Indlela yokuthola mass mass

Emakhemikhali ezingokoqobo kanye nemfundiso kunemibono emibili ewusizo, njengama-molecular (ngokuvamile ilandelwa umqondo wesisindo samangqamuzana, esingalungile) kanye nenqwaba ye-molar. Zombili lezi ziningi zithembele ekubunjweni kwezinto ezilula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Indlela yokunquma ubukhulu be-molar noma isisindo samangqamuzana? Zombili lezi zinhlobo zomzimba azikwazi (noma cishe zingatholakali) zitholwe ngesilinganiso esiqondile, isibonelo, ngokukala isisindo esikalini. Babalwa kusukela kumakhemikhali amakhemikhali we-compound kanye nezixuku ze-athomu zazo zonke izakhi. Lezi zinombolo zilingana, kepha zihlukile ngobukhulu. Ubuningi bamakhemikhali buboniswa ngamayunithi amaningi e-athomu, anemibandela, abe negama a. E. M., futhi elinye igama - "Dalton". Izinyathelo zomzimba we-molar zivezwe ku-g / mol.

Izinto eziningi ezilula zamangqamuzana, ama-molecule anama-athomu athile, alingana nama-athomu awo, okuboniswa etafuleni le-Mendeleyev. Isibonelo, for:

• I-Sodium (Na) - 22.99 a. E.
• I-Iron (Fe) - 55.85 a. E.
• Isibabule (S) - 32.064 a. E.
• Argon (Ar) - 39.948 a. E.
• I-Potassium (K) - 39.102 a. E. M.

Futhi, izinto eziningi ezilula zamangqamuzana, ezinama-molecule ezinama-athomu amaningana ezakhiwe ngamakhemikhali, zibalwa njengomkhiqizo we-athomu yamathuluzi ngenani lama-athomu ku-molecule. Isibonelo, for:

• Oxygen (O2) -16 • 2 = 32 a. E.
• I-nitrogen (N2) - 14 • 2 = 28 a. E.
• I-chlorine (Cl2) -35 • 2 = 70 a. E.
• Ozone (O3) - 16 • 3 = 48 a. E. M.

Bala ama-molecule wezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, uphakamise umkhiqizo we-athomu yamanani ngenani lama-athomu ukuze kube yingxenye yento ngayinye. Isibonelo, for:

• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - 2 + 35 = 37 a. E.
• I-carbon monoxide (CO) - 12 + 16 = 28 a. E.
• I-carbon dioxide (CO2) - 12 + 16 • 2 = 44 a. E. M.

Kodwa ungayithola kanjani inqwaba yezinto?

Lokhu akunzima ukukwenza, ngoba ubukhulu beyunithi yobuningi bezinto ezithile ezivezwe ngama-moles. Okusho ukuthi, uma isisindo samathambo esisodwa sezinto ngasinye senziwa inani eliphindaphindiwe elilingana no-1 g / mol, khona-ke inqwaba ye-molar iyatholakala. Isibonelo, indlela yokuthola inqwaba ye- carbon dioxide (CO2)? Kulandela (12 + 16 • 2) • 1 g / mol = 44 g / mol, okungukuthi, MCO2 = 44 g / mol. Ngezinto ezilula, kuma-molecule aqukethe i-athomu eyodwa kuphela, le nkomba, evezwe ngegramu ngayinye imvukuzane, ifana nenani le-athomu lento. Isibonelo, sulfure MS = 32,064 g / mol. Indlela yokuthola inqwaba ye-molar yezinto ezilula, i-molecule equkethe ama-athomu amaningana, ingacatshangwa ngesibonelo se-oksijeni: MO2 = 16 • 2 = 32 g / mol.

Lapha, izibonelo zanikezwa ngezinto ezithile ezilula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa kungenzeka yini nokuthi ungathola kanjani umthamo we-molar womkhiqizo oqukethe izingxenye eziningana? Njengomumo wamangqamuzana, we-molar we-mixtic multicomponent iyinani elihlanganisayo. Yingqikithi yemikhiqizo yenqwaba ye-molar yenxenye kuya kwengxenyana yayo engxenyeni: M = ΣMi · Xi, okungukuthi, isisindo samangqamuzana esilinganisweni kanye nesisindo se-molar isilinganiso singabalwa.

Isibonelo, umoya oqukethe i-nitrogen engama-75.5%, 23.15% oksijeni, i-argon eyi-1.29% kanye no-0.046% i-carbon dioxide (okunye ukungcola okutholakala ezinanini ezincane kunganakwa): Inqwaba yomoya = 28 • 0.755 + 32 • 0.2315 + 40 • 0.129 + 44 • 0.00046 = 29.08424 g / mol ≈ 29 g / mol.

Indlela yokuthola inqwaba ye-molar yezinto, uma ukunemba kokunquma izixuku ze-athomu ezikhonjisiwe kuthebula lezinsuku ezihlukile? Ezingxenyeni ezithile, kuboniswa ukuthi kungakapheli okweshumi, kwabanye kulabo abangamakhulu ayisithupha, futhi okufana no-radon okuphelele, ama-manganese kuya ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi.

Uma ubala ubuningi be-molar, akusizi ngalutho ukwenza izibalo ngokunemba okukhulu kunezingxenye eziyishumi, njengoba zisebenza ngendlela efanele, lapho ukuhlanzeka kwamakhemikhali noma ukuziphendulela ngokwakho kuzokwethula iphutha elikhulu. Zonke lezi zibalo zinohlobo oluseduze. Kodwa lapho kutholakala khona ngokunemba okuthe xaxa kumakhemikhali, ukulungiswa okufanele kwenziwa ngezinqubo ezithile: isiqu sesisombululo senziwa, ukulinganisa kwenziwa ngokulandela amasampuli ajwayelekile nokunye.