Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo we Chelyabinsk esifundeni. Chelyabinsk esifundeni imithetho yezemvelo

Kwakuba nezikhathi lapho legumbi waqopha umlando ukukhiqizwa bemangala ntengo zinikelwe. Ukuthululela langcolile emfuleni, ngabhema ipayipi esibhakabhakeni, futhi akukho lutho. Into esemqoka - plan kwenziwa. amabhizinisi Industrial we Chelyabinsk esifundeni, okuyinto omunye kakhulu anezimboni eRussia, futhi cishe awazange asinakekele esimisweni semvelo, nakuba izibalo production kade laphela ku abaholi. Ngenxa yalokhu uhlanga ngenxa yokwanda umthamo Chelyabinsk esifundeni wangena izifunda angcoliswe kakhulu Russia eziyishumi ezidla ubhedu. Ngo rankings ahlukahlukene wasibeka phezu 73rd aphume 82, ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke sama-84 sesakhiwo 85, ngisho isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu ukungcola zezimboni, imvelo elilulaza eMpumalanga Ural trace enemisebe ngakwesokunxele ngemva kwaleyo ngozi Kyshtym. Isimo budedengu ebhodulukweni kule minyaka engu-30 edlule kuye kwanda cishe izikhathi ezingu-3 isibalo abanomdlavuza kanye nezifo ezingamahlala khona endaweni ehlupheka ngomzuzwana.

Asinakusho ukuthi emaphethelweni Ministry of Environment awuzami ukuxazulula le nkinga. Iziphathimandla ukushicilela njalo i imithetho yezemvelo we Chelyabinsk esifundeni. Ikakhulukazi, 2016 inyatheliswe isimemezelo omusha ziyokhokhwa Lwezinhlelo umsebenzi kwemvelo kubafundi, eyenziwa nokongiwa izinyathelo izinto zemvelo, inqobo usekelo lwe kwemvelo amabhizinisi. Isikhathi sokuba ukugcwaliseka Isinqumo - kuze 2025. Futhi, kukhona umthetho "Ngo ukuqapha kwemvelo", umthetho "Ngo Ukukhiqiza Ukusetshenziswa Ukusingathwa", umthetho "Ngo avikelwe ngokukhethekile izinto zemvelo." Mthetho kuncike izinyathelo ngesimo izinhlawulo, ngisho nokususwa esikhundleni. Njengoba ubona, umsebenzi kwemvelo emkhakheni Kwenziwa, kodwa isimo wayesadabukile.

Mfushane Umlando

Uma ezweni Chelyabinsk esifundeni ayemahle ngokumangalisayo, amanzi emifuleni nasemachibini crystal ecacile nomaphi bahlasela izimila, abantu baphila ngokuvumelana nemvelo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 kuleli uhambo esifundeni efika, kodwa akawatholanga anything nosizo. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-70, ke wathatha uhambo okuphindaphindiwe, esasihlanganisa izazi zokuma komhlaba abanamakhono. Bakwazi ukuthola lapha itshe-nsimbi lensimbi kwaba ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa yezimboni esifundeni. Lokuqala elakhiwe isitshalo kuphela Zlatoust, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kwakukhona ngamatshumi amathathu. Ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa emikhulu embonini waseChelyabinsk esifundeni ngenkathi ngowokuqala ezinhlanu. Manje steel umkhakha waseRussia lokhu onqenqemeni ayinakuqhathaniswa. Kanye non-ayoni yokusansimbi esifundeni ukhiqiza 50% imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ezweni. Amadolobha amaningi yezimboni esifundeni, ke Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Zlatoust, Karabash, Miass, Troitsk, Ust-Katav, Kopeysk.

Dlala chemical ukuhlaziywa

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo we Chelyabinsk esifundeni okubangela inqwaba ezinobuthi emkhathini, ezweni, emanzini emifuleni nasemachibini amaningi. kuyingozi kakhulu:

• Benzopyrene. Khishiwe emoyeni, kunezimvula noma uqobo imali phansi, uvelaphi izitshalo. Can buthelela emzimbeni. Ingabe umdlavuza anamandla, kudala ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zofuzo ebhubhisa DNA.
• Formaldehyde. ezinobuthi futhi kuqhume kakhulu. Kubangela izifo iso, isikhumba kanye nesimiso sezinzwa.
• Hydrogen sulfide. Umthamo ubuncane ziwusizo, ngenhla amazinga kungabangela ukucanuzelelwa inhliziyo, ikhanda elibuhlungu, edema yamaphaphu, kungaholela ekufeni.
• Nitrogen dioxide. Kubangela nemvula ene-asidi, kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu, izinguquko wegazi ifomula.
• izinsimbi ezisindayo. Ijubane ukukhula kanye nokuthuthukisa izingane. Can buthelela izitshalo, inhlanzi, inyama kanye nezilwane yenkukhu. Abantu kungabangela umdlavuza nezinye izifo eziningi ezinkulu.

Chelyabinsk emoyeni

Lo muzi enhle kubizwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha Urals Southern. Umlando walo sihlehlela emuva onyakeni 1743rd. Zonke eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amathathu namashumi ke uye wazakhela ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo we Chelyabinsk esifundeni iphakame mayelana nomsebenzi we imidondoshiya yizimboni njenge Ferroalloys (Electrometallurgical Plant), Zinc Plant (CZP), cindezela-UKWAKHA, Tube, umshini ithuluzi, crane endaweni yokukhanda.

Ngaphandle amabhizinisi imvelo siba sibi izimoto. Edolobheni abantu 1,000 (kuhlanganise nezinsana) akhawunti izimoto 340, isisi esiyingozi okuyizinto THS 120. Amathani, noma 44% kukho konke ukungcola. Iningi imvelo labo ababencishwe amathuba ngaphambilini kubhekwe Plant Metallurgical (CMP) asakazeka emkhathini 46.6% wabo bonke izinto eziyingozi. Indawo yesibili sathathwa yinkampani "Fortum", ehlanganisa TSETS emithathu TPP. indawo yesithathu ngeka CHEKM. Ngo Chelyabinsk emoyeni ngesikhathi izibonelo zalokho ngokuqhubekayo Kutholwe izikhathi eziningana ngokweqile MPC benzopyrene, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide ne-phenol.

Chelyabinsk amanzi

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo we Chelyabinsk esifundeni kukhona ukungcola hhayi umoya nje. Enterprises ubuthi namanzi kule amadamu. Phakathi nonyaka babeqathaza emfuleni abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-200 m3 ka nasties, ubabulala bonke abaphilayo. The main amanzi Umthambo komuzi - emfuleni Miass. It uthola ingelashwa imfucuza effluents 26 amabhizinisi kuhlanganise Kommunkhoz. Emanzini Miassa atholakala izikhathi 2-15 le MPC okwesikhashana izinto, izinsimbi, uwoyela. Eduze nedolobha Karabash e Miass River ageleza Sak-Elga, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, isibe ngalendoda amanzi angcolile. Kuleli qophelo embhalweni amanzi kwemvelo Miassa ukuthola esindayo metal ion akha kuze kufinyelele 1130 Macs. Konke lokhu agelezela Argazi Reservoir. Izakhamuzi Chelyabinsk esifundeni futhi uthathe amanzi okuphuza kusuka kwenye ichibi - Shershnevskoye. Kuze kube yimanje, Ministry of Environment we Chelyabinsk esifundeni, okwenza izilinganiso, wabuya isinqumo esithi nekuhambisana kwezinkambiso amanzi kule ndawo. Nokho, ithimba elizimele ezemvelo kusuka eMoscow ngesisekelo ngezindinganiso zabo nesilinganiso neyaziwayo lokungafani Shershnevskoye ichibi umthombo ukuphuza.

Chelyabinsk inhlabathi

Inhlabathi Idolobhakazi limatasa lenza kakhulu angcolile. Bathola i-arsenic okweqa kuyinsakavukela, cadmium, okuhola nawokwenza zinc okuqukethwe kudlulwe MPC cishe 20%. Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo we Chelyabinsk esifundeni ngokuphathelene inhlabathi ukungcola, kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu phakathi nabasebenza emapulazini. Kuze kube manje, inani umhlabathi olimekayo ezingcoliswe izinsimbi ezisindayo, kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 95,6 amahektha. Ngakho benzpyrene Kutholwe ngenhla evamile uwoyela ehektheleni ayizinkulungwane 21,8 -. Ayizinkulungwane 1.9, i-zinc -. Ayizinkulungwane 12, i-arsenic -. 3.8 amahektha .. Kulula ukucabanga ukuthi izithelo nemifino ezimila emazweni anjalo.

Imvelo esisongela eduze inkampani "Mechel", lapho benzpyrene nenhlabathi has a lokuhlushwa 437 MPC, futhi at ibanga-1 km kusuka "Mechel" - 80 MPC. Futhi umhlaba enezinkinga eduze CHEMK lapho benzopyrene 40 MPC kanye CTZ, lapho le amakhemikhali bawuphundle eziyingozi zikhona 20 Macs.

Magnitogorsk

Lo muzi has nomlando wayo kusukela ngo-1929, lapho yakhiwe khona Steel Works, nakuba le nqaba Magnetic ikhona kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-18 leminyaka. Manje ngevolumu ukukhiqizwa Magnitogorsk ithatha isikhundla yesibili esifundeni. Izinkampani ezinkulu Iron and Steel Works (MMK), usimende kanye refractory Crane Plant, JSC "ukuhlangana", "Prokatmontazh", "Sitno", "Magnitostroy". Ngenxa ngokungacabangi umholi walo ahlupheke ngemvelo Chelyabinsk esifundeni sisonke. Lokubiza CMI emadolobheni asemkhathini angcolile kuyinto 96%. Uma uvula le isilinganiso, izibalo etholakala esesabisayo. Usuku ngalunye simila likhipha amathani 128 bemidwebo uthuli 151 m. SO2 (lokhu sulphur dioxide). Nothuli izinto ezifana zitholiwe, beyizidlova izikhathi MPC 3-10 ukuhola, ithusi, i-chromium, insimbi, benzene, benzpyrene, toluene, futhi emoyeni kungangcoliswa izinto zonke izindawo ezisemadolobheni. Ngo nenhlabathi amazinga arsenic kudlulwe izikhathi 155, nickel izikhathi 43, 87 izikhathi benzopyrene. Ngaphandle komuzi isimo akusona ngcono kakhulu. Kukhona izinto eziyingozi nenhlabathi wathola "kuphela" ephakeme izikhathi 45 kunokuvamile.

Zlatoust

Lo muzi yasungulwa ngo parallel ukwakhiwa wokuqala emkhakheni isitshalo Metallurgical, okungukuthi, e 1754, unyaka. Manje lapha thina tibheke amabhizinisi ngobukhulu kwezezimboni Chelyabinsk esifundeni - nemisebenzi yobunjiniyela Electro-mechanical, isikhali kwemboni, izakhiwo steel nemabhizinisi angaphezu kweshumi nambili ezinkulu nezincane. Ndawonye, Zikhiphela ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 7.7. Amathani ezingcolisayo ngonyaka. Kusukela eminyakeni 1993 kuya ku-1996, ngenxa yemizamo of emkhathini kwemvelo sancipha ngamaphesenti angaba 1.5 izikhathi, kodwa 2000 baphinda wenyukela. Iziphathimandla City sizama ukuthuthukisa imvelo okuyiwona uhlanzekile wenziwa ku Balashikha inzika kwesigubhu eyakhelwe endle isikhathi eside kunaleso 2 km, okuhloswe sokukhipha amanzi angcolile.

Karabash

Lo muzi iyikhaya mayelana 11 000 kuphela abantu. Kusukela Chelyabinsk kuye emgceni locondzile kancane kuka-80 km. Karabash - idolobha elincane, ngakho azikho amabhizinisi amaningi ezimbonini. Phakathi kwabo, 2 futhi olwalwenza isitshalo "Karabashmed". Kuyinto ibhizinisi ukwenziwa zethusi ibhamuza uzama kanzima kakhulu ngemvelo Chelyabinsk esifundeni kwaba babi kuleli zwe.

Lesi sitshalo ngisho wazama sivale, ngoba ngonyaka, "endows" zonke izakhamuzi zomphakathi 7 amathani sulphur dioxide, okuyinto enobuthi kakhulu. Esimweni, kuziwa ibe kwakwakhe umoya-mpilo, okubangela acid imvula ekwindla. Manje isimo kule Karabash kubhekwa esibucayi. Ezungeze idolobha, ifektri iminyaka eminingi kwakhiwa imisebenzi imfucuza slag unqwabelanisa ukuba 40 amamitha. Kukhona Bald Intaba, lapho izakhamuzi bathumele amagama "Gcina bese Vikela". A ehlukile indaba ephathwayo - emfuleni Sak-Elga. Amanzi ophuzi wakhe, futhi ugu inomngcele by amatshe ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa chemical ukugqwala.

namanye amadolobha

Baningi ezemvelo lingumuzi Ozersk, ngokunembile, ukukhiqizwa yayo inhlangano "Mayak" oveza izingxenye zezikhali zenuzi kanye ophethe ukugcinwa fuel zenuzi. Nokho, ngemuva emisebeni e isilinganiso edolobheni eRussia wawunephunga eside edla isikhathi emfuleni Techa wakhonza, futhi ukukhonza namuhla umthombo ngemisebe amakhulu abantu.

Kubhekwane nesimo esishubile edolobheni Korkino futhi edolobhaneni Rose. Lapha emoyeni ubuthi ukubhema ikhefu. Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, izazi zendawo baye ngokuthi isimo yamanje eziyingozi, futhi zabelwe intuthu benzpyrene esingeqile MPC, nochwepheshe kusuka eMoscow, owathatha izilinganiso, Korkino neyaziwayo inhlekelele endaweni.

Unganikeli ukuphumula emagunyeni nezinkinga zemvelo komuzi Chebarkul Chelyabinsk esifundeni. amabhizinisi ezinkulu ezincane. Phakathi kwalezi izitshalo shlakoblochnogo, crane batshale plywood setshe. Ngu isimo okungekuhle emvelweni uye wahola lesi sitshalo ethile, asetshenziswa izinqubo-formaldehyde. Lapho uvutha noma ukugcina ukukhiqizwa udoti formaldehyde engena umoya, umhlabathi namanzi. Izilinganiso luye lwabonisa ukuthi inani idlula ubukhulu lokuhlushwa kwamukelekile izikhathi ezimbalwa.

ngemisebe

Okukhathaza nakakhulu ngalolu daba emisebeni e Chelyabinsk esifundeni Production Association "Mayak", etholakala, ngaphinda futhi ngathi, Ozersk. Kulesi ibhizinisi amasu kusukela ngo-1950 kuya ku-2000-th bhalisiwe eziphuthumayo 32, eyasebenza njengodonga nokwanda okuphawulekayo emisebeni zangemuva. Long, zonke kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi equkethe isotopes ka Sesithombe, cesium, plutonium, zirconium, siphonswa emfuleni Techa, labo ababebanga ukuba ukuchayeka njalo bonke abahlala ku wachichima. Sekukonke, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 wokusebenza (kufika ku 2000) "Mayak" wathumela ku emkhathini we Billiard 1.8 becquerels izakhi radioactive, elonakalisayo 25,000 km2. Lokho amanzi angcolile ongawi emfuleni, yayakhiwe eziningi izifiki, ngokuthi asibekela indawo. Kodwa musa ukufeza imithwalo ngenxa yamaphutha ekuklanyweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namanje ithwala ingozi eMpumalanga Ural trace radioactive, kwamiswa emva ingozi "Mayak", owenzeka ngo-1957. Khona-ke, ngenxa ukuqhuma omunye yokungcwaba komhlaba emisebeni adedelwa emkhathini okweqa kwezigidi ezingu-20 curies ka isotopes radioactive, kuthiwa incurred ngumoya bebheke Tyumen. Abantu abathintekayo cloud Ukusabalala endaweni, baphinde, nempahla yabo, ubhubhe wadala eMpumalanga-Ural Reserve endaweni enobuthi. Kusekhona kungenzeki ukukhetha amakhowe futhi amajikijolo, ukudoba, ziklabe nezinkomo zonke, yebo nje uhamba.

ethwala imfucuza

Ministry of Environment we Chelyabinsk esifundeni uzithinte zonke lezi zinkinga. Kodwa ngo-umuzi omkhulu Chelyabinsk esifundeni kuyinto komunye umthombo ezinkulu zokungcoliswa - imfucuza zokulahla. Isixazululo elilungile sale nkinga ukwakhiwa izitshalo ukwelashwa imfucuza. Ngo Chelyabinsk okwamanje. Zonke udoti nsukuzonke, uthome 1949, elahliwe endaweni landfill, elisedolobheni. Manje yisici mayelana 80 km2, futhi ukuphakama udoti entabeni ezingaphezulu kwama-40 amamitha. Kuzo zonke imisebenzi ephakathini lakhe olwenziwa kuphela ukuqeda umthombo enkulu kangaka ukungcola. Governor of esifundeni awenzile ukuze isabelomali sikahulumeni usunike ruble 1 bhiliyoni ukuqeda landfill waseChelyabinsk, kanye ngcono isimo kule Karabash, Chebarkul, futhi eziningi nezinye izindawo esifundeni.