Enzyme yisimo kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo

Umqondo we-enzyme yisimo kwavela phakathi nengxenye kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lé ngo-1916, kwatholakala ukuthi adsorbed ku-carbon sucrose agcinwayo umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba. Ngo-1953, D. noN Shleyt Grubhofer bafeza pepsin wokuqala wokuhlanganisa Amylase, le carboxypeptidase futhi RNase i yenethiwekhi zingaxazululeki. Umqondo we-enzyme yisimo wavunyelwa ngokomthetho ngo-1971 Kwakuwusuku Ingqungquthela ku enzyme Engineering. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. Njengamanje, nomqondo enzyme yisimo ngomqondo obanzi kunalokhu elaliyikho ngo-Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Sibheka kulesi sigaba kabanzi.

Uhlolojikelele

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. Futhi mmobilizovannye enzyme - compounds zazo eyayenziwe exhumene ne esiphathiswa zingaxazululeki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ukugcina izakhiwo zabo okhanda amanye amathuba. Okwamanje, le nqubo kubhekwa ezicini ezimbili - ngaphakathi ukulinganiselwa inkululeko ngokwengxenye futhi egcwele ukunyakaza amaprotheni molecule.

isithunzi

. Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi ezinye izinzuzo enzyme ezibuthaka. Njengomkhulumeli yelikhono heterogeneous, kalula kwehlukaniswa medium ukusabela. может быть многократным. Izifundo ezitholakala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa enzyme yisimo kungaba liphindwe. Ngo inqubo ngibopha compounds ukushintsha nezici zabo. Azuza substrate ngokucacile, ukuzinza. Nokho, umsebenzi wabo uqala zincike ezimeni kwemvelo. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. enzyme yisimo kukhona degree okuhlala kanye eliphezulu ukuzinza. Kungaphezu, isibonelo, ukuthi we-enzyme khulula ezinkulungwaneni, amashumi ezinkulungwane izikhathi. Konke lokhu kunikeza ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu kwezolimo, ukukwazi ukuncintisana, ukwenza inzuzo ubuchwepheshe, lapho kuthiwa yisimo enzyme.

iziphathi

J .. Porath ezikhonjwe izakhiwo ayisihluthulelo izinto ekahle usetshenziselwe immobilization. Abathwali kufanele abe:

1. Insolubility.
2. ukuzinza begazi futhi chemical okuphezulu.
3. Ukunikezwa ulwazi ukusebenza ngokushesha. Abathwali kufanele uhambe kalula ibe zinhlobo esisheshayo.
4. hydrophilic elikhulu.
5. I permeability edingekayo. inkomba kwalo kwenza ukuba ibe ayamukeleka ngoba enzyme coenzymes, imikhiqizo ukuphendula futhi substrates.

Okwamanje, akukho ezinto ezizoba ukuwugcina ngokuphelele nalezi zimfuneko. Nokho, umkhuba, wasebenzisa abathwali ukuthi zifanelekile ngokwezinhloso immobilization enzyme lisesigabeni izimo ezithile eziqondile.

ngezigaba

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Kuye indlela onikeza ngayo indaba yayo, zokuxhumana ngawo zezakhi aguqulwa ku enzyme yisimo zihlukaniswe wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic. Ubopha compounds eziningi Kwenziwa abathwali polymeric. Lezi izinto zokwakha eziphilayo zihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: yemvelo kanye zokwenziwa. In ngamunye kubo, esikhundleni salokho, ukwaba amaqembu kuye isakhiwo. abathwali Inorganic ngokuyinhloko emelelwa ingilazi izinto, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, ubumba, Silica, graphite carbon omnyama. Lapho besebenza ngezinto ethandwa izindlela amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo ezomile. enzyme yisimo etholakala ngokuzikhandla lokunameka ifilimu yenethiwekhi titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium, hafnium noma kucutshungulwa polymers organic. Inzuzo ebalulekile izinto yilona kalula ukuvuselelwa.

amaprotheni zenethiwekhi

Ethandwa kakhulu lipid, polysaccharide namaprotheni izinto. Phakathi yokugcina ukunikeza polymers kwesakhiwo. Lezi ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa i-collagen, fibrin, yi-keratin, futhi gelatin. amaprotheni ezinjalo okusakazekile imvelo. Zitholakala futhi ukonga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banalo inqwaba yamaqembu obusebenzayo ngokuxhumanisa. Amaphrotheni kuhluke biodegradability. . Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba wandise ukusetshenziswa enzyme yisimo kwezokwelapha. Okwamanje, it has protein ne izakhiwo ezimbi. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. I yokuntula kokusebenzisa enzyme yisimo ukuze amaprotheni abathwali iyona immunogenicity eliphezulu esidlule, kanye ithuba liqalise indlela abasabela ngayo kuphela amaqembu athile.

polysaccharides aminosaharidy

Lezi izinto kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe chitin, dextran, i-cellulose, agarose nemikhiqizo yalo. Ukuze polysaccharides babe livikela kakhulu ukusabela ngamaketanga komugqa epichlorohydrin crosslinked esiphambanweni. Isakhiwo anezikhala amaqembu ahlukahlukene ionic yethulwe ngokukhululekile ngempela. Chitin zanqwabelana obuningi njengoba umkhiqizo imfucuza ekucubungululeni yezimboni izimfanzi nezinkalankala. Lokhu kwaziswa kuyahluka ukumelana amakhemikhali futhi has a kahle ichazwe Pore isakhiwo.

zokwenziwa polymers

Leli qembu lugcwele materials nokutholakala. Kuhlanganisa polymers esekelwe acrylic acid, styrene, polyvinyl utshwala, polyurethane kanye polymers polyamide. Iningi labo ezahlukene amandla lokukhanda. Phakathi ukuguqulwa zinikeza kungenzeka obuhlukahlukene usayizi Pore ezahlukahlukene, ukwethulwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene sokusebenza.

Izindlela esibophezelayo

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezahlukeneyo ezimbili ngokuyinhloko abahlukene immobilization. Eyokuqala ukulungiswa compounds ngaphandle covalent eboshwe kanye yenethiwekhi. Le ndlela kuyinto ngokomzimba. Enye samuntu kuhilela okuvela covalent ngesibopho into. Le ndlela zamakhemikhali.

adsorption

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Ngalo yisimo enzyme etholwe nokugcinwa zomuthi phezu yenethiwekhi ngenxa kuhlakazeka hydrophobic, ekuxhumaneni electrostatic ne-hydrogen izibopho. Adsorption kuyindlela yokuqala nokukhawulela ukuhamba izakhi. Nokho, okwamanje le ndlela akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, adsorption ubhekwa indlela ezivame kakhulu immobilization embonini.

ikakhulukazi indlela

Nezincwadi zesayensi uchaza phezu enzyme 70 etholakala adsorption indlela. Njengoba abathwali wenziwa advantageously, ingilazi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, Clays ahlukahlukene, polysaccharides, alumina, zokwenziwa polymers, titanium nezinye izinsimbi. Kulokhu, lo somabhizinisi asetshenziswa njalo. Ukuphumelela adsorption zomuthi indaba yenethiwekhi kunqunywa porosity kanye ebusweni ethize.

mshini wezenzo

Adsorption ka-enzayimu ukuze izinto zingaxazululeki ilula. Kwenzeka ngokuthintana i isixazululo aqueous esiphathiswa izidakamizwa. Kungathatha indlela emile noma ashukumisayo. Isixazululo enzyme ibizwa exutshwe sludge fresh, isibonelo, titanium hydroxide. Khona-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo imnene, kwakwakhe womile. Umsebenzi enzyme agcinwe lapho immobilization ezinjalo cishe 100%. Uma lokhu ifinyelela lokuhlushwa eqondile 64 mg igremu yenethiwekhi ngamunye.

izici ezingezinhle

I yokuntula zihlanganisa adsorption amandla eliphansi esibophezelayo ka-enzyme kanti nomgodla. Ngo inqubo ushintsho izimo ukusabela kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukulahlekelwa izakhi, ukungcoliswa imikhiqizo, desorption amaprotheni. Ukuze kwandiswe amandla kuyo izinsika ngibopha kushintshiwe. Ngokucacile, izinto ziphathwe metal ion, polymers, nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali hydrophobic nabenzeli polyfunctional. Kwezinye izimo, umuthi ngokwayo ngaphansi ukuguqulwa. Kodwa njalo ngokwanele, lokhu kuholela ukwehla umsebenzi wayo.

Ukufakwa ku ijeli

Lolu khetho kuvamile impela ngenxa ehlukile yayo futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi. Le ndlela kufanelekile hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa izakhi ngabanye, kodwa futhi ngoba izakhiwo multiehnzimnyh. Ukufakwa ku ijeli kungase kwenziwe izindlela ezimbili. Esimweni sokuqala, umuthi is kuhlangene i solution monomer aqueous, bese ukwenza polymerization. Lokhu kuphumela isakhiwo kwezendawo ijeli eliqukethe molecule enzyme amaseli. Esimeni sesibili, umuthi is busuka polymer esiphelele. Labe iguqulwe ibe isimo gel.

Ukwethulwa kwe izakhiwo angenisa

Ingqikithi le ndlela liqukethe immobilizing le ehlukanisiwe aqueous isixazululo enzyme kusukela substrate. Lisebenzisa ulwelwesi lulwimi permeable. Sidlule ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana izingxenye isisindo cofactors futhi substrates futhi uphethe molecule ezinkulu enzyme.

microencapsulation

Kunezindlela eziningana ongakhetha kuzona ukwethulwa e isakhiwo ayevumela. I ezithakazelisayo futhi abaningi balaba kuba amaprotheni microencapsulation futhi lifakwe liposomes. Inketho yokuqala kwahlongozwa ngo-1964 ngu-T. Chang. Siqukethe ngalolo ikhambi enzyme ibizwa busuka capsule avaliwe kabani izindonga zakhiwe polymer semipermeable. Ukubukeka kobuso ulwelwesi kubangelwa ukuphendula zezakhi of polycondensation interfacial. Omunye wabo ziyoncibilika organic kanye nezinye - esigabeni aqueous. Njengoba kungenzeka isibonelo liphathwe ekwakhekeni microcapsule etholwe polycondensation ka sebacic acid halide-kuwe (isigaba organic) kanye 1.6-hexamethylenediamine (ngokulandelana, esigabeni aqueous). I ukushuba we ulwelwesi ibalwa in hundredths of a micrometer. Inani amaphilisi - emakhulwini noma amashumi micrometer.

Ukufakwa ku liposomes

Le ndlela immobilization iseduze microencapsulation. Liposomes ethulwa lamellar noma eyindilinga lipid bilayers izinhlelo. Le ndlela yaqale esetshenziswa 1970 F. Ukuze ukuhlukana kwazo liposomes kusukela isixazululo lipid is wayebaphathele ahwamukayo uketshezi organic. Asele ifilimu elincanyana ohlakaziwe i isixazululo aqueous, lapho enzyme likhona. Kule nqubo, i-self-inhlangano ka lipid bilayer izakhiwo. . Zithandwa la ma-enzyme yisimo kwezokwelapha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi yezinhlayiya itholakala matrix lipid of ulwelwesi begazi. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. Afakwe liposomes enzyme yisimo ibalulekile ucwaningo imithi impahla, ukuvumela isifundo begodu uhlathulule amaphetheni zokuphila izinqubo.

Ukwakheka ukuxhumana okusha

Immobilization ngokwakha amaketanga entsha covalent futhi phakathi enzyme bomdabu ibhekwa kakhulu mass UKUKHIQIZA biocatalysts nokuba angasetshenziswa ezimbonini. Ngokungafani nezindlela ngokomzimba, le ndlela inikeza ibhondi awushintsheki futhi eqinile engqamuzaneni nezezinto ezibonakalayo. imfundo yakhe ngokuvamile kuhambisana sinjalo zomuthi. Nokho, indawo enzyme-1 imizuzu covalent ekuzihlanganiseni nesihlobo esiphathiswa kudalela ezithile wokugcwalisa inqubo okhanda amanye amathuba. Mpilo uyashiywa indaba Faka. Njengoba ngokuvamile isinyathelo ejenti poly- futhi difunctional. Bona, ikakhulukati, hydrazine, Cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl chloride nokunye. Ngokwesibonelo, i-iletha galactosyltransferase enzyme kusukela kwabezindaba ukulandelana elandelayo ifakwe -CH ₂ -NH- (CH _{2) 5} -CO-. Esimweni esinjalo elikhona nokwakheka faka, futhi i-molecule ye yenethiwekhi. Bonke axhunyiwe ngezibopho covalent. Okubaluleke esiyinhloko siwukuthi nesidingo sokwethula amaqembu obusebenzayo ekusabeleni, akubalulekile ngoba umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba element. Ngakho, ngokuvamile, glycoproteins anamekwe amaprotheni yenethiwekhi ayikapheli, futhi ngokusebenzisa moiety carbohydrate. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka enzyme ezinzile asebenzayo ezibuthaka.

amaseli

Izindlela ezichazwe ngenhla abhekwa jikelele zonke izinhlobo biocatalysts. Lezi zihlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, zihlanganisa amaseli, izakhiwo subcellular, immobilization okuyinto kuba muva okwandile. Lokhu kungenxa okulandelayo. Lapho immobilization lamaseli akudingekile ukwehlukanisa futhi nihlanze amalungiselelo enzayimu ukuze lelisu cofactors ekusabeleni. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba nokwenzeka ukuthola izinhlelo ukuthi enze multi-step izinqubo ezenzeka njalo.

Ukusetshenziswa enzyme yisimo

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. Ngo wezilwane, umkhakha kanye nezinye izimboni bayintandokazi amalungiselelo yasendlini etholwe zindlela ezingenhla. Mpilo umkhuba izindlela ukunikeza isixazululo ezinkingeni ukuqaliswa ukulethwa okubhekiswe kwezidakamizwa emzimbeni. enzyme yisimo avunyelwe ukuthola imithi eside owenza ngokumcabangela ubuthi okuncane kanye allergenicity. Manje ososayensi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihambisana ne bioconversion uyaca namandla, usebenzisa izindlela microbiological. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, neqhaza elikhulu emsebenzini wokwenza ubuchwepheshe kanye enzyme ezibuthaka. amathemba Development abanzi ososayensi ngokwanele. Ngakho, esikhathini esizayo omunye izindima eziyinhloko inqubo ukulawula imvelo kufanele basonta izinhlobo ezintsha ukuhlaziywa. Ikakhulukazi, umbuzo bioluminescent, futhi enzyme immunoassay. Okubaluleke kakhulu yiwona izindlela ezithuthukile e ukucutshungulwa feedstocks lignocellulosic. enzyme yisimo ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhulisa umsindo signal ababuthakathaka. indawo Active kungenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya abezindaba, engaphansi sonication, ukucindezeleka mechanical noma wadalula phytochemicals kugucuka.