Izinhlobo, injongo namagama amabombo

Ukunikeza abizwa namuhla kabanzi kakhulu esetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ukukhiqizwa yesimanje, ngoba nakanjani esisemqoka ingxenye, okuyinto namuhla isetshenziswa kakhulu oyithandayo ezihlukahlukene izindlela emincane nemikhulu. Kuze kube manje, ukusetshenziswa kwabo chithi saka kuyo yonke into kusuka miniature art kwansuku futhi kokuqeda nge imishini omkhulu esetshenziswa imishini industrial ukukhiqizwa.

Akekho ibhizinisi lesimanje, zezimboni inhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi noma zezimboni Awukwazi ukusebenzisa lezi noma nezinye nesikhundla amabombo kanye imikhiqizo ngokwabo, okuyinto ngaleyo ndlela babe nokuphila elinganiselwe, futhi isizathu kuphela lesi simo sibangelwa ukuthi abanawo alternative ethize. Kule ndaba, lokuqhubeka nomsebenzi izinkampani ezahlukene, futhi kungakho kahle zabo zezomnotho kuyinto encike ngqo kwi kangakanani etholakalayo ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi futhi ukubeka lezo imikhiqizo uma kwenzeka bafake.

indaba

Akubona bonke ukuqonde isisho sasendulo, ukhuluma ngalokho izinto ezintsha nje esidlule eside ukhohliwe. Lesi sitatimende okungenakufa kuyinto ngempela kufanelekile cishe nganoma yisiphi ubuchwepheshe besimanje, ikakhulukazi ngokuqondene, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba kwakukhona abizwa lokuqala amabombo, kwaba kakade indlela omkhulu kwemvelo, futhi ekuqaleni mikhiqizo bheka kufike esindayo namuhla ziningi.

Uma nje eziphonsa ngokujulile umlando, kufanele kuqale ngo 3500 BC, lapho abakhileyo eGibhithe lasendulo esetshenziswa, nakuba isintu impela, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesikhathi sawo siyasebenza kakhulu ukwesekwa amabombo, okuyinto Nokho, ngesikhathi sekuyisikhathi azikakwazi amabhola esetshenziswa. Cishe 700-m BC AmaCeltic kakade eyaziwa kahle futhi esetshenziswa imikhiqizo okhuthele, okuyinto esikhathini sethu abizwa ubheke njengoba amabombo, cylindrical idivayisi roller.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo - 330 BC, lapho omunye onjiniyela abadumile kakhulu yeGrisi yasendulo Diad wakwazi ukwakha lokuvimbezela izinjini agcwele, esinye sezici eyinhloko okwakukhona amabombo isintu impela. Lo mshini a ephezulu grade omkhulu umkayo Inqama lalingabulawa kalula ukuhamba ngosizo roller iziqondiso. Yileyo ndlela esizwa ngayo, empeleni isimiso esiye ebizwa iyiphi ibhola ebizwa, okungukuthi, ukungqubuzana ngokuhambisa ukuze uthole esikhundleni friction kweqa, ngakho imoto lalingabulawa kalula ukwenza imisebenzi yayo, usebenzisa amandla kude kancane.

Ngo 1490, uLeonardo da Vinci yasungulwa lokuqala ugingqe eziveza umdwebo emhlabeni. Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi kokusungulwa uye abangela isiyaluyalu yangempela emibuthanweni onguchwepheshe, kodwa eqinisweni kwesikhathi, abaningi baye baqaphela ukuthi ngesikhathi lesi sihloko sasisihle neze ngokoqobo.

Ngo-1794 kwakungekho Nelungelo lokuqala sihlobene elendlalekile, okuyinto efana idivayisi yesimanje. Ngeshwa, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi isampula, ngokomthetho kakhulu, awuzange ezimiselwe ukuba zenzeke, ngoba ukuze uqaphele ngokugcwele lo mbono, kwakudingekile ukuba nezinye amathuba technical, njengoba ukusetshenziswa isandla ezipholisha akunakwenzeka ukufeza imiphumela efanele.

Ngo-1839, usosayensi kusukela Melika okuthiwa u-Isaka Babbitt wasungula ingxubevange okhethekile, elaqala amabhola, elibuye kuhlanganisa e isibalo samalungu alo roller eziveza umnyuziki kukhiqizwa. Lokhu ingxubevange kuhlanganisa ukubunjwa ithusi layo, antimony, phambili futhi ithini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kwaba khona intuthuko yangempela emkhakheni umsindo iphuzu lobuchwepheshe umbono, izakhiwo izithelo, futhi iningi elikhulu kubo Yiqiniso, iye yaba nelungelo lobunikazi. Ngo 1853, uPhillip Moritz Fischer odizayina ngqa emlandweni we isinyathelo nebhayisekili izindlela equkethwe ezikhethekile roller esindayo.

I last ebaluleke ngempela ukuqala ukusabalalisa okwandile ukusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa enjalo umkhiqizo uke waba yokuthi Friedrich Fischer wadala ngo-1883, imoto ngawo eyenziwa ukugaya amabhola ezenziwe ngensimbi lukhuni. Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi lo mshini ephumelelisa eliphakeme ukugaya, elalikade kwakumane lungafinyeleleki. Ngokusebenzisa ukudalwa kulo mshini weza ezweni elidume shveynfurtskoy eziveza isitshalo, futhi esikhathini esizayo, imikhiqizo efana sebeqalile kakade ukuba ingasetshenziswa cishe kuyo yonke indawo.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi njalo kwenziwe ubuchwepheshe ekuthuthukiseni iyachuma - uthenge imishini esinembile, yaqala ukuthela inombolo ukuzala, ithuthukiswe nezindinganiso ezithile zokukhiqiza. Ekugcineni, sibona ijwayelekile ngemikhiqizo eminingi, ngaphandle okuyinto namuhla cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba zibone ngeso lengqondo ukukhiqizwa yesimanje.

Ethandwa kakhulu ethandwa esikhathini sethu kungenziwa ngokuthi amabombo plain kanye roller amabombo, ngakho kulesi sihloko sizosebenza kuba ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

amabombo ugingqe

Isimiso esiyisisekelo lolu hlelo lokusebenza sihlobene amandla friction amabombo. umkhiqizo okunjalo has a isakhiwo esingagcina yakhiwa amasongo amabili lensimbi elinezinhlangothi inkatho, okuyinto ahlelwe phakathi ezinamasondo, izinaliti noma amabhola, le zihlalo ngaphakathi isihlukanisi ngokufanele phakathi izindandatho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ungayitholi eyodwa inombolo ukuzala, ukuhlinzeka kungenzeka engekho isihlukanisi kuhleliswa.

Yiziphi umehluko zabo?

amabombo Modern zokuhlukanisa izici eziningana eziyisisekelo:

• emizimbeni Uhlobo asetshenziswa ukunikeza kakhulu le amabombo - roller / inaliti noma ibhola amabombo;
• Thayipha kungenzeka umthwalo - wagxila yomugqa, osabalalayo, emincane contact ibhola ngezikulufo.
• Inombolo ephelele izakhi esetshenziswa - kusukela umugqa owodwa ukuze multirow.
• The kungenzeka ukuhlinzeka isinxephezelo ngenxa yokuthi umklamo kungekho umgwaqo emkhonweni futhi kushaft - nesamoustanavlivayuschiesya nokuzihlonipha, ngokuba nezingxabano Aligning.

izinzuzo

Kunezindlela eziningi eziwusizo ukuthi ukuhlukanisa lezi amabombo. GOST abeka kuyo izindinganiso ukukhiqizwa ngempela esiqinile imikhiqizo enjalo, ukuhambisana okumele ukunikeza izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• KDA kakhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu okuyinto olunikezwa izuze ukulahlekelwa okungenani ngenxa friction.
• Ngezinye izikhathi, kwezinye izimo, ngisho ezincane izikhathi eziyishumi torque ngomshikisho kuqhathaniswa ne amabombo plain.
• Ukungabikho ephelele yimuphi isidingo ukusebenzisa ezibizayo izinsimbi non-ayoni, ngaphandle okuyinto ke akakwazanga ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo amabombo, okuyinto nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ku izindleko zokuqala, futhi ngenxa yalokho, amanani yokugcina, okuyinto unayo amabombo. ngaleyo ndlela GOST kubonisa bha nezidingo zokukhiqiza yabo, ngakho akudingeki ukuba sikhathazeke ngokuthi ukuthi imali encane uzothola kancane umkhiqizo izinga.
• Amandla okwenza amabombo cishe noma yimuphi usayizi unesithakazelo isiqondiso eksisi, ukuze isicelo sabo ububanzi enwetshiwe kakhulu.
• Excellent ukusebenza imingcele kanye lula enkonzweni yesikhathi lihambisana kalula isihlobo esikhundleni.
• Kakhulu ongaphakeme igrisi ukusetshenziswa.
• Kwenani eliphansi ngokwanele esimele umphumela ekukhiqizweni omkhulu kakhulu izihloko ezinjengalesi, kanye nenani izinto zokwakha.
• Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu ngezinga eliphezulu interchangeability, nakho kuye kwaba nomphumela omuhle ngenani jikelele malula nesivinini ukukhanda imishini ehlukahlukene kanye nemishini.

nebubi

Lokhu akusho ukuthi ngisho nesiqu amabombo amazwe yalolu hlobo inikeza ukuthi banayo nemiphumela ethile engathandeki ezithile, okuyilezi:

• Ububanzi elincani izicelo. Ezimweni eziningi kunenzuzo uma ukuqaqa selisho amabombo, sokuqonda izici zabo ngokucacile unsuitability kwabo ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele imishini yokusebenza ngesivinini ultra-high kanye ezinkulu vibration futhi ukushaqeka imithwalo, njengoba zonke izihloko ezifana lungekho.
• Shiya isisindo esikhulu Ubukhulu ohlangothini osabalalayo.
• Yokuntula ithuba ukudala amabombo noiseless ngokuphelele ngenxa amafomu iphutha.
• Kunalokho nzima ukufakwa zonke izinhlobo lokubizwa yesifunda.
• Kufanele anake kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukufaka imikhiqizo enjalo, njengoba kufakazelwa amabombo notation. Kulungiswa imingcele main esingagwegwesi nezibonelo ezingokoqobo ukusetshenziswa yawo asikisela ukuthi ngisho ezinganembile oluncane luholele ukukhubaza yonke indawo.
• Ngo inqubo yokukhiqiza amaqoqwana elincane amabombo nge osayizi angajwayelekile yezindleko yabo inyuka kunalokho kakhulu.

amabombo plain

Isikhundla GOST eziveza kusikisela ukuthi idivayisi ngokuhambisa umzimba nge imbobo ngaphakathi okuyinto idivayisi lubricating futhi emikhonweni ezikhethekile ezenziwe antifriction impahla. Ukujikeleza shaft wenziwa yi-imvume enikeziwe phakathi kwaso imbobo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukubala igebe kunikezwa ukunakekelwa okukhethekile, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho nje ngeke bakwazi ukunikeza ukusebenza ngempumelelo ngempela kwalo mkhiqizo. Yingakho ekubizweni SKF amabombo kanye logo zabanye abakhiqizi ezinkulu zomhlaba, okungenani, ungaqiniseka ukuthi izici zabo zivumelana ezingeni lelisetulu imikhiqizo futhi ngeke avumele ukuba sokungabaza ukusebenza imikhiqizo ekhona.

ngomshikisho esishelelayo kule mikhiqizo ihlukaniswe izigaba eziningana eziyinhloko:

• Boundary. I igrisi ihlanganisa mncane ifilimu umkhiqizo, kuyilapho eziveza kuyinto nabo kushaft ngokugcwele noma nje kuthinta izindawo phezu eside hola.
• Liquid. Through isicelo uketshezi igrisi ungqimba ngokwanele ayifakiwe ngqo okuqhubekayo contact eziveza nesicu evele. ukuxhumana okunjalo can mhlawumbe abekho nhlobo noma zingahlaliseki ezindaweni ezithile.
• Negesi. Ngenxa yokuba khona ungqimba igesi phakathi sihloko futhi kushaft siqedwa ngokuphelele kungenzeka abaxhumane nathi ngqo.
• Ezomile. I igrisi alisetshenziswa isimiso, futhi ngaleyo ndlela lapho imiphini kutsetselelwe diameters eziveza noma abalale kulezo zingxenye eside.

Kuye uhlobo lomkhiqizo ingasetshenziswa plastic, uketshezi, gaseous noma igrisi okuqinile.

ngezigaba

Ukwahlukaniswa imikhiqizo enjalo wenziwa ngokuvumelana izici ezilandelayo:

• Hole iphethini - odnopoverhnostnye noma mnogopoverhnostnye; phakathi nendawo noma ngaphandle kokuthatha ihlangothi sigudluke noma ngaphezulu ngaphandle ukufuduka.
• Iziqondiso ezivukayo umthwalo - Axial, osabalalayo noma xhumana emincane.
• Inombolo esetshenziswa valve uwoyela - eyodwa noma ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.
• Ukwakhiwa - Split, eyodwa isiqeshana noma eyakhelwe.
• Nokulungiseka - ikhono ukulungisa noma akasekho.

izinzuzo

Ekhuluma izinzuzo main imikhiqizo enjalo, bonke kubo kukhona eziningana:

• ububanzi kakhulu ebanzi zokusebenza kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amabombo ongasebenza evamile ngisho at high ukushaqeka vibration imithwalo, noma ngesivinini sezingeni eliphezulu.
• degree ngokwanele eliphezulu kahle, uma zisetshenziswa ububanzi kushaft ezinkulu.
• Ikhono ukusebenzisa njengoba kuyonquma releasable.
• Amandla ukunikeza ukulungiswa igebe, ukuze eksisi kushaft lingasethwa ngobuciko obukhulu.

amaphutha

Yiqiniso, imikhiqizo enjalo, kukhona ezinye yokuntula:

• Ngokungafani ukuthi, njengoba kubonisa ekubizweni amabombo elendlalekile, akusiyo nekusebenta eliphakeme, njengoba kukhona ukulahleka ngempela okukhulu ngenxa friction.
• Akukho kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza evamile ngaphandle Lubrication njalo.
• Kungalingani ngemazinga bafake izikhonkwane, kanye nomkhiqizo uqobo.
• Enough eziphezulu ngenxa isidingo ukusetshenziswa njalo izinsimbi non-ayoni e senqubo yokukhiqiza.
• UMbuso omkhulu umshikashika yokufakwayo ukukhiqizwa.

wokugubha

Yonke imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa in Russia, lowomuntu kumuntu kumele kudingeke ukuba kuthiwe yizimboni, bese usetha sihlobene isiqu ngokuhambisana GOST. I kophawu of ayiphethe yesimanje siqukethe amadijithi eziyisikhombisa abizwa main, kanye ezinye izinhlamvu ezingeziwe ngakwesokunxele noma kwesokudla abizwa main. Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi main ezengeziwe wokugubha ngakwesokunxele kumele njalo ahlukaniswe ikhonco, kuyilapho esifanele iledere amabombo. Kulokhu, izimpawu noma kunjalo kufanele ufunde kuphela kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla.

izimpawu leftist, okubandakanya nesikhundla amabombo e umdwebo, aqukethe okulandelayo:

• ngomshikisho torque engu;
• imikhiqizo isigaba;
• ekilasini ukunemba ;
• iqembu osabalalayo imvume.

Ngakwesokudla kuboniswa kanje:

• izinguquko ezihlelekile;
• ezisetshenziselwa izinto senqubo yokukhiqiza idatha;
• igrisi;
• izinga lokushisa tempering;
• nezidingo eziyisisekelo ukuqinisekisa izinga elithile vibration.

diameters

Uma kuba usayizi isiqu ubukhulu is hhayi ningi than 10 mm, khona-ke inani kubhekwa ubukhulu okuzisholo, kanye komehluko kulokhu kukhona amabombo kokuba ukuvuleka nge diameters ku uhla 0.6-2.5 mm, isiqu wenziwa inombolo wamaqhuzu. Kwezinye izimo, uma ubukhulu lwenani wamaqhuzu ke ilebula uzobe imikiswe inenombolo, kuyilapho endaweni yesibili ku notation kwalo mkhiqizo ukubeka idijithi "5".

Amabombo imbobo lapho ubukhulu 10, 12, 15 noma 17 mm ububanzi abe ukuqokwa izinombolo 00, 01, 02 noma 03 ngokulandelana. Uma lokhu ukuvulwa kabani sayizi ku ekupha 10 kuya 19 mm, kodwa lokhu akufakwanga uhlu wabalula ngenhla, khona-ke umkhiqizo lumiswa integer eseduze zivela phezulu, futhi nenombolo "9" ibekwa isikhundla yesithathu wokugubha.

Uma ubukhulu hole is 22, 28, 32 noma 500 mm, kulesi simo, bengachaza ukubaluleka wamaqhuzu. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhiqizo kanye 22 mm ububanzi ungase ube isiqu esithi "602/22."

Uma ubukhulu hole is iyonke noma inombolo wamaqhuzu ukuthi akuyona amaningi amahlanu, lapho kwenzeka bona zibizwa ngokuthi babanjwa ukuba inenombolo ye quotient we ububanzi 5. Ngakho notation eziyisisekelo izihloko ezifana kuhlanganisa idijithi yesithathu "9".

I ububanzi engaphakathi eziveza kokuba wazalela esingeqile 500 mm, has uphawu okuyinto naleyo eshiwo imbobo ubukhulu ibalwa ngamamilimitha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu chungechunge lubonisa ukuzala, okuhlanganisa inhlanganisela uchungechunge nobubanzi futhi diameters ukucacisa ubukhulu ngqo.