Nobulukhuni izinsimbi. Ithebula ubulukhuni izinsimbi

Ukuze izingxenye netindlela babe ngezinto eziqinile futhi enokwethenjelwa zenziwa kuyiphi, kumele kuhambisane izimo ezidingekile umsebenzi. Yingakho kubalulekile ukulawula amanani avumelekile izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo lokukhanda. Ngu sezindawo awayindwayo nobulukhuni, amandla, ubunzima, ductility. nobulukhuni izinsimbi - esiyinhloko kwebalingisi kwesakhiwo.

Umcabango

Nobulukhuni izinsimbi kanye Alloys, - a impahla impahla yokudala ukumelana at Ukungena e ubuso bayo zamatshe umzimba engasekelwa zikhubazekile noma abhidlizwa ngesikhathi umthwalo concomitant (indentation). Nquma injongo:

• ulwazi ubuqiniso izici kwesakhiwo kanye namasistimu okusebenza amakhono;
• ukuhlaziya isikhathi isinyathelo;
• ukuphathwa lokushisa isilawuli Imiphumela.

Kule sibalo ngokwengxenye engaphansi amandla kwamanzi kanye ukumelana ukuguga. Hlola njengoba impahla eluhlaza nezingxenye ngomumo eyenziwe.

ongakhetha cwaningo

Inkomba kuyinto ubuningi othiwa inani ubulukhuni. Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene izindlela yokulinganisa nobulukhuni izinsimbi. Lolu cwaningo olunembile kakhulu zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba izibalo kanye ezihlobene indenters ubulukhuni:

1. Brinell: ngokuyisisekelo ama-apharathasi - indentation Ball ku ihlaziye metal noma ingxubevange indentation ubukhulu kubala ukubala alandelayo zezibalo ipharamitha lokukhanda.
2. Rockwell: esetshenziswa ibhola noma imadlana idayimane tapered. Inani ibonakala Ukudayela noma Settlement kunqunywa.
3. Vickers: nesilinganiso inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke nobulukhuni kwensimbi nge idayimane ithiphu pyramidal.

Kukhona amafomula akhethekile amatafula ukunquma ukuvumelana phakathi ukusebenza parametric izindlela ezahlukene nesilinganiso for ukwaziswa okufanayo.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza sokunquma okufana nesilinganiso

Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, nge uhla ezidingekayo kwemishini, kukhethwa cwaningo kwenziwe ukuncika izici ezithile workpiece.

1. Inani eyabonisa ipharamitha lokukhanda. Ukuze lezinsimbi kwesakhiwo kanye izinto nge ongaphakeme ubulukhuni kuze kube 450-650 HB Brinell indlela esetshenziswa; ithuluzi, ingxubevange lezinsimbi nezinye Alloys - Rockwell; I-tverdosplavov - Vickers.
2. Ubukhulu we ndlovu test. izingxenye ezincane Ikakhulukazi nasebubini zihlolwa ngumuntu Vickers ubulukhuni umhloli.
3. I ukushuba we zensimbi iphuzu sokulinganisa, ngokukhethekile, waqinisa noma nitrided ungqimba.

Zonke izidingo nokulandela GOST bodokotela.

Izici Brinell indlela

Ukuqina ukuhlolwa izinsimbi kanye Alloys usebenzisa Brinell ubulukhuni umhloli ziqhutshwa ne izici ezilandelayo:

1. I-indenter - ibhola ingxubevange steel noma of tungsten ingxubevange Carbide ngenhloso ububanzi 1, 2, 2.5, 5 noma 10 mm (GOST 3722-81).
2. Ubude besikhathi indentation static: I-iron ne-steel - 10-15 s Alloys non-ayoni - 30, futhi kungenzeka nge ubude 60, futhi kwezinye izimo - 120 180 ...
3. Inani umngcele nemingcele mechanical: 450 HB lapho kulinganiswa steel ibhola; HB 650 ngokusebenzisa tverdosplava.
4. umthwalo ezingenzeka. Ngosizo izimpahla enikeziwe is kushintshwe langempela amandla ukusonteka ku isivivinyo isampula. ubuncane namagugu abo kungenzeka: 153,2, 187,5, 250 N; esiphezulu - 9807, 14710, 29420 H (GOST 23677-79).

Ukusebenzisa amafomula, kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu ezikhethiwe ibhola nangesandla impahla test, umuntfu angakhona kubala esihambelanayo kuvunyelwe amandla indentation.

ingxubevange uhlobo	Mathematical kathisha umthwalo
Steel, nickel futhi titanium Alloys	30D 2
yensimbi waphonsa	2 10D, 30D 2
Copper zethusi Alloys	2 5D, 10D 2, 30D 2
izinsimbi Ukukhanya Alloys	2,5D 2, 2 5D, 10D 2, 15D 2
Lead, ithini	1D 2

ISIBONELO namagama:

400HB10 / 1500/20, lapho 400HB - Brinell nobulukhuni kwensimbi; 10 - Ball ubukhulu, 10 mm; 1500 - umthwalo static, 1500 AmaKh; 20 - inkathi indentation 20.

Ukuze bathole ukuthi izibalo eziqondile kahle ukuhlola isampula esifanayo ezindaweni eziningana, futhi umphumela kunqunywa ekutholeni nenani isilinganiso wathola.

Ukunqunywa indlela Brinell ubulukhuni

Inqubo yocwaningo kuhilela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Hlola imininingwane nezimfuneko (GOST 9012-59, GOST 2789).
2. Hlola of ukuseviswa zedivayisi.
3. Ukuze ukhethe ibhola oyifunayo, ukuhlonza umzamo kungenzeka, ukufakwa wezimpahla ngoba lasungulwa inkathi indentation.
4. Ukuqala ubulukhuni futhi ukusonteka we ndlovu.
5. Ukumeda ekhosombeni ubukhulu.
6. ukubala enokwehla.

HB = F / A,

lapho F - umthwalo, AmaKh noma H; A - ukuphrinta ndawo, mm ^2.

HB = (0,102 * F) / (π * D * h),

lapho D - ububanzi ibhola, mm; h - indentation ukujula, mm.

metal Ukuqina kulinganiswa ngale ndlela has ubudlelwane enokwehla nge sibalo amandla nemingcele. indlela enembile, ikakhulukazi Alloys esithambile. Kubalulekile ekunqumeni abakuzuzile izinhlelo izakhiwo lokukhanda.

Izici izindlela Rockwell

Le ndlela yokukala zasungulwa emazweni-yalolucwaningo 20 ka XX leminyaka, Automated kakhulu kunaleso sangaphambilini. Isetshenziselwa izinto nzima. izici zako ezisemqoka (GOST 9013-59, GOST 23677-79):

1. Ukuba khona umthwalo oyinhloko 10 kg.
2. Exposure Period: 10-60.
3. Amanani Boundary izinkomba kungenzeka: HRA: 20-88; HRB: 20-100; HRC: 20-70.
4. Inombolo libonakala ku nobulukhuni Ukudayela, kungabuye ibalwa ukuwahlanganisa.
5. Scale futhi indenter. Akwaziwa izikali 11 ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi uhlobo indenter kanye eliphelele elivumelekile umthwalo static. Ukusetshenziswa ezivamile: A, B no-C

A: idayimane tapered ithiphu engela isihloko 120˚, amandla ovumelekile Imininingwane amathonya static - kgf 60, HRA; wafunda imikhiqizo emihle, ikakhulukazi ngokuqashisa.

C: njengoba idayimane Isigaxa, eyenzelwe amandla esiphezulu 150 kgf, HRC, kusebenza wempahla okuqinile, wayenza lukhuni.

B: usayizi ball ka 1,588 mm, ezenziwe ngensimbi lukhuni noma kanzima Carbide-tungsten ingxubevange, umthwalo - kgf 100, HRB, isetshenziswa ukuhlola nobulukhuni imikhiqizo annealed.

Blob-tip (1.588 mm) kufanelekile isikali Rockwell B, F, G E esikalini futhi khona, H, K, okuyiwona isetshenziswa ububanzi ibhola 3,175 mm (GOST 9013-59).

Isibalo amasampula kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa Rockwell ubulukhuni umhloli endaweni efanayo ukhawulelwe ubukhulu izinto. Uphenyo esebenza esifundeni 3-4 ububanzi we ukusonteka isikhala odlule. I ukushuba we imikhiqizo test futhi ngokomthetho. Kumelwe kungabi izikhathi engaphansi kuka-10 anda Ukungena ichopho ukujula.

ISIBONELO namagama:

50HRC - metal Rockwell ubulukhuni, kulinganiswa usebenzisa ithiphu idayimane, isibalo saso singamakhulu elilingana 50.

ucwaningo Hlela ku Rockwell isikali

ubulukhuni metal isilinganiso lula ezingaphezu kuka inqubo Brinell.

1. Ukuhlolwa Ubukhulu nezici ebusweni workpiece.
2. Hlola of ukuseviswa zedivayisi.
3. Ukunqunywa uhlobo ithiphu nomthwalo umthamo.
4. Ukufaka isampula.
5. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the imizamo eyinhloko phezu impahla, usayizi 10 kgf.
6. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa imizamo egcwele ukuhambisana.
7. Ukufunda owamukeliwe shayela inombolo kulesi silinganiso.

Kungenzeka futhi ukubala zezibalo ukuze ukunquma ngokunembile ipharamitha lokukhanda.

Ngaphansi isimo usebenzisa Isigaxa idayimane kokuba umthwalo kgf-60, noma 150:

HR = 100 - ((HH) / 0,002;

lapho wenza uhlolo ibhola ngaphansi amandla kgf 100:

HR = 130 - ((HH) / 0,002,

lapho h - the sokungena we indenter emandleni eyinhloko 10 kgf ukujula; H - Ukungena we indenter ngaphansi komthwalo egcwele ukujula; 0,002 - isici olawula inani ukunyakaza ithiphu uma isibalo ubulukhuni by 1 iyunithi.

Rockwell indlela ilula, kodwa hhayi ngqo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukuvumela ukuba ulinganise izakhiwo mechanical izinsimbi kanzima futhi Alloys.

Imininingwane Vickers amasu

Ukunqunywa nobulukhuni izinsimbi ngale ndlela kuyinto kakhulu nje nangokunembile. Ukuqina kusekelwe indentation e ichopho isampula idayimane pyramidal.

Izici Main:

1. I-indenter: idayimane mbhoshongo nge-engeli isihloko 136 °.
2. Ubuningi umthwalo ovumelekile: I-elixutshiwe cast iron steel - 5-100 kgf; I-Alloys zethusi - 2.5-50 kg; I-aluminium futhi Alloys yayo - 1-100 kgf.
3. Exposure Period umthwalo static: amasekhondi angu-10 kuya ku-15.
4. izinto Test: steel futhi izinsimbi non-ayoni nge nobulukhuni 450-500 HB, kuhlanganise umkhiqizo emva kokwelashwa thermochemical.

ISIBONELO namagama:

700HV20 / 15,

lapho 700HV - Vickers inombolo ubulukhuni; 20 - umthwalo 20 kg; 15 - ngesikhathi imizamo static 15.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe cwaningo Vickers

Inqubo kakhulu lula.

1. Hlola isampula kanye nemishini. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa ukuze imininingwane ebusweni.
2. Ukukhetha umzamo ovumelekile.
3. Ukufakwa impahla test.
4. Ukuqala nobulukhuni lo msebenzi.
5. Ukufunda yi ewashini.

ukubala Mathematical ngale ndlela simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

HV = 1,8544 * (F / d ^2),

lapho F - Ziyamazi, kgf; d - nenani isilinganiso ubude diagonals we indentation mm.

It ikuvumela ukuba ulinganise okusezingeni eliphezulu ubulukhuni metal, izingxenye mncane futhi ezincane, kuyilapho sihlinzeka ukunemba eliphezulu umphumela.

Izindlela soshintsho phakathi izikali

Ngemva sokunquma ububanzi we ukuphrinta ngosizo imishini ekhethekile, ungasebenzisa etafuleni ukucacisa ubulukhuni. Ithebula ubulukhuni izinsimbi - wazibonakalisa umsizi e ekubalweni ipharamitha lokukhanda. Ngakho, uma ukwazi Brinell, kalula ukucacisa inombolo efanele Vickers noma Rockwell.

Izibonelo ezinye amagugu ofanele:

I ububanzi we indentation, mm	indlela uphenyo
	Brinell	Rockwell			Vickers
		A	C	B
3.90	241	62,8	24.0	99,8	242
4,09	218	60,8	20.3	96,7	218
4.20	206	59,6	17,9	94,6	206
4.99	143	49,8	-	77,6	143

Ithebula ubulukhuni izinsimbi kusekelwe idatha isahlolwa futhi has ukunemba okuphezulu. Kukhona Igrafu Brinell nobulukhuni okuqukethwe carbon e ingxubevange yensimbi-carbon. Ngakho, ngokuhambisana ukuncika ukuthi lezi zinto ziyokwenzeka steel kwinani carbon lichaza ekwakheni elilingana 0.2% ke kufana 130 HB.

lokuphuza izidingo

Ngokuhambisana nezidingo izivakashi, ukuhlolwa izingcezu kumele kuhambisane izici ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuvuna kufanele ibe bushelelezi, ngokuqinile ubulukhuni etafuleni, zihlangene emaceleni ayo okumelwe ingaphazamiseki futhi ibe kusetshenzwe ngokucophelela.
2. Ebusweni kumele abe okungenani ebusweni maholoholo. Kufanele sanded futhi bahlanza, kuhlanganise ngosizo izingoma zamakhemikhali. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngesikhathi senqubo machining, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukwakheka umsebenzi ukuqina kanye ngcono embhedeni lokushisa kusetshenzwe.
3. Ingxenye kufanele zifane indlela ekhethiwe sokunquma nobulukhuni sezindawo parametric.

Buciko izidingo ngqangi - a ukunemba imfuneko.

nobulukhuni izinsimbi - i eliyisisekelo impahla ebalulekile mechanical esiwaveza ezinye izici mechanical nezobuchwepheshe, imiphumela odlule machining izinqubo, umthelela izici yesikhashana, izimo zokusebenza kungenzeka. Ukukhetha Isifundo amasu incike izici isampula Indlela, imingcele yayo futhi amakhemikhali ukwakheka.