Sodium hydroxide: ifomula, properties kanye isicelo

Omunye obaluleke chemical compounds kwemiqondo amaqembu omkhulu ngonyaka alikhali sodium hydroxide. ithandwa kangaka ke hola ngenxa izakhiwo zabo. soda Caustic, okuyinto ifomula - NaOH, kubaluleke kakhulu wokuhweba abantu. Cabanga ketshezi xaxa.

Umlando we-ejenti ukutholakala

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kwakwakhe on the izakhiwo kufana sodium hydroxide, avele ngisho endulo. Ngisho iBhayibheli liqukethe ulwazi mayelana neter izidakamizwa ekhishwe namachibi waseGibhithe. Kucatshangwa lokhu kwaba soda caustic.

U-Aristotle, uPlato nezinye izazi zefilosofi zasendulo zesiGreki Roman nososayensi wabhekisela nitrum ikhemikhali akhishwa amadamu emvelo kanye ithengiswe ngesimo izingcezu ezinkulu ezinemibala ehlukile (omnyama, ompunga, omhlophe). Phela, izindlela zokwelashwa wayengakamazi lutho, ngakho uxhumano behlukile amalahle, ungcolisa ke, kwakungenakwenzeka.

Ngo 385 BC, iye yasetshenziswa ukwenza insipho. Inqubo esekelwe sodium hydroxide yayisetshenziswa. Ifomula ke ayikaziwa ngokuqinisekile, kodwa lokho akusho ubuhlungu ukuze kukhishwe khona ababeyenza ngomlotha izitshalo bohlobo lwe-Salsola, namachibi esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izinto zasekhaya, ilondolo, akhiqize Izinhlobo zensipho ezihlukahlukene.

Kancane kamuva Arab wafunda ukuze ungeze umkhiqizo amafutha abalulekile, amakha. Khona-ke le nsipho kwaba kamnandi nice and kumnandi. Yaqala ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo insipho ukwenza izinqubo kanye nobuchwepheshe.

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII, soda caustic, ogama izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa ngokugcwele, njengoba kwakwakhe lamakhemikhali lalisengaphezu unstudied. kuhlanganiswe yayo nge izinto ezifana sodium, hydroxide , potassium carbonate, sodium. Bonke nabizelwa alkalis caustic.

Kamuva usosayensi Duhamel du Monceau ukufakazela umehluko phakathi kwalezi izinto wabahlukanisela izigaba alikhali futhi usawoti. Njengoba soda caustic kanye kwaba bakhe beqiniso futhi njalo kuze kube yilolu suku igama.

izihloko Umqondofana

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi igama yalolu ketshezi akufani futhi has bomcondvofana amaningana. Zonke kungenziwa oqokiwe 6 izinketho ezahlukene:

• sodium hydroxide;
• sodium hydroxide;
• soda caustic;
• sodium alikhali;
• caustics;
• alikhali caustic.

soda Caustic , lokhu kwakwakhe kubizwa ezivamile futhi umkhakha. I zamagama chemical ilungile asafuna ukukusho sodium yabahlanzi uwuxube caustic. Ifomula ayiguquki. Igama abavamile kakhulu - caustics. I abahamba phambili ngokuya ngezinqubomgomo ehlelekile igama ngesilwane esifuywayo izinto sodium hydroxide.

Ifomula zamakhemikhali ukwakheka kwama-molecule

Uma imfuyo kubhekwa ngokombono i-chemistry, ke izokuba ion ezimbili: seka sodium (Na ⁺⁾ kanye anion hydroxide (OH ^-). Ixhumana nomunye ngenxa electrostatic Luhambo raznozaryazhennyh izinhlayiya, la ma-athomu akha sodium hydroxide. ifomula enokwehla we fomu NaOH.

Gidroksogrupp kwakhiwa covalent isibopho polar phakathi umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen, lapho kucatshangwa ne-sodium isibopho ionic. Isixazululo alikhali is ubuhlobo ngokuphelele ku-ion, ngokuba electrolyte eqinile.

Laboratory indlela ngokukhiqiza

izindlela Industrial futhi laboratory ukulungiswa sodium hydroxide eduze kwenanela. Ngokuvamile izinto eziningi ezincane it is etholwe izindlela wamakhemikhali nezibulala-electrochemical amayunithi amancane kuno ezikhungweni ezimbonini. A ton of ketshezi ezivezwa zindlela ukuze amakoloni enkulu amaseli.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana izindlela eziyisisekelo synthesis caustic egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

1. indlela Ferritic. It unezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-sintering wokuqala ngaphansi lokushisa eliphezulu sodium carbonate nensimbi oxide (III). Lokhu kukhipha sodium ferrite (NaFeO _2). Ngesikhathi esigabeni sesibili, ke echayeke amanzi ubola ukwakha sodium hydroxide kanye amanzi axutshwe yensimbi (Fe ₂ O ₃ * H ₂ O). I kwaphumela caustic isixazululo soda ayahwamuka kusuka zinhlayiya noma ishq emhlophe. ebumsulweni nasebunyeni kwaba mayelana 92%.
2. Lime indlela. Yokusabela ukusebenzisana phakathi sodium carbonate ne-calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) ukwakha calcium carbonate ne-caustic. Ukusabela uqhutshwa ezingeni ^lokushisa 80 C. Kusukela okuholela usawoti KULETHA, it is ahlukaniswe kalula. Isixazululo ezisele ayahwamuka ukunikeza alikhali sodium.
3. Diaphragm futhi indlela ngokukhiqiza ulwelwesi. Ngokusekelwe umsebenzi we electrolyzer iyunithi. Kwasebenza isixazululo sikasawoti ezivamile (nacl), okuyinto electrolyzed ukwakha khulula chlorine gaseous futhi ukukhiqizwa soda caustic yomkhiqizo oyifunayo. Umehluko kulezi zindlela wukuthi uma inqubo diaphragm ingxenye eyinhloko isakhi idivayisi kuyinto diaphragm ka asbestos (cathode). Lapho diaphragm indlela cathode futhi anode isikhala lihlukaniswe by ulwelwesi ekhethekile.

uzilungiselele Ngakho endaweni yokucwaninga kanye sodium hydroxide, ngokukhetha inketho elula kunazo ngokuya impahla. He is, njengoba umthetho, kancane amandla khudlwana.

Synthesis e umkhakha

Kangakanani into enjalo kule mboni, ezifana sodium hydroxide? Liquid futhi okuqinile soda caustic ikhiqizwa ikakhulu indlela electrochemical. Kusekelwe electrolysis yesixazululo we amaminerali halite zemvelo, kwakhiwa iningi okuyinto ne-sodium chloride.

Isici esiyinhloko lolu zamagama ukuthi ngu-imikhiqizo sodium hydroxide kukhona chlorine gaseous ne-hydrogen. Inqubo wenziwa iyiphi kulezi ezintathu eziphawulwe:

• diaphragm ngoba electrolysis cathode okuqinile;
• okusamanzi mercury cathode;
• ulwelwesi nge cathode okuqinile.

Iningi of soda caustic akhiqizwa emhlabeni kuveza indlela namanje nge ulwelwesi. I alikhali okuholela kuyahluka ezingeni sezingeni eliphezulu msulwa.

izicelo

Kukhona izimboni eziningi lapho langempela sodium hydroxide. Isicelo kusekelwe izakhiwo zalo zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba, okwenza le kwakwakhe esisemqoka syntheses eziningi nezinqubo.

Kunezindawo eziningana ezinkulu lapho sodium hydroxide - isici saziso.

1. ukukhiqizwa Chemical (synthesis esters, insipho, amafutha, ukukhiqizwa zemicu, aluminium etching, ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo elinendawo kulethe izinqubo eziningi, into eziyisisekelo iwukudambisa acid kanye oxides ehambisana; e utho lomklamo osetshenziselwa Titration; liyasetshenziswa ukuthola izinsimbi okumsulwa, nosawoti eziningi nezinye elisekela futhi organic compounds).
2. Ngo iphepha ukukhiqiza, ukwelapha ukhuni uginindela (ukhuni izidakamizwa nokulahla lignin).
3. Umsebenzi womuntu kwezomnotho futhi zibalulekile soda caustic. Ukusetshenziswa izihlanzi abaningi nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza esekelwe kubaluleke kakhulu. Insipho, imoto ukuthola - konke lokhu akuyona into caustic.
4. Kuyadingeka ukuze synthesis owakhiwa ngezitshalo.
5. Zifakwe ngezinga elithile ngenxa decontamination kanye neutralization of ezinobuthi, imiphumela emzimbeni.
6. Ukukhiqizwa kwemithi nezidakamizwa.
7. umkhakha Ukudla - imikhiqizo confectionery, ushokoledi, ukhokho, ice cream, uswidi, Umbala, iminqumo, khekhe yokubhaka.
8. Ngo Cosmetology zokususa izinhlangano angaphandle (amavukuzi, papilloma warts).
9. Isetshenziswa ku iziphuzo ezidakayo nezinto zokuhlanza Izigayo ugwayi.
10. Basembonini yendwangu.
11. Glass: umbala, evamile, kanye nezinye optical.

Kusobala ukuthi i-sodium hydroxide - into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ewusizo emsebenzini womuntu. Akusikho ize, it is kuhlelwe ngonyaka emhlabeni - izigidi ezingu-57 noma ngaphezulu.

izakhiwo

Impuphu izidakamizwa, ngezinye izikhathi kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Kungenzeka ngesimo crystalline esihle powder noma ngesimo ishq. Ngokuvamile ngesimo zinhlayiya ezinkulu. Lokuncibilika kuyinto ngempela ongaphakeme - 65,1 ^C. ngokushesha kakhulu ubamba umswakama futhi iba hydrated ifomu 3,5N NaOH · ₂ O. Kulokhu, izinga lokushisa ukuncibilika namanje ngaphansi, 15.5 kuphela ^C. encibilikayo ngokungenzeka unlimited alcohols, amanzi . Ukuze touch njengoba okuqinile soapy ne liquid.

eziyingozi e ifomu kanzulu futhi buhlanjululwe kakhulu. Onekhono yokulimaza zonke iso kuze kube emsipheni optic. Kuchumana ngemehlo kungaholela ekubeni abe yimpumputhe. Ngakho-ke, asebenta nalelicembu kwakwakhe esiyingozi ngokwedlulele futhi kudinga amadivaysi zokuzivikela.

chemical izakhiwo

Caustic soda izakhiwo ziphephile nse yonke alikhali: is wasithukuthelela kufanele i-acid, oxides acid, oxides amphoteric futhi hydroxides, nosawoti. Of Nonmetallic ihlangana sulphur, phosphorus halogens. Futhi uyakwazi ukusabela ezisansimbi.

Kwamakhemikhali organic, sodium hydroxide ihlangana amides, esters, alkanes halogenated.

izimo isitoreji

Isitoreji of soda caustic wenziwa khona ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuba esisheshayo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho kunomswakama. Imibandela eyisiqalo okulandelayo.

1. Ukugcina kude bafudumale Imishini.
2. Hermetically ivaliwe futhi emaphaketheni uphawu ayikwazi okuxhunyanwa umswakama.
3. Dry crystalline caustics elondolozwe ku amasaka Ukwakheka ekhethekile (polyethylene obukhulu), uketshezi - in dark glass amabhodlela emhlabathini ingilazi bavimbe. Uma inani mkhulu futhi kudinga ukuba ezokuthutha, ikhambi i-sodium hydroxide yafakwa iziqukathi ekhethekile namakani steel.

Uketshezi lolu uthuthwa iyiphi indlela aziwayo e ukuthobela imithetho yokuphepha, ukuze kuqedwe ukufa kwabantu zokuthutha ngendiza.

Liquid sodium yabahlanzi

Ngaphandle crystal, kukhona isixazululo aqueous sodium hydroxide. Kuyinto indlela efanayo nanjengoba ngokuba okuqinile. izixazululo amakhemikhali isize kakhulu futhi evumelana ukuyisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, ku-caustics ifomu babesebenzisa kaningi.

Isixazululo sodium hydroxide kabani ifomula - NaOH, isetshenziswa yonkhe lemikhakha. Kungelula phakathi zokuthutha kuphela, njengoba ezokuthutha kungcono ukuze ome caustic. Ukuze zonke ezinye izindawo ingabe akusizi zinhlayiya, futhi kwezinye futhi uyisilwane.