Izici eziyinhloko isimo njengoba ubunye amalungelo namandla: emabangeni amakhulu abambe umqondo umlando

Lo mkhuba isimo ophethe indawo ekhethekile isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Unikeza yokugcina ukuzinza, ubuqotho futhi ligxile imisebenzi yomphakathi. Izibonakaliso eyinhloko isimo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi wenza indima ebalulekile kulesi simiso, okwenza umthamo edingekayo ibhizinisi nokuphatha, ukulawula izinsiza emphakathini, futhi uba umlamuli eyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe. It is a ithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuthi encompasses imisebenzi yamandla, kusize iziphathimandla ukuba afeze. It emelela ubukhosi, njengoba Isiphathi walo.

Lo mqondo wathatha ijamo cishe izingxenye ezintathu noma ngisho izinkulungwane ezinhlanu edlule, ezinsukwini zika Sumer lasendulo, China, Egypt nempucuko Mycenaean. Nokho, inkolelo-mbono anokuhambisana mayelana ukuthi isimo, izici zako ezisemqoka, ngendlela uhulumeni okokuqala wadala uPlato. Wabuye wadala nomqondo othile ngohlobo esiphelele isilawuli kwezenhlalo, elichazwa ngokuthi yokwehlayo namakilasi amathathu - nababusi, abantu abahlakaniphile, amasosha nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti. Sefilosofi waphawula ukuthi isimo bagxila zonke izithakazelo kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe, ezenhlalo nezamasiko of kwezakhi ezahlukene emphakathini, futhi kufanele sifune futhi abenza indlela engcono kakhulu ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso phakathi kwabo ukuxazulula izingxabano.

Ngakho, i-main izici isimo, okwakuyoholela elawula ngobulungisa, kwakhiwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Okokuqala, kubalulekile abaqukethwe hhayi kuphela amabutho yokuphoqelela abantu esenzweni esithile, kodwa futhi amalungelo. Kwakukhona izincazelo izinhlobo ezahlukene zikahulumeni futhi typology wabo njengoba ilungile futhi ayilungile. Kule ndaba, sakhuluma cishe zonke zabuna endala - kusukela Aristotle ekubeni Cicero. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule nkathi ye ezinye abameli Roma amthatha imibono mayelana nomthetho, okuyinto kuphela yokuthi ezalwa kungokwalabo indoda, futhi ukulingana sivela lo mbono. theorists komthetho wamaRoma ziye zasungula ezihlukahlukene imiqondo ezithakazelisayo futhi olufanele Kwatholakala kamuva - njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, isimo-republic njengendlela "ngokoqobo kazwelonke", ukufeza umthetho kanye namalungelo ukuxhumana phakathi abadlali ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile.

Esikhathini Renaissance uzophinde abe theory imfashini uhulumeni ekahle. Ngakho, Niccolò Machiavelli, ehlaziya umlando zokwakheka izinhlangano zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene, wazama ukukhetha izici eziyinhloko isimo, okuyinto Bekungaba kuhle kakhulu. Esinye salezo zibonakaliso, wacabanga ukunikeza zonke izakhamuzi ithuba bachithe impahla kanye ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabo siqu. Nokho, eqaphela kubalulekile futhi ezidingekayo nemisebenzi isimo, ongqondongqondo abaningi bangaleso sikhathi wakhuluma ngaso egxeka, njengoba, ngokukhethekile, uThomas More owathi empeleni uzungu abacebile ngokumelene abampofu. Njengoba isikhathi eside wayengumuntu likaShansela bobukhosi, kusobala wayekwazi ukhuluma ngobani.

Nokho, kuphela XVII ongqondongqondo ekhulwini waqala uvale indlela eya umbono wokuthi ezifana isimo umthetho. Izimpawu zayo eziyinhloko achazwa ngokokuqala njengoba avumelane nemithetho okucabanga nobulungisa. Ngakho, Gugo Grotsy babekholelwa onjalo impahla esingokwemvelo lokhu zohulumeni inkontileka kwezenhlalo, ekuphetheni okuyinto abantu, nakubabusi eziphoqelelwe imisebenzi ethile. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi, ngokubona ummeli owaziwa futhi umsunguli umthetho international, kokubili inkululeko yabo nokuzwana nabanye. Diderot wenaba nomqondo isivumelwano esinjalo futhi wamemezela ukuba lube umthombo oyinhloko wamandla njengoba enjalo. Yileyo ndlela washayelwa mqondo ka sovereignty of abantu, okuyinto esikhathini sethu kulotshiwe phakathi imithethosisekelo emazweni amaningi. Nge lesi simiso - ngineminyaka engu uthisha unethemba - kungenzeka ukuba ondle ilungelo kodwa futhi injabulo abantu abaningi.

Diderot echazwe izici eziyinhloko isimo, eklanyelwe bahlanganise amandla abantu amalungelo muntu, kusekelwa Spinoza futhi Kant. Futhi Spinoza okuphakanyiswe nomkhawulo nelikhono lahulumende ukulahla impilo kanye nempahla izakhamuzi ezisendaweni engaphansi komthetho, njengoba Kant wathi uma ifomu ezinjalo uhulumeni, hhayi kuphela uhulumeni kungaba siphoqa izakhamuzi ukuhambisana nezidingo umthetho, kodwa futhi abantu ngokwabo kufanele ukwazi ukuphoqa ababusi abagcina umthetho bese ulandela inqubo. Dzhon Lokk futhi Thomas Hobbes angezwe kule isimiso umthetho (lapho wonke, kuhlanganise nalabo abasezindaweni amandla, kufanele athwale umthwalo alinganayo) kanye nokusabalalisa kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha ezahlukene, okungaba Okusizayo okwakheka nomunye futhi sikwazi ukumelana ababusi despotism.