Highway. Imigwaqo Russia

Highway ... Uvame kangakanani ibinzana! Sonke uyazi ngalokho-ke, kodwa ngokuvamile abazi ukuthi yini yabo okukhona izindlela ezibanzi, ijubane ngalo avunyelwe ukuhamba bangaki othelawayeka kukhona eRussia. Ake sibheke umlando ukuvela emikhulu, ekhona kwazo nekusasa.

Indaba

Eyokuqala onguthelawayeka ngesivinini uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule e-Italy. Ngo-1924, wahlanganyela nomunye amadolobha amabili amakhulu - IMilan Varese. Ubude umgwaqo 85 km. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lobo zisebenzisa eziningi igama elithi "umgwaqo omkhulu" weza evela e-Italiya. Ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi, izwe uyakhile ezingaphezu kuka-6,000 emakhilomitha expressways.

Enye igama owaziwa komgwaqo - "Autobahn" - uvele eJalimane. Ngo-1932, nomendo exhunywe Cologne futhi Bonn, ubude bayo babuyizingalo km 20 kuphela. Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo: eJalimane, ezingaphezu kuka 3,500 amakhilomitha ephezulu ijubane othelawayeka ezakhiwa ngaphambi 1941. Manje isikhathi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-13,000 amakhilomitha of endleleni.

Kuze kube manje, ngesivinini onguthelawayeka - kuba esetshenziswa kakhulu uhlobo umgwaqo wonke. Oholela isikhundla ekwakhiweni amathrekhi ezinjalo kuba China. Ubude ekuqaleni 2015 zaba cishe 112 000 km.

ERussia, ukwakhiwa komgwaqo ngesivinini sihlehlela emuva kwamaSoviet. Ngeshwa, yakheke ukubala inani othelawayeka akunakwenzeka. Ngokuyinhloko usheshise onguthelawayeka Russia - izigaba ezihlukene migwaqo ekhonkiwe.

izimo ukugeleza

Yikuphi umzila ubhekwa isivinini waseRussia? Highway - umgwaco isibonakaliso esithile sezimoto, kokuba imizila eziningana kuyo yomibili le ndlela, sihlukaniswe ngokuqukethwe ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile noma sokuhlukanisa strip. Lo mgwaqo ayinakho ezimpambanweni nabanye ezingeni elifanayo (iyiphi empambana kungenzeka kuphela kwebhuloho noma ukudlula ngaphansi).

Emgwaqeni omkhulu ke akuvumelekile ukuhamba ngezinyawo, izilwane, zonke izinhlobo zezimoto, isivinini esingeqile 40 km / h. Lezi zihlanganisa amabhayisikili, mopeds, ogandaganda yimuphi omunye izimoto self ezinezinjini. Akwamukeleki nalapho kufaka kwezithuthi zomphakathi kanye izimoto ezithwala namaloli akuvumelekile ukuyeka ezindaweni hhayi nakhelwe yokupaka.

It kungavunyelwe ukwenza U-turn bese ufaka izikhala uhlukanisa strip Akwamukelekile Goal nokushayela ukuqeqeshwa. Ngakho, besuka ke emendweni, qaphela ukuba aphule imithetho.

RF umgwaqo ovulekile

Umgwaqo main eRussia kusukela ngo-Moscow. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imigwaqo eminingi icanjwe phakathi nesikhathi uMbuso Russian futhi iguqulwe ukuze izidingo zanamuhla. I kwabantu of inethiwekhi yayo eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yezwe ephakeme kunazo zonke. imigwaqo Main akhipha kusuka eMoscow. I okunye enyakatho uya le asathuthuka Imigwaqo. Esikhathini Far Eastern futhi laseSiberia Federal iziFunda, imigwaqo eminingi anixhunyiwe kuya motorways ezinkulu. Nge emadolobheni ngabanye umlayezo kungenzeka kuphela ehlobo, bese kuphela ngendiza.

imigwaqo Russian abe Ubude km kwezigidi ezingu 1,396, nokuba enamathela kanzima - 984 000 km. Ngokuhambisana nomthetho ku Ukwahlukaniswa imigwaqo banayo izigaba ezahlukene futhi izinjongo impahla, hhayi kuphela isimo kodwa futhi kungenzeka iHhovisi Russian Federation, kanye nabantu. Lezi zihlanganisa indlela okuzohanjwa ngayo ngesikhathi sikahulumeni, zezifunda kanye kamasipala, amagugu endawo. Futhi, kukhona umgwaqo wangasese.

Imigwaqo emikhulu Federal

imigwaqo federal kukhona web okuqinile futhi kungenzeka ukuthi isivinini. Uhlu evunywe Uhulumeni waseRussia, zingabantu impahla isimo. imigwaqo okunjalo nge izinombolo ezithile emi phambi incwadi. Ngumuphi ngokubona kwakho kulaba zisebenze federal?

Okokuqala, kungcono zonke kwemigwaqo exhumanisayo inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia - eMoscow - ne dolobha ye emazweni aseduze, kanye izakhiwo zokuqondisa we Russian Federation. emizileni okunjalo kufanele Isiqalo "M", lezi zibandakanya:

- M1 "Belarus" - "Minsk onguthelawayeka" - ngokuxhumanisa eMoscow neRussia asemngceleni Belarus.

- M2 "eCrimea" - yokuhlanganisa European umzila E105 nge eMoscow, Tula futhi laseKharkov.

- M5 "Ural" - kokuba ubude obukhulu kunabo bonke ngo-1879 km futhi izoxhumanisa eMoscow eChelyabinsk.

Okwesibili, umgwaqo oxhumanisa ahlukene zokuqondisa bodwa. Bathi "P" Isiqalo:

- P22 "iCaspian" - olude imigwaqo yesifunda kokuba ubude 1381 km. Kuyingxenye European umzila E119, onqamula eMoscow, Tambov, Volgograd futhi Astrakhan.

- P504 "Kolyma" - ubude ezingaphezu kuka 2000 km. Ingabe othelawayeka ukhiye Ekude. It isuka Yakutsk ukuze yaseMagadana.

Okwesithathu, - Ukufinyelela futhi uxhumano izindlela ukuthi Ungaxhuma umuzi kolwandle noma emfuleni emachwebeni, zezindiza noma eziteshini zezitimela, kanye nabanye ISIZINDA ezokuthutha. "A 'zonke elibonakala Isiqalo.

Ngo-January 1, 2018 ngeke sesingasebenza entsha uhlu imigwaqo Russian sikahulumeni. Ngeke kube khona ukuhlukana boko imizila, kanye nabanye. Izinguquko kwalithinta leli izinombolo kanye namagama imigwaqo. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ijubane emgwaqeni omkhulu kuyoba okungenani 130 km / h.

Road "Moscow - Noginsk"

Ibanga kuya eMoscow Noginsk kuyinto km 58 kuphela. Ngale ndlela namuhla siphela ngemgwaco M7 "iVolga", elula kusuka eMoscow ngokusebenzisa uVladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Ufa kanye nesiphetho esinembako. Umgwaqo has a ukubaluleka sikahulumeni. Akakwazi ngiziqhayise umthamo high, manje ku-kungaba kudlule 3 kuya kwezingu-7 izimoto ngosuku. Ngenxa yalokhu, lapho ngokuvamile isiminyaminya kanye ukuminyana emnyango eMoscow.

Ngenxa yokwanda ukunyakaza uhulumeni wanquma ukubeka endaweni othelawayeka entsha "Moscow-Noginsk". Lomgwaqo elinye ithuba M7 futhi uzokhokhelwa.

Toll imigwaqo emikhulu zithandwa kakhulu ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile, manje ithuba bese eRussia. Le phrojekthi waqala ngo-2014, nokuthuma yokugcina ihlelelwe 2017. Kuyinto lo mgwaqo kuyosiza kususe emgqeni main futhi kuzovumela izakhamuzi Noginsk ukuhamba enhlokodolobha imizuzu 20-30. Kungaba usizo olukhulu kubantu abasebenza eMoscow.

Umgwaqo okhokhelwayo "Moscow - Noginsk" uyoba namandla izimoto 30,000 ngosuku. Nge-6 imizila eya ohlangothini olulodwa nesivinini kusukela ku-120 km / h, nomendo kuzosiza ukunciphisa isikhathi ukuhamba futhi ukukhulisa induduzo abashayeli. Imali salokhu Umzila ayikaziwa - noma-ke kuzolungiswa noma kuzoncika mileage. Okwamanje, ngenxa Isikhwama esincane kuphela ingxenye eyakhelwe Expressway.

Umzila "eMoscow - Petersburg"

Okwamanje, Petersburg naseMoscow ihlanganyela M10 onguthelawayeka federal E105 "Russia", wasungula ekhulwini XIX. Ukuhlobana phakathi izihloko ezimbili uPetru Bengithi futhi kwenziwe iphrojekthi, egcwele imiyalezo uhlelo amanzi eyisipele. Namuhla obuphelele emgwaqweni 706 km. Ngenxa umthamo encane nesivinini ongaphakeme kulo mzila ngokuvamile aba ukuminyana. Ebusuku ku ugibele onguthelawayeka ezimotweni ayizinkulungwane 130-170, futhi ijubane emnyango eMoscow abafika kwabangu-10 km / h. Ngenxa yalokhu eminyakeni embalwa edlule kwakukhona project ukwakha umgwaqo omkhulu "eMoscow - Petersburg" i-M11.

Road "Moscow - Petersburg" uzobe kancane ikhokhwe. ubude bayo kuyoba 684 km, futhi empeleni uzosusa i-M10 onguthelawayeka ekhona namuhla. Wasungula khona umgwaqo omkhulu Kuhlelwe 2018. Kuze kube manje, ezindaweni eziningana eyakhelwe: km 15 kuya 58 kusuka eMoscow kuya Solnechnogorsk futhi 258 ngu-334 km - e Vyshny Volochek Dula ku Tver esifundeni.

Lapho edala imidwebo onguthelawayeka kuyodingeka acabangele izimo zezulu. Zine ewela i-umzila, abe sezulu ezahlukene: eMoscow Tver esipholile ezahlukene ezwekazini, futhi Novgorod naseLeningrad - zesikhashana ulwandle ezwekazini. Zonke izinguquko okungazelelwe lokushisa kungaba kabi ezithinta ebusweni umgwaqo, futhi kuholele izinsiza okulahlwayo laphinde labhidlika. Ngakho-ke, indlela ukuthi kukhethwa flooring kumelwe yinto engathí sina kakhulu. Kule kuncike esikhathini esizayo komgwaqo.

Highway "Moscow - Petersburg" kuzosuka imizila 2 kuya 5 ohlangothini ngalunye futhi ijubane 150 km / h. Lokhu kuzokwenza kakhulu ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuhamba ophakathi kwamadolobha nokwenza ngcono izimo abashayeli. izindleko elilinganiselwe travel kulo mugqa kuyoba ruble mayelana 1,200. Konke kuzoncika isikhathi sosuku kanye yengxenye ethile umzila. Ngakho, umgwaqo "Moscow - Saint - Petersburg" kuyoba yesibili okhokhelwayo umgwaqo ovulekile eRussia. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuthi pay kuyoba ngu-60% komgwaqo kusakhiwa, futhi ungasebenzisa mahhala kanye onguthelawayeka zamanje i-M10.

"Moscow - Beijing" - bheka esikhathini esizayo

Dream ukuze uxhumanise eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga ubelokhu exoxa izinhliziyo bezentengiselwano abantu. Kuze kube manje, ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu yokuxhuma eMoscow Beijing, okuye kwafezwa. Ngo-2014, i-Isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi Russia nase-China ukwakha ngesivinini ujantshi "Moscow - Beijing".

Namuhla, isitimela yokuxhuma kwala mazwe womabili, sisendleleni eya amahora 130 - lokho izinsuku 6. Lapho kwetfula iphrojekthi ukusuka Beijing eMoscow sizokwazi ezinsukwini ezimbili, zokunqoba ibanga 7000 km ngesivinini 350 km / h. Ukubambisana ne ujantshi Chinese kuzoletha ukuthuthukiswa esitebeleni kwezomnotho kokubili eChina naseRussia, kanye ukukhonza njengephayona uxhumano ezinhle phakathi eYurophu nase-Asia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalo mgwaqo 'eMoscow - Beijing "kuyoba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni Urals Federal District. Wahlanganyela esiteshini emadolobheni ezifana: Kazan, eYekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, bese - Astana (Kazakhstan), Urumqi kanye Beijing. Umsebenzi oyinhloko futhi eyinhloko ukuxhuma ngesivinini onguthelawayeka eMoscow Kazan. Kuze kube yimanje, China sizonikeza ubuchwepheshe yayo futhi ngeke ukutshala $ 10 bhiliyoni. It is kuhlelwe ukuqedela project ngo-2030.

"Moscow - Kazan" - izinga entsha

Highway "Moscow - Kazan 'kuyokwenzeka ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlala endleleni kuze kube amahora 3.5. isandiso wayo ukuze ngifike eYekaterinburg kuzovumela ukumboza ibanga 1595 km 8 amahora. ukunyakaza Lohleliwe afika ku-400 km / h ngesivinini esikhulu izitimela emzileni. Accelerated izitimela lesifunda izolandela at ibanga km 200 ngesivinini 200 km / h.

Emgwaqeni omkhulu ihlelelwe ukuba ezihilela yashesha ngobusuku obubodwa eside hola izitimela, kanye wezimpahla esitsheni zokuthutha. Speed manani 160 km / h. Qedela wesitimela "Moscow - Kazan 'Kuhlelwe 2018. Uzothini ukwakhiwa yayo? Ngokuyinhloko ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi emphakathini. Ochwepheshe baye bame kwelokuthi ukwakhiwa komgwaqo esifundeni esise-Ural kuzosiza ukuvuselela lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimbonini. Omunye ikhilomitha wesitimela kuzothatha cubic metres angaba yizinkulungwane 16 ngohlalwane ezinhle, umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 15 amathani kwagcizelela izakhiwo zikakhonkolo high kakhulu, amathani 125 of okuhlinza kanye amathani wesitimela web 25. Ukuze ukuthengwa lezi zinto zivela kwamanye amazwe ayodinga isamba esikhulu semali, okuzokwenza ukwandisa izindleko zalo msebenzi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kumelwe kube khona kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imishini yobuchwepheshe ukukhiqiza futhi ukwandisa izinga yabo. amabhizinisi endawo angabhekana ngayo ngale nkinga futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iminyaka eminingi abantu basebenze.

"Moscow - Don"

onguthelawayeka Federal "Moscow - Don" M4, ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lakhiwa ngo-1967. Ngaleso sikhathi indlela wasukela dolobha ngokusebenzisa Voronezh ukuze Rostov-on-Don, futhi kwadingeka imizila emibili kuya ku-7 ububanzi. Ekuqaleni kuka-1991 ithrekhi ladluliselwa by 500 km, kanye endaweni yayo yokugcina kwaba Novorossiysk. Ngakho umgwaqo yesimanje M4 "Don" ngokwengeza izindawo ezahlukene. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwakuyizwi iziteshi onguthelawayeka okhokhelwayo kuqala nge wayekhetha indlela yafakwa kwenye Hlevnoe dolobhana futhi waba ubude km 20.

Namuhla nomendo "Moscow - Don" iyona engcono kunazo zonke eRussia. I ethile kuphela ukuthi ehlobo ligcwele izimoto kwelinye futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Abaningi nedlelo eMoscow futhi ukuhamba nemikhaya yabo eholidini olwandle. I-track kuholela Krasnodar futhi laseStavropol Territories, Rostov Oblast kanye eCrimea. Emuva ngesikhathi esifanayo eliqhutshwa ezihlukahlukene imifino nezithelo kusukela ezifundazweni eziseningizimu ye-Russia e eMoscow, eSt Petersburg kanye ezisenyakatho lizwe.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ebusika ku izigaba ahlukene komgwaqo, ikakhulukazi e Krasnodar, lapho ithrekhi sidlula ezintabeni, kwangathi eqhweni neqhwa eqinile. sezulu esibi angamuvimba sezimoto emgwaqeni omkhulu izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngakho, sakhi 2009, ukumisa ukunyakaza zonke izimoto emigwaqweni endaweni unrepaired ku Rostov esifundeni izinsuku ezimbalwa.

Enye inkinga - isiminyaminya ngokuvamile kwenzeke angabanjwa esifundeni Moscow, njengoba ukukhokhelwa izindawo okhokhelwayo kuzothatha isikhathi esithile.

Ngezinye eziningi iziteshi onguthelawayeka okhokhelwayo, futhi inika inzuzo enkulu phezu imigwaqo khulula. Okokuqala, imodi onguthelawayeka M4 ezigabeni 130 km / h, kanti ingxenye kakhulu - 110 km / h. Okwesibili, ngaleli zinga-ke kudinga endleleni enkulu cishe wonke umgwaqo, futhi iBhayibheli lihlukile. Okwesithathu, kumasayithi ikhokhwe wangenela inkonzo abashayeli - kosizo oluphuthumayo. umqondo Excellent - isiqophi nge SOS ngemvume zonke 1.5 km. Uma kwakuba khona ikhefu noma uphelelwa igesi, nje ufika yellow box, futhi uqiniseka ukusiza ngokushesha.

Speed nojantshi

High-speed besitimela emlandweni walo kunezimpande kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Ngisho nasezikhathini Soviet kwakukhona amapulani okwakha izitimela ngesivinini esikhulu, ezifana imoto - prototype jet izitimela. Icala lakhe esenzeka 1970. Okulandelayo yasungulwa umgwaqo iphrojekthi ekhethekile ngesivinini esikhulu, okuyinto obekumele ukuxhuma eMoscow nge laseKharkov futhi Lozova nge amagatsha ukuze Simferopol futhi Rostov-on-Don. isivinini sokuhamba ngalolo Umgwaqo kufanele 250 km / h.

Ngeshwa, kwachitheka iSoviet Union zaholela ezinkingeni zezomnotho, futhi zonke izinhlelo babe esikhathini eside esadlulako. Ukuthuthukiswa ngesivinini isitimela "Sokol-250" okwaholela ukuhlolwa yayo ngo-2000, kodwa ngenxa amaphutha atholakala yiKhomishana, ke ayizange wasungula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko lokumiswa yabo ngesivinini ugingqe isitokwe Udlule imikhawulo kuvunyelwe, futhi kwaba ukuthenga kakade ekhona e-Europe, izitimela belunqobile uvivinyo.

Isivumelwano phakathi JSC "Railways Russian" futhi inkampani German Siemens esayinwe 2006 nokulethwa 8 ngesivinini izitimela, uyakwazi ngesivinini kuze kufinyelele 330 km / h. Isitimela sokuqala wakhululwa ngo-2008 washiya flight emzileni "eMoscow -. Petersburg" Highway "Moscow - Petersburg" ukuthola isitimela okunokwethenjelwa ihlanganisa ibanga eliphakathi kwale mizi emibili amahora 3 nemizuzu engu-45.

Ngakusasa ngesivinini isitimela uvele on umzila "Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod". Isikhathi sokuhamba kwaba 3 amahora imizuzu 55. Lo mzila livulekele abagibeli kusukela maphakathi no-2010. Ekupheleni kuka-2010 kwaba etholakalayo zokuxhumana ngesivinini kubaluleke international "Petersburg - Helsinki".

Umendo inhlokodolobha

Moscow, njenganoma iyiphi muzi, ugcwele izimoto. Iningi labantu abahlala ezindaweni ezicezile ukuhamba noma iya basebenze edolobheni bethenga noma ukuzijabulisa ngezinto zokuhamba akho. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ingqalasizinda ayikuvumeli ukuba njalo ukwandisa umgwaqo. Ukuxazulula le nkinga e Moscow wanquma ukwakha umgwaqo ovulekile ngesivinini. Ngaphambi ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi welithi "othelawayeka", futhi ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwemingcele muzi wawungekho. Ukuthuthukiswa yokuthuthukisa amaphrojekti amatjha uzokhulula ukuthuthwa 60% ezitaladini emaphakathi komuzi.

Enye yezimfuneko zokusinda: onguthelawayeka ngesivinini eMoscow kufanele nisuse utho indawo yokuhlala, futhi ube ngesivinini. Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga, kwanqunywa ukuba unciphise inombolo onguthelawayeka kweminyango, futhi akekho kubo aliholeli iyiphi yezitolo. Lokho uthathe leso sinyathelo kungenzeka ukwandisa isivinini emgwaqeni omkhulu u-100 km / h.

Namuhla siyazi ngeprojecti kwemizila ezintathu: North-East, South futhi North-West. Zonke imigwaqo kuyodingeka Ring nokuxhumana nge sixhumene. Lezi umugqa (noma imisindo edlala kanye), ngokuvumelana iziphathimandla, ukushintsha ezokuthutha indandatho lesine. Ngenxa yale njongo sihlelwe ukuxhuma North-West kanye North-East esiyingini endaweni koMkhosi emgwaqweni, futhi iNingizimu kuzithinta niyaliwela leli North-West ku Krylatskoye wesifunda. Ngalesi uxhumano abashayeli uzokwazi ukuhamba kusukela komunye umkhawulo edolobheni kuya komunye, ngaphandle kokufaka enkabeni yedolobha.

izinkinga Umhlaba jikelele traffic wemizi emikhulu siyithola ngu ezibanzi. Imigwaqo Uyi ephumayo, phezu emaphethelweni omuzi, bese uvumele usebenzisa ephakanyiswe ibhuloho interchanges kokushiya isikhungo muzi khulula traffic engadingekile. Ngokusho iphrojekthi eMoscow sihlelwe ukuthi kuzithinta akumele ziphazamise, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukukhonza zokuhamba zomphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi empambana ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo, le migwaqo kufanele noma nezishiwo ngenhla ingxenye eyinhloko emendweni noma ngomshoshaphansi.

Speed emgwaqeni omkhulu, futhi, akusho okwamanje izibalo sokugcina. Ochwepheshe ayifiki ukuvumelana ngalolu daba. Yini isivinini kuvunyelwe emgwaqeni omkhulu kuleli dolobha? Abanye bakholelwa - bengekho ngaphezu kwama-80 km / h, kuyilapho abanye bethi siwumsebenzi uma ukwandisa ukuphepha, ijubane zingandiswa kuya ku-100 km / h. Manje, njengoba yaziwa, lezo zindinganiso yokutholwa ngedolobha: isivinini ayikwazi ukudlula 60 km / h.

ERussia namuhla efakwe eziningi amaphrojekthi ku ngokwakha imigwaqo emikhulu - kokubili imigwaqo kanye wesitimela. It ukhuluma mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komnotho kuzoba nomthelela inhlalakahle kahulumeni wonkana.