Musical izimpawu, izimpawu kanye namathuluzi. Umculo ukudlalwa ukubingelela

Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule, ngokusebenzisa ubuciko abantu owawusekelwe imizwa yabo, imicabango kanye nakho. Ezinye ngesineke obukhulu kuzo ukupenda, esibonisa izinto ugqozi, ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kanye lushone kukhunjulwa iziqephu yomlando wakhe siqu. Abanye baye bakha izinhlobo ezahlukene izakhiwo kanye izikhumbuzo, ebanikeza incazelo ezinye ongokomfanekiso. I lebanti babo babebizwa ngokuthi izimangaliso zomhlaba. Kusukela ngaphansi kwezandla zomuntu wesithathu ngemva kwenye aphume ikhasi izinkondlo esizayo, amanoveli, epics, lapho isikhathi ngasinye indaba yathathwa eqinile, efanele, ngokubona igama lombhali.

Nokho, kwaba khona abahlala wathola isiqondiso e umsindo. Badale amathuluzi akhethekile ukuveza imizwa ahlula them. Laba bantu okuthiwa nabaculi.

Kuyini umculo?

Namuhla, umqondo wegama elithi "umculo" unikezwa isamba esikhulu izincazelo. Kodwa uma ukhuluma ngomqondo ovulekile, kuba lolu hlobo lobuciko, zaba isihloko esivelele okuyinto umsindo othize.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eziningi izilimi zasendulo izwi lisho "imisebenzi ye Muses."

Usosayensi Soviet Arnold Sochor yena, wayekholelwa ukuthi umculo oyingqayizivele ibonisa ngokoqobo, kanye nokunikeza ukuchayeka womuntu ngokusebenzisa okunenjongo futhi ekhethekile ihlelwe ngendlela ukuphakama, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukulandelana umsindo, isici esiyinhloko sokulawula okuyizinto amathoni.

Umlando Omfushane Umculo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bathandile umculo. Ensimini ka-Afrika lasendulo ngokusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene iculo ayingxenye imicikilisho, wazama ukuxhumana imimoya, onkulunkulu. EGibhithe, umculo oyisebenzise ngokuyinhloko emaculweni esonto. Kwakukhona amazwi anjengokuthi "uthando" nelithi "misetrii" kulingana uhlobo. Imisebenzi edume kakhulu laseGibhithe kwakuyilaba "Incwadi Abafileyo" futhi "Ematheksthi Pyramid" esichaza "uthando" unkulunkulu waseGibhithe Osiris. AmaGreki asendulo kwakufanele wabokuqala kwabo emhlabeni abangabizwa elingakholelwa kuyo emiphakathini yakubo bakwazi ukufeza inkulumo ephakeme umculo. Kuwufanele ngokungeza lapha kanye iqiniso ukuthi kukhona okokuqala futhi waphawula ukuthi ukhona uhlobo njalo phakathi kwamagugu zezibalo nemisindo.

Ngomculo savela futhi zathuthuka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. It waqala ukuvelela izindawo ezithile ezingukhiye.

Ngokwe-theory classical, ekhulwini IX phansi kwakukhona izinhlobo ezilandelayo umculo: sithi Gregorian (izinhlobo okungukuthi ezahlukene umculo isonto, izimfundiso), Bard ngengoma nomculo wezwe (isibonelo esigqamile saleli uhlobo - liculo). Ngo inqubo ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu, lezi izinhlobo kancane yayihlangana, ukwakha entsha, ngokungafani esedlule. Ngakho, ekupheleni XIX leminyaka kwakukhona jazz, okuyinto waba ngukhokho izinhlobo eziningi zanamuhla.

Yiziphi izimpawu zomculo kanye nezimpawu?

Kungenzeka kanjani ukurekhoda umsindo? Musical notation emculweni - kuyinto ihluzo okunemibandela, okuyinto zitholakala ku le stave. umsebenzi ngokuyinhloko ekubizweni ukuphakama futhi isikhathi Isihlobo umsindo. Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi notation emculweni kuyisisekelo esisebenzayo umculo. Nokho, benganikezwa is kuwo wonke umuntu. Funda izimpawu zomculo - ngempela inqubo isikhathi, izithelo okuzokwenza ukwazi ukunambitha kuphela nesineke kakhulu futhi zikhuthale.

Uma siqala lokumba izici notation yesimanje, bese lesi sihloko kuyoba ukukubeka kahle, omkhulu kakhulu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele ubhale ehlukile, umsebenzi ngempela ebanzi mayelana nezimpawu zomculo kanye nezimpawu. Omunye izinhlamvu edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa Yiqiniso, "clef zonxantathu". Engakabi kwalo sekuwuphawu umculo.

Uyini zomculo futhi bayini?

Izinto ukunikeza ikhono kukhishwe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene umsindo adingekayo ukuze kudalwe izulu umkhiqizo, eyaziwa ngokuthi zomculo. Amathuluzi akhona namuhla, ngokuhambisana amakhono abo, inhloso, ikhwalithi umsindo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu eziningana eziyinhloko: ikhibhodi, eshaywayo, umoya, string nomhlanga.

Kunezinye ngeengaba eziningi (njengesibonelo elikhanyayo Hornbostelya Sachs-system).

Ngesisekelo ngokomzimba cishe iyiphi ithuluzi ukhiqiza amathoni omculo (ngaphandle amadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi), a elalinembobo. Njengoba kungaba yezinhlamvu, okuthiwa oscillation wesifunda, ikholomu air (e ethile), noma yiphi into ukuthi ine kungenzeka ukugcina amandla idluliselwe ke ngesimo kunyakaza.

Imvamisa resonant wokuqala isahlangene amasethi (ngamanye amagama, i-basic ithoni) umsindo ukuthi kukhiqizwa okwamanje.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ithuluzi unekhono kanyekanye ukudlala imisindo, ilingana nenani resonators esetshenziswa. Umklamo kungafaka phakathi inombolo ehlukile wabo. Extract umsindo iqala okwamanje lapho ingaphakathi injected amandla. Uma umculi kuyadingeka ukuze ayeke umsindo nsuku ayimpoqo, kungenzeka iphendukele mphumela, njengoba Damping. Endabeni amanye amathuluzi kungenzeka ukushintsha imvamisa resonance. Kwezinye amathuluzi, okuyinto ukukhiqiza umsindo non-zomculo (okufana - imigqomo), kule divayisi akusetshenziswa.

Kuyini umculo futhi bayini?

Ngomqondo obanzi umculo, noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, opus - yiliphi play, Improvisation, Folk song. Ngamanye amazwi, cishe konke ezingase zidlulele ngokusebenzisa kunyakaza imisindo ngaphambilini. Ngokuvamile, it libhekene othile ukuphelela yangaphakathi, ukuhlanganisa zezimali (ngokusebenzisa izimpawu zomculo, amanothi nokunye. D.), Abanye nesisusa. Lokunye lokubaluleke kakhulu futhi eyingqayizivele, okusho ukuthi, njengoba umthetho, kukhona imizwa kanye nakho nombhali, ayekufisa ukwethula ezilalelini yomsebenzi wakhe.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi elithi "umculo" njengendlela mqondo ezimisiwe uvele emkhakheni wezobuciko kuqhathaniswa yamuva (usuku oluqondile ayaziwa, kodwa endaweni ethile esifundeni XVIII-XIX leminyaka). Kuze kube kuleli qophelo kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo ngazo zonke izindlela.

Ngokwesibonelo, Vilgelm Gumboldt futhi Johann umalusi esikhundleni igama elithi wasebenzisa igama elithi "imisebenzi". Ngenkathi isihloko avant-garde Limiselelwe "umcimbi", "share", "uhlobo evulekile". Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningi umculo ezahlukene. Siphakamisa ukuba ucabangele labo edume kunazo zonke, ezithakazelisayo futhi engavamile.

I. Iculo (nobe ingoma)

Iculo - omunye kakhulu elula, kodwa ezivame izingcezu umculo, lapho umbhalo esankondlo ephelezelwa elula melody ukuthi kulula ukukhumbula.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ingoma ingenye izindawo amaningi asethuthukile ngomqondo wokuthi kukhona okwamanje inqwaba amafomu ahlukahlukene alo, izinhlobo, nokunye. D.

II. symphony

Symphony (ngesiGreki - "ngokuvumelana, ubuhle, ukuvumelana") okukhulunywe ucezu umculo, okuyinto kuhloswe for ukusebenza kwe-orchestra, okungaba umoya, uchungechunge, ekamelweni futhi edidayo. Kwezinye izimo, ubusimoni kungase kufakwe vocals noma ngoma.

Okuvamise lo msebenzi ukuletha kanye nezinye izinhlobo, kanjalo zakha isimiso ifomu okuxubile (isib Symphony Suite, Symphony-Inkondlo, Symphony Fantasy nokunye okunjalo. D.)

III. Prelude futhi Fugue

Prelude (ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin Prae - «uyeza» futhi ludus - «Game") - kuyinto umsebenzi elincane, ngokungafani abanye, ayinayo indlela eqinile.

Ikakhulu Preludes futhi fugues zingezokunikeza zomculo ezifana Harpsichord, sitho, upiyano

Ekuqaleni, le mikhiqizo ayehloselwe ukuze abaculi waba nethuba "kulungele" phambi ingxenye eyinhloko ukusebenza. Nokho, kamuva base kakade ukwaba kokubili ngemikhiqizo ezimele yasekuqaleni.

IV. uchume

Lolu hlobo ubuye ngempela ezithakazelisayo, njengoba basingatha okungaka. Touche - (French for "ukhiye", "kwesithi") yilona umculo wadlala ukubingelela. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli gama liye usebenzisa phakathi kwekhulu XVIII eJalimane.

Injongo eyinhloko yale msebenzi ukuze nidonse ukunaka izilaleli ukuba kwenzekani, kanye ukwethulwa Umbala ngokomzwelo ezifanele uma kwenzeka (ngokuvamile ezihlukahlukene emikhosini). Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi zomculo ukubingelela kuthatha band zethusi. Ngokuqinisekile wonke umuntu oye wezwa kuBaba futhi izidumbu, okuyinto eyenziwa ngesikhathi imiklomelo, nokunye. N.

Esihlokweni namuhla yethu, saxoxa yiziphi zomculo, izimpawu, esebenza ngayo. Sethemba kuyoba usizo futhi ifundise abafundi.