Petroleum yokucwenga, ukucutshungulwa zamabanga aphansi naphezulu kawoyela

Amafutha fractionated ukuthola petroleum ngezigaba ezimbili, okuyi-petroleum ziphuzo zazihluzwa sidlula ukucutshungulwa zamabanga aphansi naphezulu.

Inqubo yokucwenga eyinhloko

Kulesi sinyathelo, ziphuzo zazihluzwa wenziwa amanzi emzimbeni ngaphambi futhi desalting we uwoyela ongahluziwe ku imishini ekhethekile zokwehlukanisa usawoti namanye ukungcola, okuyinto ingadala ukugqwala we-apharathasi begodu kunganciphisa izinga imikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Ngemva kwalokho, uwoyela equkethwe 3-4 kuphela usawoti mg ilitha hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-0.1% amanzi. Umkhiqizo ukulungele ilungele ziphuzo zazihluzwa.

Ngenxa yokuthi hydrocarbon ketshezi abilayo ezingeni lokushisa ezahlukene, lokhu impahla isetshenziswa petroleum yokucwenga ukwehlukanisa therefrom kuziwa umuntu ezahlukene ukubila izigaba. Ziphuzo zazihluzwa we zokuwuhluza amafutha ngowokuqala kwenza ukuba sehlukanise amafraktjhini elandelayo ngokuvumelana lokushisa: likaphethiloli (amathumba at 180 ° C no ngezansi), jet fuel (amathumba at 180-240 ° C) diesel (amathumba at 240-350 ° C). Kusukela ziphuzo zazihluzwa lamafutha petroleum uhlala.

Amafutha nqubo ahlukaniswe ziphuzo zazihluzwa abilayo okushisa zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenyana ezincane (izingxenye). Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka imikhiqizo lezimpahla petroleum noma izingxenye zawo. Uwoyela kuyinto esigabeni sokuqala ukucutshungulwa kwayo izitshalo ezikhethekile.

Lapho ukufuthelana kwakhiwa, esigabeni umusi is, okwakhiwa kwalo lihlukile ketshezi. Petroleum amafraktjhini etholwe ziphuzo zazihluzwa ngokuvamile hhayi umkhiqizo okumsulwa kanye hydrocarbon ingxube. hydrocarbon ngamunye ungabahlukanisa kuphela ziphuzo zazihluzwa amaningi ka-petroleum izingxenyana zaso.

ziphuzo zazihluzwa Straight kawoyela ongahluziwe wenziwa

- flash ukuhwamuka indlela (okuthiwa yakhoibrium ziphuzo zazihluzwa) noma ziphuzo zazihluzwa elula (ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu);

- noma ngaphandle ukulungiswa kwananoma;

- usebenzisa ejenti ahwamukayo;

- ngaphansi cleaner futhi ngesikhathi umfutho womoya.

Equilibrium ziphuzo zazihluzwa ehlukanisa ngaphansi ngokucacile amafutha zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenyana ezincane kuka ziphuzo zazihluzwa elula. Ngakho ngo isimo umusi ngesikhathi lokushisa efanayo esimweni sokuqala ihamba uwoyela bangaphezu kwababekhona ngesikhathi sesibili.

ziphuzo zazihluzwa Fractional amafutha unikeza kungenzeka ukuthola zokubasa ehlukahlukene (uphethiloli, u-diesel kanye jet fuel), kanye impahla eluhlaza (-benzene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, ethylene, butadiene, propylene), uketshezi, kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

Okulandelayo wenziwa a imikhiqizo uwoyela ziphuzo zazihluzwa yesibili etholwe kakade kusukela kwemifantu okuthiwa.

Inqubo yokucwenga yesibili

yokucwenga amafutha yesibili eyenziwa ngumuntu cleavage zamakhemikhali noma ezishisayo okhanda amanye amathuba umkhiqizo ukuthi bahlukaniswa ngokuhlela eyinhloko ziphuzo zazihluzwa uwoyela. Lokhu kuveza imali enkulu uphethiloli amafraktjhini, kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa ukwenziwa hydrocarbon elimnandi (toluene, benzene, nabanye). Le nqubo obujwayelekile yokucwenga yesibili uwoyela kwemifantu.

inqubo nomthathambe libizwa ephezulu lokushisa ukucutshungulwa uwoyela amafraktjhini angawodwa ukuthola (ikakhulukazi) imikhiqizo lapho ezincane isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zihlanganisa uwoyela motor, namafutha Lubrication m. P., Izinto zokusetshenziswa for the Petrochemical namakhemikhali izimboni. Ngentuthuko kwemifantu senzeka nge break C C izibopho kanye kumiswa radicals khulula noma carbanions. Ukudabuka C-C izibopho wenziwa kanyekanye ne dehydrogenation, isomerization, polymerization kanye ukufingqa ushintsho futhi ukuqala izinto. Lesi sakamuva izinqubo ezimbili akha ezisalayo aqhephukile, isb ingxenyenamba abilayo ngenhla 350 ° C no-coke.

Uwoyela ngokuhlaziya indlela yomthetho, ngo-1891 ngu-V G. Shuhovym futhi Gavrilov S. ke lezi zixazululo ubunjiniyela okuphindaphindiwe W. Barton ekwakhiweni ngowokuqala ezikulesi simila US.

I kwemifantu Kwenziwa amalahle izinto zokusetshenziswa noma yelikhono nokuchayeka lokushisa eliphezulu.

Kwemifantu ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe kusuka uwoyela fuel izingxenye eziwusizo.