Umlando wezingilazi eRussia nasezweni. Ubuciko wokwenza amafasitela angamabala

Lona kanye igama elithi "ingilazi engcolisiwe" lihunyushwa kusukela kwisiLatin ngokuthi "ingilazi". Kubhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezihlanjululwe futhi ezikhethekile zobuciko, ezicebile emlandweni wayo kanye namasu okusebenza. Umlando omfushane wokubukeka kwefasitela elibucayi uzokwaziswa kumfundi kulesi sihloko.

Ukuzilungiselela ukuvela kweglasi elibiziwe

Othisha, uxoxela indaba yeglasi engcolisiwe yabantwana ekilasini, qala ngezimbangela zalokho okwenzekayo. Ukuvela kwemiphakathi yokuqala kuhlotshaniswa nokuthola okuningi. Ngaleso sikhathi baqala ukukhipha ingilazi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, safunda ukuthi singayenza kanjani imibala futhi sisetshenziselwe ukuhlobisa izinto ezihlukahlukene. Isiko ngalinye sasinezici zalo ezikhethekile zokusebenzisa ingilazi enjalo:

• AmaSumeriya ahlobisa uphahla lwamasonto abo.
• AbaseGibhithe balimaza ingilazi benokuvunguza futhi benza imidwebo enemibala kuyo.
• AmaRoma namaGreki ayengcweti ekwakhiweni kwezivande ze-antique kanye nezinkomishi ezinezihlobiso ezihlobisa kanye nemihlobiso eminingi.

Zonke lezi zinto zitholakala kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibili BC. Ngemva kweminyaka eyinkulungwane kuphela amaSiriya afunda ukushaya ingilazi, okwakhulisa umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwengilazi.

Ukubonakala kwamafasitela okuqala angamabala

Emlandweni wokubukeka kweglasi ingacaciswa ngelanga eliqondile. Kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sobuKristu, okokuqala, ingilazi enemibala yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza izithombe ezilula. Ngosizo lwe-putty elihlanganiswe kumabhodi noma amawindi ahlotshisiwe. Futhi lapho kufika amathempeli okuqala, amafasitela e-Byzantine ayegcoke amafasitela athuthukile. Amavesi adumisa nezincazelo zezingqungquthela zeglasi zazidumile phakathi kwezimbongi zekhulu lesine nelesihlanu. Ngalezo zinsuku, amafasitela angenalutho ayebaluleka ngokwaphezulu, futhi ukukhanya okudlula kubo kwakufaniswa nomoya ongcwele.

Umlando wezokuthuthukiswa

Ngeshwa, ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, amafasitela angama-glass asebekhulile kunekhulu leshumi awazange afinyelele kuhulumeni ngokujwayelekile. Mayelana nabo ungakwazi ukwahlulela ngeziqephu ezisele namarekhodi ezinkondlo. Kodwa esikhathini esizayo lolu hlobo lobuciko luye lwasungulwa kabanzi futhi lusakazeka kuwo wonke amazwe. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe umlando wemvelaphi yeglasi, ukuguqulwa kwezitayela namasu ngesikhathi ngasinye.

Ingilazi enobuhle

Umlando wokubukeka kwamafasitela angamafasitela etshela ukuthi i-Romanesque yavela ekhulwini leshumi nanye futhi yayisasebenza iminyaka eyikhulu. Yayiyizingilazi zokuqala ezinamabala angama-classic, lapho isithombe sasinezicucu zeglasi elimibalabala kanye nephrofayili yensimbi.

Izici zeglasi elenziwe nge-Romanesque:

• Babengakwazi ukukhokhela konke ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme, njengoba inqubo yokuqhaqhazela nokugcoba ingilazi yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi idla isikhathi;
• Kwakukhona amakhosi ahlukene ekuthengeni kwamaphepha amancane engilazi kanye nochwepheshe ekubunjweni okuqondile kwemidwebo, okwandisa ikhwalithi yamafasitela angama-glasses angama-Romanesque;
• Ukuze kwenziwe iphaneli elilodwa, izingcezu ezingaphezu kwekhulu zithathwe, okwakunye kuzo zonke izinhlobo zazo nombala;
• Amafasitela agciniwe angaphansi kwalesi sikhathi abhekene nezinkinga ezifana nokukhona kwamabhulebhu, ukungalingani, ama-scuffs, kodwa lokhu akuphazamisi ukubukeka kwawo, kodwa kubenza kube okhethekile futhi ngendlela eyakheka ngayo.

Inqubo yokwenza amafasitela angama-glass angamaRoma:

• Ngokuba ekuqaleni inkosi yathatha indawo yamapulangwe futhi yayilungiselela umdwebo wekwakhiwa kwayo okuzayo;
• Khona-ke into ngayinye yesithombe yayikhethiwe ingilazi (ngesimo nobukhulu);
• Iziqeshana ezidingekile zasetshenziselwa umdwebo ngepende lemvelo, emva kokuxoshwa kuhhavini ukulungisa iphethini;
• Ukwakhiwa komdwebo esithombeni sonke kwenziwa ngosizo lwezingqinamba ezincane ezenziwe ngokuhola;
• Njengoba amafasitela ngalezo zinsuku ayekhulu (cishe amamitha ayisithupha), bese kuthi kube namandla amakhulu nokuzinza, ukwakheka okukodwa okukhulu kwakunezintambo ezincane eziningana.

Ubuciko benkathi yamaRoma:

• Inhloko kaKristu kusukela e-Weissembourg abbey yase-Alsace;
• Ukwakhiwa kwabaprofethi abane beTestamente Elidala e-Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Ukuphakama kukaKristu" e-Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Ukubethelwa nokuvuswa" emafasiteleni e-cathedral ePoitiers;
• Amafasitela amathathu angamafasitela eZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele ekhoneni laseChartres.

I-Gothic yatshengisa amafasitela eglasi

Umlando wamafasitela angenalutho (i-Gothic) ibuyela emuva ku-1144. U-Abbot Sergius, ngenkathi kwakhiwa isonto e-Saint-Denis, wagcwalisa amafasitela anezindondo eziningana eziqondile. Umehluko oyinhloko isitayela se-Romanesque kulesi sakhiwo kwakungokuthi emalallion ngayinye umzuzu obalulekile womlando wambulwa.

Izici zeGooc ezigcoke ingilazi:

• Emakethehedrini baqala ukwandisa inani lamafasitela ngokuhlobisa kwabo kwisitayela seGothic;
• Le ndawo yakhiwa ngokushesha futhi yakhiwa eNgilandi naseFrance;
• Amafasitela anesigcawu esedlule anika ithempeli ubujamo obuhambisana nobubi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ingokomoya elikhulu, elihlanganiswe ngokukhanya okukhulu; Lesi silinganiso saba yinto enhle futhi sinencazelo engacacile;
• Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imibala egcwele ebomvu neyibhakabhakhi ishintshwe kancane kancane, ukuze imisebe eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka idlule ngaphakathi;
• Kushintshiwe kanye nezinhlobo zokuvuleka kwewindi;
• EFrance, yakha inqubo entsha yokucacisa - i-grisaille, okwakungenxa yokuthi lezi zindiza ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo zazifakwe ezindaweni ezimbi, zikhanyisa kuzo; Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani lamasu walesi sitayela selukhulu nakakhulu.

Amafasitela adume kakhulu angama-glass, awenziwe ngesitayela se-Gothic classic, ase-cathedral e-Chartres. Kulula ukulandela ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwamafasitela amakhulu, izakhiwo ezibuhlungu kanye nomqondo wangaphakathi wekamelo. Ukugeleza kwenani elikhulu lemisebe ebumnyameni nasebumnyameni kwenza umphumela omuhle futhi owubuhlungu - lokhu ubuhle besitayela seGothic. Futhi kule ndawo yamasonto yabonakala eyimfihlo yayo, kamuva eyasakazeka emhlabeni wonke - lawa ngamafasitela ngokusho kohlelo lwesiphambano sesiLatini. Bamelela impilo yeMariya. Futhi emafasiteleni e-rosette uKristu noMariya uMariya baboniswa.

Amafasitela angama-glass of the Renaissance

Uhambo olusha emasikweni, kuhlanganise nezakhiwo, lwavusa izenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu njengempi kanye nesifo sengculazi. Ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka, abantu bayeke ukubeka isonto kuqala futhi baqhubekela endleleni yokuphila yezwe. Lokhu kwathonya kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwesilazi esinezici.

Izici zamafasitela angama-glass-glass:

• Kuvele amasu amaningi kakhulu okusebenza ngilazi;
• Kwakuyinto eyenziwe nge-silver mordant, okwandisa kakhulu izinga lemidwebo eyenziwe;
• Imibala yensimbi yayisetshenziswa ngokuqondile egilasini, yavunyelwa ukuthola imicu eminingi engavamile;
• Izithombe zibukeka ziningi futhi zikhanya;
• I-France ne-Italy yizona zindawo eziyinhloko zokwakhiwa kweglasi elidayisiwe;
• Imfashini ifaka ama-medallion, angaphezu kwamamentimitha angamashumi amathathu, yaba izimpawu zalesi sikhathi.

Izibonelo ze-Renaissance zenziwe ingilazi:

• Ama-Windows e-Florence Cathedral, adalwe ngabadwebi base-Italy;
• Windows ye-monasteri eKoenigsfelden;
• Iglasi eligciniwe esontweni laseBesserer e-Ulm Minster.

Amafasitela angama-glass-glassed of the High Renaissance

Kuze kube yikhulu le-16 leminyaka, amakhosi enza amafasitela angama-glasi ngokusho kwe-classic scheme, kwaze kwavela abaphathi abanjengoRafael, uLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo. Zaba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezwe, kuhlanganise nomlando wobuciko beglasi eRussia.

Izici zamafasitela angenawo ama-Glass High of the Renaissance High:

• Njengoba iningi lamasters amafasitela anamabala angama-Italiya, baba ngababhali balezi zindlela ezintsha;
• Ubuciko balesi sikhathi kuhlanganiswa ubuqiniso, izakhi zomhlobiso waseYurophu kanye namafomu amahle;
• Izindlela ezintsha zokucubungula ingilazi zakhiwe, zenza kube lula futhi zihlanzekile;
• Ngaphandle kwesiliva, baqamba ukugqoka okubomvu;
• Amakhosi aqala ukukhetha isisombululo sombala, hhayi ukuphazamisa ubujamo nobuzwe besithombe;
• Ukuvuleka kwamafasitela kwandiswe nakakhulu futhi kwafinyelela usayizi omkhulu.

Isibonelo samafasitela angenangilazi e-High Renaissance:

• "Isihlahla sikaJese" eBeauvais;
• Amafasitela amakhulu aseChrissels Cathedral;
• "Ukuxoshwa kwe-Iliodor evela ethempelini" eKathedral eGouda.

Ikhulu le-16 leminyaka libhekwa njengelokugcina emgodini weglasi ephakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe wokwenza izibuko nokudweba izithombe kwaqala ukuqhubeka ngokushesha. Ikhulu leminyaka lama-20 lathonya elikhulu ezindleleni zokuklama ingilazi.

Umlando wokuvela kweglasi eRussia

Ingilazi yeRussia enezinwele ayizange ikhona kuze kube sekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Abantu abacebile kuphela bangajabulela ubuciko obuvela ngaphandle. Into ewukuthi amasonto asemakhaya namathredrals akuzange ahlinzekele amafasitela anesiglasi, futhi isiko ngokuvamile akudingi lolu hlobo lobuciko. Babonakala futhi basheshe bathola ukuthandwa ngenxa yemisebenzi yabamakhosi baseYurophu.

Umlando weglasi e-Russia:

• Ikhulu le-XVII - ukubukeka kokuqala kweglasi elidayisiwe;
• Ikhulu le-XVIII - ukulimala ekuthuthukisweni ngenxa yokungabi nzuzo;
• Ukuqala kwekhulu le-XIX - ukungena kancane kancane kwemidwebo eyenziwe ngilazi enemibala ibe isiko samaRussia;
• Ephakathi kwekhulu le-XIX - ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kweglasi elidayisiwe; Umbusi nabanye abantu abacebile bathatha imfashini yaseYurophu futhi baqala ukuyisebenzisa ukuhlobisa izindawo zabo; Khona-ke amafasitela angenangilazi avela emasontweni;
• Ukuphela kwekhulu le-XIX - kwakhiwe ama-workshops amaningi amakhono wezobuciko, kanye nokudweba kanye namakilasi esikoleni;
• Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-XX - ubuciko bokugqoka ingilazi yancipha ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwe-Art Nouveau, futhi kamuva ngenxa yokuqubuka kweMpi Yezwe II;
• Ekhulwini leminyaka lamashumi amabili nambili - ukuvuselelwa kweglasi elenziwe ngamasiko aseSoviet, kwakukhona imisebenzi eyingqayizivele ehluke emidwebo yangaphambilini ngokubukeka kwayo nokungabonakali.

Amawindi amaGrase aqoshiwe aqoshiwe:

• Umhlobiso onamafasitela angenangilazi esontweni likaSt. Alexander Nevsky;
• Isonto eliseTsarskoye Selo;
• I-Russian Geographical Society eSt. Petersburg;
• "Ukuphakama kukaKristu" eSthedral Cathedral.

Ingilazi egciniwe: umlando nesimanje

Ngemva kokuhlola ngokuningiliziwe umlando womlando wokuthuthukiswa kwamafasitela angamabala angama-epochs ahlukene, ngingathanda ukuphendukela kwezobuciko besikhathi esifanayo. Amafasitela angenangilazi yesikhathi sethu akhona ukunikeza igumbi isitayela kanye ne-chic ekhethekile. Amasu amaningi okwenza ingilazi, ukuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo kanye nemfashini sekuyisikhathi esiyinhloko ekukhuleni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zalolu buci.

Izinhlobo zanamuhla zeglasi:

• I-glassblasting stained glass - ukwakheka kwezibuko, ezenziwe ngobuchwepheshe be-sandblasting futhi zixhunywe ngendaba ejwayelekile. Yenziwa kuwo wonke ubuso, ngokuvamile kaningi embala ofanayo.
• I-Mosaic yenziwe ingilazi - iqukethe izinhlayiyana ezilingana nobukhulu obufanayo, obufana ne-mosaic. Kungaba isizinda noma isithombe esikhulu.
• Iwindwangu engilahlekile ingumdwebo owenziwe kusuka izingcezu ezihlukene zeglasi yesimo esifanele nombala, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izengezo.
• Ukuxuba - ingilazi, okuqoqwa kuyo ukuhlanganiswa, ifakwe ndawonye endaweni ekhulelwe. Enye into ephathelene nalokhu ukubheka kwezakhi zangaphandle ezithombeni esiphelile.
• Ukugcoba ingilazi egcobile - iqukethe ingilazi enomjikelezo wesithombe esitholile. Ingxenye ngayinye igcwele amapayipi akhethekile noma i-varnish.
• Iglasi elidayisiwe - iqoqo lezibuko ezenziwe ngosizo lwezinkambiso ze-grazing futhi zihlanganiswe ndawonye ngencazelo eyodwa.
• Ukugaya izigqoko ezicwebezelayo - zakhiwa izibuko ezinemibala ezihleliwe esihlalweni sokuhola futhi zivalwe ngamalungu. Inqubo yasendulo kunazo zonke, ezahla kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi.
• Amafasitela angenazigqoko ezihlangene - lapho ehlangene, asebenzisa ingilazi, okuvela kuyo leyo facet. Enye indlela yokusebenzisa ingilazi epholile futhi epholile.
• Izingilazi ezihlanganisiwe - ingqikithi, ehlanganisa izikhathi eziningana zeglasi. Le nqubo kusiza ukufeza imiphumela emangalisayo, ukwenza ubuciko bokuqala bokuqala.

Iglasi eligciniwe likaTiffany

U-Lewis Tiffany waba ngumsunguli wesitayela sakhe kanye namasu okudala ingilazi, eyaziwa emhlabeni jikelele. Wasebenza isikhathi eside ekukhetheni kwezinsiza, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - ngezindlela zokulungisa ingilazi, ngoba izindlela zangaphakathi azizange zihambisane naye. Okwenziwe ngesisekelo salokhu kusebenza kwaphela ngokuphelele ifasitela eligcobekile. Ngakho-ke umehluko phakathi kwale nqubo nabanye futhi kungani emlandweni wamafasitela weglasi e-Tiffany abhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezihlonishwa kakhulu, ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe.

Izici zesitayela se-Tiffany:

1. Umbala. Ukukhanya bekulokhu kube umgogodla obaluleke kakhulu kuLewis Tiffany lapho esebenza ngilazi elicwengekile. Wazama ukufezekisa ukuphakama okuphezulu kunakho konke nokuqalwa kwesikimu sombala esetshenzisiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi inkosi ixubene ithoni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibeka ingilazi eyodwa (noma embalwa) ngaphezulu komunye.
2. Indaba. Ikhwalithi - yilokho okuyisibopho esibonakalayo esiyinkimbinkimbi salezi zindiza ezigcoke. Ngaphambi kokuqala kokukhiqizwa kweglasi, ingilazi yayilokhu ihlolwe ngokucophelela, kufanele ibe ngaphandle kokukhubazeka okuncane nokuthungwa okufanayo.
3. Ongokoqobo. Imisebenzi yenkosi yayiphelele kakhulu, iyinkimbinkimbi, igcwele imininingwane nemibala ababevame ukufaniswa nomdwebo.
4. Ubuchwepheshe. Ukuxhuma phakathi kwezibuko kwenziwa ngetayipu yethusi. Njengoba lalibanzi ngaphezu kweglasi ngokwayo, i-ribbon yayiboshwe ngasemaphethelweni, ngeceleni lamazinga angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Izakhi eziphelile zazixhunyaniswe nge-tin futhi zenziwe nge-patinated.
5. Izindleko eziphezulu. Imisebenzi enjalo iyabiza kakhulu, futhi ingatholakala kuphela kumaqoqo abucala, amasonto aseMelika naseMelika namamyuziyamu.

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kuka Lewis (1933), iqinile lakhe livaliwe, kodwa inqubo kaTiffany isacatshangwa njengenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu, futhi imisebenzi iyinhloko yobuciko.