Styrene-butadiene iraba: izakhiwo kanye isicelo, ifomula

I-butadiene-styrene i-rubber ibhekwa njengenye yezinketho ezisetshenzisiwe kakhulu ezakhiweni zepolymer. Kufanelekile ukukhiqizwa kwamathayi kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-rubber enekhwalithi ephezulu.

Izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi i-polymeric material zenziwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingabizi kakhulu, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kwayo kubhekwa njengokufinyeleleka kalula, kube ne-algorithm ecacile yezenzo. I-rubber butadiene-styrene eholayo inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza kanye namakhemikhali. Ikhiqizwa ngobuningi obukhulu futhi ihlinzekwa ngumkhiqizi ngokubanzi.

Izinto eziwusizo zokukhiqiza

Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ukukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene-styrene rubbers. Njengokuqala kokuqukethwe kwaleli polymeric, i-butadiene-1,3 noma i-alpha-methylstyrene ikhethiwe. I-butadiene-styrene i-rubber itholakala ngekhambi lobuchwepheshe noma nge-emulsion copolymerization. Ngendlela yesibili, isisombululo se-butadiene-styrene se-rubbers sakhiwa.

Emulsion polymerization

Kukhiqizwa kanjani i-butadiene-styrene i-rubber? Ukusabela kuhilela co-polymerization ye-styrene ne-butadiene emulsion. Umkhiqizo wokugcina, owatholakala ngenxa yalokhu kusebenzisana, ubizwa ngokuthi i-butadiene-styrene i-rubber (SCS).

Okwamanje, imboni yebhola yekhaya iveza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-polymer esekelwe kuleli khemikhali.

I-rubrene-butadiene i-rubber ihlukaniswe kanjani? Abakhiqizi banikeza okulandelayo:

• Ama-Rubber angenawo amafutha (SCS-ZOARK);
• Imishini enephesenti yamafutha (SCM-ZOLRKM-15);
• Ngamafutha amaningi (SCS-ZODRKM-27);
• Ngezici ezinhle kakhulu ze-dielectric (SCS-ZOARPD).

Okucacile kwegama

Izibalo zokuqala zamagama anikeziwe zitshela mayelana nokuqukethwe okulinganiselwe kwe-styrene ekukhokhweni kokuqala, okhethiwe ngenqubo yokupholisa:

• "A" ihilela ukuqaliswa kwenqubo ephansi yokushisa izinga lokushisa (okungaphezu kuka-+5 degrees).
• "M" ibonisa ukuthi iqukethe amafutha, hhayi kuphela i-styrene.
• I-butadiene-styrene i-rubber ngenhlamvu ethi "P" ikhuluma ngokuphendula kwe- polymerization ngaphandle kokuba khona komlawuli.
• "K" ibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-rosin emulsifier ekwenzeni i-raber.
• Incwadi ethi "P" ifanekisela ukwaziswa okutholakala khona ekuhlanganiseni kokuqala kwamanoni amafutha, ama-acidium synthetic, okuyimikhiqizo ye-oksidi eyingxenye yamapirafini agcwele.

Iyini isici se-styrene butadiene i-raberber? Ukuwuthola kuncike kwinqubo yokwenza i-polymerization, eyaziwa ngisho nabafundi besikole esiphakeme becwaninga ezikoleni ezijwayelekile kanye namakolishi.

Ngakho-ke, ekukhiqizeni ama-rubber plantar embonini, kusetshenziswe irayibhethi ye-butadiene-styrene egcwele uhlaka, okungafani ne-hydrocarbon evamile. Ama-rubber akhiqizwa ngesisekelo se-butadiene-styrene resin, ukumelana okwenyuka ekwakhiweni komshini, izici ezinhle ezinjengesikhumba.

Inqubo ye-emulsion polymerization yenziwa esitshalweni esikhethekile sezimboni. Iyini isici salolu rabha ye-styrene-butadiene? Ukuwuthola kwenziwa ngobuchwepheshe obucacile nabonakele. Ubude besikhathi sokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ngamahora angu-12-15. Ngemuva kokuba i-polymerization iphelele, i-latex yakha, equkethe ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-30 kuya ku-35 we-polymer. Njengoba i-antioxidant, i-latex ifakwe nge-neon D.

Kusukela ekupheleni kwe-latex, i-rubber ikhiqizwa yi-coagulation ye-electrolytes equkethe i-sulfuric acid. Ukucabangela ukuthi i-rosin i-rosin ne-soap eyakhiwe ngesisekelo samanoni ama-synthetic acids enza njengama-emulsifiers, ngaphezu kwe-coagulation, ukwakheka kwama-acids acids, okuba nemiphumela emihle ebucikweni bezobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo ophelile, kubonakala futhi.

Ngenxa yokwengezwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric, insipho iguqulwa ibe yi-acids e-organic ephilayo, i-coagulation ye-latex igcwaliswe futhi i-rubber styrene-butadiene yenziwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziqediwe kuhlanganisiwe, kuxhomeke kuhlobo lokukhiqiza. Ngokuyinhloko, irayibha iyinto evamile eluhlaza embonini yamakhemikhali.

Isakhiwo senjoloba

Iyini isakhiwo se-styrene butadiene yerabha? Izakhiwo zomzimba zensiza enikeziwe zithathwa yizici ezithile zesakhiwo sayo. Lapho i-polymer ilungiswa i-ozonization, i-polymer yesakhiwo esingavamile iyakhiwa. E-rubber, amayunithi angama-monomeric ahanjiswa ngokungahleliwe, i-molecule ine-branched appearance.

Amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 azo zonke izixhumanisi anesimo sokudlulisa, futhi amaphesenti angu-20 kuphela abonakala ngesakhiwo se-cis.

Izimpawu

Ake sihlaziye i-butadiene-styrene i-rubber. Izakhiwo zalesi sici zihlotshaniswa nesisindo saso semithamo ephakeme. Ngokwesilinganiso, yi-150 000-400 000. Futhi ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-rubber ogcwala amafutha bukhetha ukukhethwa kwezixhobo ngenani eliphezulu lesisindo somzimba. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ususe umthelela omubi wamafutha ngekhwalithi yerabha, gcina isikhathi eside sezinto zobuchwepheshe ezinhle kakhulu zenjoloba.

Kungenzeka ukukhiqiza i-butadiene-styrene i-rubber e-ethylene ngokusebenzisa ukwenziwa kwe-technology ngokusetshenziswa kwe-activators, i-emulsifiers, i-regulators, kanye nezinye izinto, ngokuyinxenye ekusebenzeni kokuxhumana, ukudlula ekubunjweni kwenjoloba enziwe.

Izici ezihlukile

Sichaza i-butadiene-styrene i-rubber. Ifomula yalesi sici ibonisa ukuthi ayinamathelisi ekudonseni komshini, ama-solvents anonya. Ukwandisa ukumelana nesithwathwa nokuqina kwe-rabra, inani le-styrene enhlanganisweni yokuqala liyancipha. I-polymeri ephumela ekuqothuleni ku-petroli ne-solvents enamakha.

Yini enye eyenza i-styrene-butadiene i-rubber ephumayo? Izakhiwo kanye ne-ratio kuya kuma-acids, i-ketone, u-alcohol uzinzile, ngaphandle kwe-polymeri inegesi elihle kakhulu namanzi amaningi. Ngesikhathi sokushisa kwenjoloba, kuguqulwa ushintsho olunzulu lwezakhiwo, okuyinto echaphazela kabi izakhiwo ze-physicomechanical ye-raber ephumela.

I-oxydation ye-thermal emazingeni okushisa kusuka ku-125 ° C kubangela ukwehla kokuqina nokubhujiswa. I-oxydation esilandelayo ihilela ukuhlelwa okunzulu kwe-polymeri, echaphazela ukwanda kokuqina kwayo.

Izici zohlelo lokusebenza

Ukwakha ingxube ye-rubber isetshenziswa i-butadiene-styrene i-rubber. Izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa kwalowo omele ekilasini lama- diene hydrocarbon ngokugcwele kuhambisana nezici zesimiso saso sokwakha.

Ukuba khona kwamachungechunge ama-phenyl ehlangothini lwe-side kuthinta ukumelana okwandisiwe emiphumeleni emibi yokuvezwa kwemisebe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zalezi polymers.

Izinhlanganisela ze-Rubber ezenziwe ngesisekelo se-butadiene-styrene rubbers, ukuqina okuphansi, ukukhuphuka okwenyuka ngesikhathi sokukhahlela nokuvumelanisa. Lokhu kuthinta kabi ukuqaliswa kwezinqubo zezobuchwepheshe, kanye nalapho kwenziwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhala zemikhiqizo yerabha.

Ama-rubber abamba ukushisa aphansi athuthukise izindawo zobuchwepheshe, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-rubber" ashisayo.

Izinhlobo ze-rubber

I-soft butadiene-styrene ephansi-lokushisa ama-rubber ane-viscosity ephansi, ngakho-ke ayifakwe i-plasticized.

Ama-rubber acwecwe akhiqizwa ngamanani amancane, ewabeka ngaphansi kwe-plastic-oxidative plasticization emoyeni ekushiseni komyalelo we-1400 ° C usebenzisa izisebenzeli zenqubo yokubhujiswa.

Ama-vulcanizers angagcwalisiwe anamandla angaphansi kokuqina. Lapho inani lokubopha i-styrene e-polymer ekhiqiza, ukuphika nokumelana nokuncipha kunciphisa, ukumelana nesithwathwa kwanda, nokuqina kwanda.

Ukwaneliseka (nge-carbon carbon) ama-vulcanizers we-butadiene-styrene rubber abe nemingcele emihle kakhulu yokumelana nokushisa nokugqoka, kodwa ngezinga elithile lalingaphansi kwezinga lokuqina nokuncipha kwe-deformation kuma-rubber avamile. Ama-vulcanizers asetshenzisiwe anemibono eyengeziwe ekugxileni nase-diluted acids, utshwala, ama-alkalis, ethers. Ezingxenyeni ze-rubber zivuthwa.

Wonke ama-polymers atholakalayo asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamathayi, ukwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene engahlosiwe nokubunjwa. Isibonelo, amabhande okuthutha ukukhiqizwa kwezinkuni akhiwa kusuka ku-styrene butadiene i-raber, izicathulo zenjoloba zikhiqizwa. Ngenxa yokwenyuka kwama-radiation, wonke lawa ma-rubber asetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwama-rubber aphikisana kakhulu nemisebe ye-gamma.

Ukuze kuvezwe imikhiqizo ebonakala ngezici ezinhle kakhulu zokumelana namaqhwa, izinto ezisetshenzisiwe ziyasetshenziswa, lapho okuqukethwe okuncane kwe-styrene.

Izimpawu ze-butadiene-styrene i-rubber ye-polymerization yesisombululo

Embonini yasekhaya, ukukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene-styrene izixazululo ze-solution polymerization ezinokuqukethwe okuhlukile kwe-styrene kuhlelwe:

• RSCC-10.
• RSCC-25.
• RSCC-18.
• ДССК-50.
• U-ДССК-252 (unayo izici ze-dielectric eziphakanyisiwe).

Kuthengiswa kukhona i-raber, ehlanganisa ama-microblocks we-styrene enamakha, ihloselwe ukucubungulwa ngokukhishwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezixazululo ze-rubber egcwele amafutha, aqukethe amafutha angu-27%. Ngenxa ye-polymerization yesisombululo, phambi kwe-catalolsts ye-organolithium, imingcele esemqoka yesakhiwo samangqamuzana ilawulwa:

• I-chain branching;
• Isisindo somzimba;
• I-Macrostructure.

Izici ezibalulekile zalabo abathintekayo yi-polymer ngokwayo (kuze kube ngu-98%), inani elincani lokungcola. Ama-polymers anesakhiwo esihambisanayo uma eqhathaniswa ne-butadiene-styrene emulsion rubbers.

Izinto zokwenziwa kwe-polymeric eziphakeme zinepulasitiki ephakeme, ukugqoka ukugqoka, ukumelana nesithwathwa, ukumelana nokukhuphuka. Siphinde sibone ukukhuthazela okunamandla kwalezi zinto. Nge-shrinkage encane, bane-viscosity ephezulu ye-Mooney, njengoba i-macromolecules ine-linear structure, ikwazi ukugcwalisa inani elikhulu le-carbon black (i-carbon lobuchwepheshe) ne-oyela ngaphandle kokushintsha okungalungile ezindaweni zokugcizelela kanye nezimo ze-vulcanizers.

Kunezinzuzo ezithile zezobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni izixazululo zokuxazulula izixazululo uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukahluka kwe-emulsion, kodwa kunesidingo esikhulu kakhulu sokuhlanzeka kwamamoni asetshenzisiwe. Sebenzisa izixazululo ze-rubber zokupholisa embonini yesondo, ukudala amabhande anamandla okuthutha, izicathulo zobucathulo, imikhono ye-rabber, izingxenye eziningi zenjoloba. Izingxenye zokuqala zokukhiqiza izinto zokwenziwa kwe-polymeric zalolu hlobo yi-styrene ne-bouadien-1,3. Ama-Rubber alungiselelwe ngekhambi noma emulsion copolymerization.

Ekhiqizweni lwanamuhla, hhayi kuphela ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-rubber angagcwaliseki, kodwa futhi ukukhiqizwa kwama-polymers, lapho kutholakala khona i-resin, ikhono lobuchwepheshe, namafutha. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezikhiqizwa i-polymeric, i-butadiene-styrene i-akhawunti ye-rubber engaphezu kwengxenye yawo wonke amandla okukhiqiza.

Isizathu salesi sikali sisezingeni eliphakeme lobuhle bezimpawu zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali womkhiqizo, ukutholakala kweziqalo zokuqala (i-styrene ne-butadiene), kanye nelayini lobuchwepheshe olusungulwe.

Umthamo omkhulu we-rubrene-butadiene inhlawulo yokukhiqiza yanamuhla itholakala nge-emulsion copolymerization ye-styrene ne-butadiene.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-rubber ngesakhiwo

Ukucabangela izimo ze-polymerization nokubunjwa kwezingxenye ezisetshenzisiwe, ukukhiqizwa kwe-butadiene-styrene rubbers kuye kwasungulwa, okuyinto ehlukile ezakhiweni nasekubunjweni. Ukusabalalisa okulinganiselwe, okungekho emthethweni kwezingxenye zesakhiwo ze-styrene ne-butadiene ku-macromolecule kuvunyelwe.

Lapho izinga lokushisa liyancipha, okuqukethwe okulinganiselwe kwezingxenyana eziphansi ze-molecular weight in the rubber kuncishisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo, ukwanda kwesakhiwo esijwayelekile se-polymeri, okuthinta kahle izici zobuchwepheshe nomsebenzi womkhiqizo ophelile.

Ekuthuthukiseni ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokukhiqiza ezifuywayo, into ebalulekile kwakungukusungulwa kokukhiqizwa kwezinto ze-butadiene-styrene ngokwenza i-polymerization ngendlela eqondile. Njengamanje, izinto ezinjalo zekhwalithi eliphezulu futhi ngentengo engabizi zikhiqizwa ezitshalweni zaseKrasnoyarsk, Omsk, Togliatti, eSterlitamak, Voronezh.

Izici zobuchwepheshe

Uma ufisa, kungenzeka ukuthola i-polymer enezimpawu ezithile. Isibonelo, ngesisindo esiphezulu se-molecular molecule, esilawulwa njengoba i-polymerization iqhubeka ngokusungula izilawuli ezikwazi ukudluliselwa kwamakhansela. Njengoba inani labalawuli likhuphuka, ukwehla kwesisindo se-polymer kubonakala.

Yini engacatshangwa njengama-emulsifiers afanele ukukhiqizwa kwe-emulsions ephikisayo yezidumbu, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina polymerization, i-latexes? Njengoba izingxenye eziyinhloko zamakhemikhali, i-potassium noma i-sodium usawoti we-fatty synthetic acids carboxylic, i-hydrogenated rosin, kanye nosawoti wama-alkyl sulfonate kubhekwa.

Uma ukhetha i-rosin, okokuqala kunokwelashwa okukhethekile. Ngenqubo yokungafani kahle ne-catalyst (i-palladium), ithola izakhiwo ezidingekayo ekwenzeni ubuchwepheshe bokudala ama-rubber.

I-Slicer yokukhiqiza

Ibhetri ye-polymerizers isetshenziselwa ukukopishwa kwe-copolymerization. Lapho ulungiselela ukuxuba ukushaja umshini ohlambulukile futhi omile ngaphambili, u-butadiene, i-solvent (ingaba i-cyclohexane) ku-5/1 isilinganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye zokukhokhiswa kokuqala zifakwe ku-mixer ye-diaphragm yokuxuba okuphezulu. Khona-ke inhlanganisela ithunyelwa ekuhlanzeni amafutha amakhemikhali kusuka ekungcoleni okuhlukahlukene.

Idivayisi idliwe ngama-organolithium compounds, titrating ku-25 ° C imizuzu engu-20. Izinga lokuhlanzwa lihlonishwa umbala wecala. Uma kungekho ukungcola, ingxube inebala obomvu. Ngaphambi kokwenza i-polymerization, ukukhokha kuhlanganiswe ne-catalyst, izithasiselo ze-polar.

Le nqubo yenziwa ebhetri, equkethe amadivaysi amathathu ajwayelekile, ngokudla okulandelanayo kwecala. Ukushisa ngaphakathi kwe-polymerizers kugcinwa ku-50 kuya kwangu-80 ° C. Ubude besikhathi sonke sezinqubo zamakhemikhali amahora angu-6.

Isiphetho

Kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi lokuphila nomsebenzi womuntu ofike ngesikhathi, izinto zitholakala, ngokusekelwe kwe-rubber styrene-butadiene. Okokuqala, siyabona ukudalulwa kwezinsizi zenjoloba zezicathulo, amathayi we-raber yemoto, izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuchelela.

Ama-copolymers we-statistical we-styrene ne-butadiene asetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwezinto zokugaya kagesi, imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yembonini yezimoto, kubandakanya ukudala amathayi aphezulu. Ubuchwepheshe obusha obusetshenziselwa abakhiqizi banamuhla be-styrene butadiene rubbers bavumela ukuba bakhe imikhiqizo enezilinganiso ezibonakalayo zomzimba namakhemikhali, izici zokusebenza ezifunwayo.

Phakathi izici zalesi ukukhiqizwa lokusebenza inothi high yelikhono. Kuye nokwakheka rubbers kwemiqondo ngokuphongoza inqubo isikhathi yokudalwa kanye nezindleko oyinhloko imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa esekelwe iraba zenjoloba.