampani 32 ukuthi ngokukhethekile umkhiqizo kawoyela. Namafemu wendawo ngobukhulu izocubungulwa kwakhona ezifundazweni Tsaidam Yuymen, likaDagan futhi Shandong.

umkhakha ukukhanya

Emuva ezikhathini zangaphambi wamavukelambuso, umkhakha ukukhanya e China odlale indima yokuhola esakhiweni setemnotfo yayo. Kubalulekile kakhulu sokuthuthukisa izwe kule ndawo okusasele namuhla. Ngempela, le ukudla textile izimboni zaba ngu-21% azo zonke imikhiqizo zezimboni ekhiqizwa kuleli zwe. Ehola izinkampani ezikhiqiza ke, ayahlakazeka ezweni lonke. Imboni yokudla kuyinto amaningi eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina. Ezindaweni enyakatho ntshonalanga ngokuyinhloko ezinkampanini ukuthi ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa imfuyo ukucutshungulwa ukotini. inkampani enyakatho-mpumalanga ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela iphepha, yobisi kanye noshukela isiqondiso izimboni ezifana ukukhanya umkhakha e China. Ngokuvamile, in the state, zikhona izinkampani phezu ayizinkulungwane 23 yendwangu, lapho ukukhiqizwa izinto zokusetshenziswa nokucubungula zinezikhathi ingqondo, kanye amabhizinisi angaba yizinkulungwane 65 embonini yezokudla. Ungakhohlwa ngayo yonke le, nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi ephepheni. Nakuba kungenjalo njengoba wokuvelela njengoba odlule imikhakha emibili, kodwa kusenzima ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izwe.

umkhakha esindayo

Ngokufanayo, nezinye imikhakha yezomnotho, kunalokho ngokushesha socwaningo kanye umkhakha esindayo e China. izinkampani onguchwepheshe ngemva kokwenyuka isikhathi eside kule minyaka embalwa edlule Ukuze okuye kwachazwa nokuwohloka imiqulu ukukhiqizwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi abaningi emhlabeni, akuhlangene ne izinga imikhiqizo kanye namanani entengo. Iqiniso lokuthi izwe manje has umthamo okweqile, okuyinto ngaphansi kwesimo okwehlisa ukusetshenziswa, hhayi kuphela kuleli zwe kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke, wena nje kudingeka uthathe. Kakhulu engabizi, njengoba umkhuba libonisa ukuthi kusukela ngomhla ka namuhla embonini amancane. Ochwepheshe baye bame kwelokuthi lokhu angeke isikhathi eside, ngakho emakethe nakanjani kabusha esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ngemva kwalokho cishe 5% izinkampani kule mboni ngeke hamba ayinamali noma abazokwazi amafemu emikhulu.

ubunjiniyela

Kuze phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, saba ayikho indima ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe China. umkhakha wezwe is cishe hhayi oluqanjwe imishini ahlanganisa izingxenye, ezindizeni, ogandaganda, izimoto nokunye. Eqinisweni, i-engineering mechanical emva kwempi ngo-1949 sadalwa entsha e China. ngesikhathi kuphela ngowokuqala Five-Year Plan kuleli zwe yakhiwa izitshalo engaphezu kwengu-60 (abesithathu kubo Yakhiwa sibonga ukwesekwa esebenzayo ezazivela eSoviet Union). Ngenxa yalokho, manje isimo sesishintshile kakhulu. Okwamanje, umkhakha ukhiqiza imikhiqizo ezingaphezu kuka-53 eziyinkulungwane uhlangana ngokugcwele izidingo sangaphakathi isimo. Ezindaweni noma ezikhungweni ngobukhulu ubunjiniyela kukhona Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai futhi Tianjin.

yokusansimbi

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, izwe unothile kakhulu kwemithombo yemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu kuthuthukiswa kuba impela futhi steel umkhakha e China. Cishe zonke isifunda noma isiyingi ezizimele lapho amabhizinisi of yokusansimbi ayoni, inani eliphelele eyeqa uphawu abayizinkulungwane 1.5. Isimo ukhiqiza ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane izinhlobonhlobo steel, kuhlanganise Alloys ngemboni zezindiza, ngezimiso eziphakeme ukushisa ukumelana, high-grade ezinezici kusengaphambili. I ethile eyinhloko, okuyinto ejwayelekile izinkampani kakhulu kulo mkhakha, baba ezingeni iphansana lobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza futhi ngimpofu okubasiza nge ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abangaba ngu-70% wamabhizinisi enjalo ngokuvamile hhayi ifakwe ukwelashwa izindawo. Ngokuqondene yokusansimbi non-ayoni, izimo ekuthuthukiseni abakulo kungabonakala ngokuphepha echazwe njengo ezijabulisayo ku emathunjini omhlaba kukhona ezifakwa ocebile zethusi, manganese, zinc, nesiliva, negolide, kuholele nezinye imikhando eminingi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi emashumini ambalwa edlule, ayenziwa izimayini kuphela ezinye zazo futhi walaliswa kwenziwe ukuthuthukisa chaotically, ngaphandle ukugcinwa aphansi imithetho yokuphepha.

ukukhiqizwa imoto

Indima ebalulekile emnothweni wezwe edlala embonini yezimoto e-China. Ukuphumelela inqubomgomo bezingelwa uhulumeni kule ndawo iphakeme kakhulu. Okokuqala, lubonakaliswa iqiniso lokuthi uMbuso isungule ngempumelelo ngokubambisana neNhlangano eziningi ehola izinkampani imoto. Kusukela namuhla the Celestial wedwa inikeza cishe zonke zakuleli ngoba izimoto. Ngakho ukungenisa kwabo ingeqi ezingeni 10%. Lesi simo kubangelwe yokuthi uhulumeni akusho uzame motorization sabantu (umshini siqu has% 1 kuphela omphakathi). Inani kwezintela, imisebenzi nemikhawulo kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi imoto uphawu lokunethezeka.

embonini yezokwakha

Kunokuba endaweni yokugcina mayelana nokuthuthuka kuyinto embonini yezokwakha China. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba kuleli zwe kukhona nenqwaba Gypsum, graphite, asebenza ngebhethri, high quality ubumba, asbestos-limestone kanye mica. Luhlelo lolukhulu lwa kakhulu zonke izinhlobo izinto zokwakha kukhiqizwe usimende, Kumiswa esifundeni enyakatho mpumalanga yezwe. Iningi izinkampani ukwenziwa tile Ceramic bagxila e Boshan, Jiangxi, Shenyang futhi Urumqi namafektri isitini - Awukude Beijing. Lihlanzekile leli dolobha futhi idume Sichuan izinkampani zayo ezinamandla asbestos.

chemical umkhakha

Naphezu inothile igesi, amalahle kanye phosphate, e China isikhathi eside akazange unake ezimbonini eziningi. Ezinye zazo umane kabusha wadala emva kwempi. Akuzange kokukhetha, kanti umkhakha kwamakhemikhali China. Engxenyeni yokuqala ye-zamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka, kwakukhona izinkampani 33 ezinkulu ngokukhethekile kule ndawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo esikhathini ezifana esifushane uhla imikhiqizo liye landa ngokuphindwe kayishumi, ukuze uphawu 900 izihloko. Elikhulu kunawo wonke amabhizinisi chemical elise Nanjing, Shanghai, Harbin, Shenyang futhi Jilin.

ezolimo

Inombolo nanini nyuka sabantu kuholela ekwandeni e ukusetshenziswa ukudla. Kule ndaba, i-Government of China ubiza into eza kuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka asebenzayo izimboni ezifana okulungisa ukudla kanye netekulima China. Izwe inenqubomgomo wonke-round ukusekela abantukazana ukuze sithuthukise izinga yalo yokuphila nokukhuphula isivuno izitshalo. Ikakhulukazi, abalimi angayikhokhi intela yezolimo, izintela ekukhiqizweni, ababulala kanye nezinye izinkokhelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi abenza lokhu umkhakha, uma zonke izinhlobo uxhaso, izibonelelo, ukubolekisa evumayo ngisho usizo oludlulele. Cishe zonke izifundazwe ezingeni zomthetho, isimo iqinisekisa ukuthengwa izitshalo eziphuma kubalimi. amazwi Specific ufanelwe okomnikelo abalimi ososayensi wendawo, owayebe kuletsa eziningi izitshalo ezithela, izikhathi eziningana kunakunoma izinhlobo bendabuko.

isiphetho

Lesi sihloko ifingqa kuphela izimboni ezinkulu e China. Ngokungangabazeki, uMbuso Celestial uye baphumelele okukhulu kwezinye izindawo umsebenti wetemnotfo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe yemvelo, imithi, ukukhiqizwa udoti, zokuxhumana, ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, ukuthuthukiswa imithombo entsha amandla, ukuncishiswa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi.