Adat - kuyini? Incazelo, incazelo yegama

I-Adat yi-Javi: عادت) - igama elijwayelekile elibolekwe olimini lwesi-Arabhu ukuchaza amasiko namasiko wendawo ahlukahlukene ayenziwa yimiphakathi yamaSulumane eNyakatho Caucasus, Central naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Naphezu kwemvelaphi yayo yase-Arabhu, igama elithi "adat" ligcwele kulo lonke ugu lolwandle oluseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho, ngenxa yethonya layo lekoloni, lisetshenziswe ngendlela ehlelekile emiphakathini ehlukahlukene engeyona yamaSulumane. Esikhathini sesikhathi sokuqala samaSulumane, kwakunezinqubo eziningi zomthetho ezilawula impilo yemiphakathi, kanti enye yazo yayinempilo. Incazelo yegama elithi "adat" yayivame ukuphikiswa umthetho we-sharia

Okuyinhloko ye-adat

Emkhakheni wezomthetho, i-adat yizinkambiso zomthetho wesintu, imithetho, ukuvinjelwa kanye nemiyalo yobuholi mayelana nokuziphatha komuntu njengelungu lomphakathi wamaSulumane kanye nesigwebo sokuphulwa kwabo. Futhi, lezi zindlela zokubhekana nezigaba ezihlukene zesibalo esilawulwa ngazo lezi ziqondiso nemithetho. Ziyiqiniso kakhulu futhi ziqinile. I-Adat ihlanganisa futhi isethi yemithetho yendawo nendawo yendabuko, izinhlelo zokuxazulula izingxabano, lapho umphakathi ukhona khona amakhulu eminyaka.

Adat eNyakatho Caucasus nase-Asia Ephakathi

Ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSulumane, abantu baseNyakatho Caucasus nase-Asia Ephakathi babekade bemise imigomo yomthetho wezobugebengu neyomthetho, okwakuqala esikhathini esibizwa ngokuthi i-adat. Emiphakathini yendabuko yase-Asia Ephakathi, isungulwa futhi iqondiswa ngamalungu asemthethweni omphakathi, ngokuvamile emkhandlwini wama-aksakals. Isekelwe ekhodi yokuziphatha yamazwe nasemakhulwini eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwabantu, imiphakathi kanye nezizwe. ENyakatho yeCaucasus, ngokuqondene namagugu wendabuko, ikhodi ye-adat yabusa ukuthi umculi (umndeni) uyinhloko yokukhomba, ukwethembeka, ukuhlazeka kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuphathwa kwamakholoni eMbusweni waseRussia akuzange kuphazamise umkhuba wezomthetho nokulawulwa okunikeziwe ezingeni lemiphakathi yasendaweni eya eMkhandlwini wama-aksakals kanye ne-teips. Kanjalo nabaseBolshevik babeneminyaka yokuqala yokuqala ye-1917 revolution. I-Adat yenza phakathi kwabakhileyo e-Central Asia naseCaucasus kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1930, kuze kube yilapho umbuso waseSoviet uvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwawo futhi wawushintsha ngomthetho wabantu.

Adat e-Southeast Asia

ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, umqondo wokuthi "adat" kanye nalokho okushoyo kwakhiwa kuqala kwizwe elikhuluma isi-Malay. Ngokusobala, lokhu kwenziwa ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemikhuba yendabuko namaSulumane. Ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka, i-Malaykay Sultanate yakha ikhodi yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba wonke, kanye namakhodi ezombusazwe nezomnotho, okwakunefuthe elicacile lomthetho ogama elithi "Sharia." I-Adat nayo yaba nethonya elinamandla kulezi zincwadi zomthetho. Lezi zimakhodi kamuva zasakazeka kulo lonke isifunda futhi zaba nemithombo egcwele yomthetho wezomthetho wendawo ezifundeni ezinkulu ezifana neBrunei, Johor, Pattani no-Aceh.

Adat e-East Indies nesifundo sayo

Emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulwini lama-20 eDutch East India ukutadisha kwe-adat kwavela njengengxenye ekhethekile yokutadisha. Nakuba lokhu kuhlobene nezidingo zobuholi be-colonial, isifundo asizange sikhiphe isiyalo esenzakalelayo sesayensi esithinte izinhlelo ezahlukene zokufanisa kwamanye amazwe emazweni ahlukene. Phakathi kwabesosayensi abavelele abahilelekile ekutadisheni i-adat, iDutch Van Vallenhoven, iTha Haar, no-Snouck Hungronche kubalwe. Imiqondo eminingana eyinhloko esasetshenziswa namuhla ngaphansi komthetho wendabuko ikhona e-Indonesia yanamuhla. Zihlanganisa "umthetho we-adat," "umthetho wemibuthano ye-adat," "umphakathi ilungelo lomhlaba noma ukusetshenziswa kwawo," kanye "nomthetho womphakathi." Umthetho we-adat wasetshenziswa uhulumeni wamakholoni njengegama elingokomthetho lomthetho we-normative, owawumele umqondisi wezomthetho ozimele, ngaphezu komthetho we-canon. Imithetho yasendaweni kanye namasiko azo zonke izinhlanga, kuhlanganise nabangewona amaSulumane, aqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "adat" - igama elinencazelo ebanzi yomthetho. Imikhuba yayo kanye nezinhlinzeko zayo zazibhalwe kumadokhumenti angokomthetho ala mazwe, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezazisensimini ye-East Indies. Ngokusho kwalolu hlelo, ngesisekelo sokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ze-adat njengenhlangano yamasiko nezendawo, amaDashi ahlukanisa yonke i-East India yaba okungenani izinkampani eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye zomthetho.

Ithonya lanamuhla le-adat

I-Adat isasetshenziselwa izinkantolo zaseBrunei, eMalaysia nase-Indonesia (amazwe lapho inkolo yezwe ingamaSulumane) njengemithetho yomthetho kwezinye izici. EMalaysia, uMthethosisekelo wesifunda ngasinye uye wagunyaza abameleli bakahulumeni baseMalayina, njengeNhloko yamaSulumane namasiko aseMalaysia. Amakhomishana aseMelika, eyaziwa ngokuthi iMejlis ka-Agama Islam ubaba Adat (uMkhandlu wamaSulumane kanye namasiko aseMalaysia) anesibopho sokucebisa abaholi bezwe, kanye nokulawula izindaba ze-Islam kanye ne-adat.

Ukulawulwa kwezigwegwe zezinhlamvu ngokusebenzisa umthetho wendabuko

Izinyathelo zomthetho eziphathelene nezindaba eziphathelene namaSulumane kanye nama-adat cases (isibonelo, ukwabiwa kwempahla ehlangene yabashadile nezingane zabo ezivamile) kwenziwa enkantolo yaseSharia. Umthetho we-adat wukuthi ezimweni eziningi ulawula ubudlelwane bomphakathi nabomndeni engxenyeni yamaSulumane ye-Southeast Asia. Ezindaweni zaseSarwak naseSah, ukuqoqwa kwezidingo zabantu baseMalaysia abangewona amaMalaysia kwavunyelwa ngokomthetho ngokudala izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezaziwa ngokuthi uMahkamaha Bumiputra noMa Mahkamah Anak Negeri. Kukhona uhlelo olufanayo lwezinhlanga zamaMalay, okuthiwa uMakkamah ngokwawo, kodwa unamandla okulinganiselwe.

E-Indonesia, umthetho we-adat uyaqhubeka ube nokubaluleka okusemthethweni kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amaningi amaHindu eBali, esifundeni sase Tengger naseSultanates Yogyakarta naseSarakarta.

Adat endaweni yeSoviet post

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, umkhuba we-adat e-Asia Ephakathi waqala ukuvuselela eminyakeni yama-1990 emiphakathini yamaSulumane ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukuhlukana komthetho kanye nezikhungo zokuqinisa umthetho ezindaweni eziningi esifundeni sase-Central Asia. Ukuvela kwamakhomishana amasha emaRiphabhulikhi nawo waba negalelo kule nqubo, njengoba kwandisa amandla ezindawo ezithile zendabuko, njengezinkomidi zabadala (ama-aksakals). Ezinye izinhlangano zokuphatha nazo zivame ukuqondiswa izinkambiso ze-adat.

I-Caucasian ne-Chechen iyavuma

Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, uhlelo lwendabuko lwezinhlelo zomphakathi ezizimele lukhona eNyakatho Caucasus. I-Chechen isebenzisa ngaphansi kwe-Shamil. Igama "Adat," incazelo kanye nokuhumusha okusho umqondo "wendabuko noma umkhuba," udlala indima enkulu kubantu baseNyakatho Caucasus. Ngemuva kwezikhathi zikaStalin, waphinde waqala ukusebenza ngasese (kusukela kuma-1950 ekhulwini lama-20). Ku-Chechens, i-adat iyinqubo yokuziphatha engaqondakali emndenini nasemphakathini. Noma yimuphi umndeni waseCherchen ohloniphekile ukhombisa inhlonipho nokunakekela isizukulwane esidala, ikakhulukazi ngabazali. Abazali abadala bahlala nomunye wamadodana abo. Ngenxa yokucindezelwa kwezifundiswa zamaSulumane phakathi neminyaka yeStalin, i-adat, eyayikhona e-Chechnya naseDagestan, cishe yayingaqukathi izingxenye zomthetho wamaSulumane. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulayo lezazi ezingamaSulumane ezanyatheliswa ekuqoqweni kwezinto ezithandayo, okusetshenziswa izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile emabhandlwini omkhandlu kanye nasezifundeni zesifunda.