Inhlalakahle umsebenzi - kuyini? Isayensi, ikhethelo

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-21 leminyaka th, inani elikhulu izincwadi ezikhuluma ngezindaba zocwaningo, ukuqeqesha, kanye nemfundo yezingane ngamathuba elilinganiselwe kwempilo yengqondo. Kuyinto into study womsebenzi inhlalakahle. Kuyini lokhu? Lona omunye amagatsha Defectology, okuyinto study nezindaba belungiselela ukuphila kwabantu ebhasha ngokwengqondo ukhuluma izindaba kokuvuselela ngokwemvelo kwezindawo zabo phambili.

Umlando sengqondo lemmango komqondo

Ngo isayensi yesimanje akukho ulwazi mayelana lokho isikhundla elalihlala abantu okungavamile izizwe lasekuqaleni. Nokho, kungenxa yokuthi othile aziwayo ukuthi labo amalungu omphakathi abakwazanga iqhaza ukuthola ukudla, noma babulawe ngokwabo noma abulawa.

Awukwazi ukushayela sengqondo umphakathi ngenhlonipho awabhalela buthaka abanomqondo ovulekile, hhayi kuphela endulo, kodwa futhi Ephakathi. On abantu abanjalo babebhekwa njengezitha entula isimiso womuntu kanye nenhlekelele, ngakho-ke, kangifanele ububele kanye nosizo. Umphakathi wazama bazivikele labo oziphatha is ucishe ubuhlungu izithakazelo zayo.

Izinto zashintsha maqondana komqondo kwaba French Revolution (1786-1793 GG.). Lesi senzakalo saphawula ukuqala isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando entsha ngokomlando ukuthuthukiswa wonke umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu revolution olwake lwalithinta enkulu ekuthuthukiseni sciences emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ulwazi. Ngo 1793 wakhipha umqulu Declaration of Human Rights, engivusa ngayo, njengasencwadini izinqumo eziningana, wathi usizo lomphakathi kubantu abampofu kumele kuthathwe njengento esingcwele. Kulokhu, kubhekwa hhayi njengoba isipho noma esiza abantulayo, kodwa njengoba komsebenzi kahulumeni.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili, inkinga komqondo babe acute ikakhulukazi. Lesi sikhathi libhekene ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kwemboni, ukuxhashazwa anda abasebenzi futhi ziwohloke okuphawulekayo ukuthi bahlezi kanjani. Konke lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni isibalo sezingane ongaphilile. Yingakho kulolu cwaningo komqondo wangeniswa akhawunti izici psycho-Pedagogical nemvelo emtholampilo. Zonke umsebenzi kwenziwa ukuze uyothuthukisa amathemba ukuthuthukiswa ingqondo abantu buthaka ngokomqondo.

ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kule ndawo ezaba nomthelela zezimbali okusheshayo ngesayensi yemvelo. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela ukuvela ku-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izindawo ezimbili ekuqondeni okushiwo nemvelo komqondo. abameleli babo bagxila emizamweni yabo ku search for izimbangela cwaningo emitholampilo ye zokugula, kanye nokuqeqesha izingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo. Ngakho, negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi inhlalakahle eyenziwe bengqondo ezifana B. owaba owakwaWeigand, Serbskii VI Yakovenko nabanye.

Ubuhlobo komqondo Rus

Unakekele abampofu futhi zobuwula zezwe lethu ezinsukwini wayeneminyaka ngowokuqala ukukhombisa iSonto Lobu-Orthodox. Lokhu kuboniswa asemthethweni eyaqala kusukela ekhulwini 10.

Ngo abantu Rus 'lasendulo kubhekwa abantu ebhasha ngokwengqondo uyamukeleka kuNkulunkulu futhi abantu ahlala phakathi kwabo i aura imfihlakalo futhi ngobungcwele. Nokho, iziwula, azulazule imigwaqo yezwe, yabangela okubi. Benza inombolo enkulu emacaleni nelokushisa. Yingakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba babahlukanisa umphakathi. Lesakhiwo okuqala wavula e Riga, Dr. Friedrich Plyats. Kwakuyisikhathi isikhungo sezokwelapha-Pedagogical for the ebhasha ngokwengqondo futhi ehlupheka sokuwa. It usekhonze kulesi sikhungo kuze 1941.

Izenzakalo imfundo nokuqeqesha izingane normal Kwakuseshwa eRussia kanye ejensi lempi ngosizo izikole ezikhethekile.

KweziMilo omlando wakhe uthethe ukujika entsha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ithole yisisusa esinamandla nentuthuko ngomsebenzi bengqondo I. G. Ignatevoy futhi P. I. Kovalevskogo. Noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile bakhomba ukuntula imali zezikhungo zomphakathi sokuthuthukisa izingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo. Khona-ke E. K. Gracheva, wahlanganyela ucwaningo emkhakheni okungavamile izingane ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa, ekhomba umonakalo emphakathini ukuziba usizo olunjalo.

isigaba Soviet yentuthuko isimo yethu ihlukile ukudala inethiwekhi umahluko izikhungo ekhethekile. Kwakumelwe livulekele emfundweni yezingane intelligence ongaphakeme.

Inhlalakahle umsebenzi - isayensi, okuyinto kwamaSoviet wayiqhubekisa sibonga umsebenzi eyisisekelo IG Eremenko, IP Lauzhikasa, IA Groshenkova, M. N. Perova kanye nabanye abacwaningi abaningi.

Kuze kube manje, lesi sijeziso sifundwa kuwo Institute of Correctional Pedagogy ka Pedagogical Sciences of the Russian Federation. Modern umsebenzi inhlalakahle - kuyini? Lokhu isiqondiso, ukutadisha amaphethini kanye nezici ku siza ukukhulisa izingane ebhasha ngengqondo, okuyinto azibonakalisa enqubweni yokufunda yonke. Ucwaningo nentuthuko kule ndawo yenziwa yesimanje ososayensi oligophrenopedagogs. Ngesisekelo umsebenzi wabo ukwenza izinguquko ezithile ohlelweni, hhayi kuphela ekhethekile, kodwa futhi imfundo jikelele.

Ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi

Oligophrenopedagogics abakwazi ukusinda futhi ikhule ngaphandle eziningi izifundo ezihlobene, okuyinto kunemibandela selihlukene laba amabhlogo ezintathu. Lokhu yesayensi yezokwelapha, ezingokwengqondo Pedagogical. Asho lemikhakha somsebenzi inhlalakahle?

Ngokuqondene wesayensi yezokwelapha, ngosizo lwabo, ososayensi abatadisha inkinga izingane ebhasha ngengqondo, bayakwazi siqonde umnyombo begazi isifo kanye nesimo izinguquko ezenzeke umzimba wesiguli. Kulesi module uzothola: the izitho zomzimba kanye anatomy, Neurology futhi yezinzwa, wezifo zengqondo kanye psychopathology, Pediatrics nofuzo. Lezi eyala izovumela ososayensi ukuba baqonde izici oye ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa ingane, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba kahle ukuthuthukisa lefundo.

With kuka umsebenzi inhlalakahle ehlobene eduze? Psychology womuntu (jikelele, akhethekile Pedagogical) - a isiyalo izifundo nayo ibalulekile kakhulu umsebenzi inhlalakahle. Bavumela ukukhomba amaphethini olutholakalayo sezingane ezikhubazekile bokusungula. Futhi nge yabo usizo-oligophrenopedagogs ososayensi uthole nomqondo izinqubo sengqondo ezenzeka iziguli anjalo. Lokhu kwenza ucwaningo ukuze uyakuthethelela bakwenze amasu nezindlela.

Imfundo kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba bokusungula has a okukhulu usizo pedagogy. Lokhu isiyalo kusenza ukuchaza imininingwane yalolu izimiso, izinjongo kanye nokuqukethwe yenqubo yokufunda abafundi ebhasha ngokwengqondo. Kulesi pedagogy ka waboleka izindlela, izindlela namasu ukwenza ukuqeqesha kulesi sigaba sama-abafundi. Kulesi block siqukethe wesayensi eziningana. Phakathi kwabo kukhona pedagogy ezivamile, ezenhlalakahle kanye nokubhekelela akhethekile didactics umsebenzi kwezemfundo.

Umbono ovamile yesiyalo

Ngakho, inhlalakahle umsebenzi yesimanje - kuyini? Kuyinto isayensi, okuyinto eba ngezigaba ezemfundo, okuyinto anganikeza ithuba hhayi kuphela umuntu, kodwa futhi indlela umahluko izingane ehlakaniphe ongaphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiyalo libhekisela izindlela nezimiso nemfundo labafundi, okuqukethwe kwabo ukuqeqeshwa umsebenzi nemfundo jikelele. Njengoba izindlela yangasese womsebenzi inhlalakahle njengoba isayensi ukusebenzisa izincomo isiyalo ukudala izinhlelo kanye nezakhiwo ezifana nezikole asetshenziswa izikhungo ekhethekile zemfundo.

izimiso eziyisisekelo

Kunoma ubani okufunayo mayelana nomsebenzi inhlalakahle - lokho kuwufanele ukwazi ukuthi lesi siyalo has umthombo esifana pedagogy. Sixoxa nangezibusiso indlela jikelele esifundweni, izisekelo inqubo yemfundo, nokunye. D. kuphela Ngokungafani pedagogy, kulo mkhakha yesayensi ukuhlola ukusebenza nezingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo okusekelwe izici zawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izimiso womsebenzi inhlalakahle, efana noqeqesho kanye ezemfundo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye kumiswa umuntu, inencazelo efanayo pedagogy jikelele.

izindlela eziyisisekelo

Ososayensi oligophrenopedagogs emsebenzini kwenziwe:

• ucwaningo;
• ukubhekwa;
• imibuzo;
• Ukutadisha ukusebenza zezingane;
• ucwaningo;
• Ukutadisha imibhalo bemvelo ezingokwengqondo Pedagogical.

Zonke lezi zindlela womsebenzi inhlalakahle njengoba isayensi. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Lapho ababecabanga kokuqhuba wenza ucwaningo onenjongo into Pedagogical. Ngenxa yalokho, umcwaningi uthola ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso. Okubukwa siyingozi injongo ethile, kunezinselele zako siqu, kanye into. Phakathi abulawe yayo yezifiso (amarekhodi) ayagcinwa.

Ngokuvamile umsebenzi ososayensi zisekelwe ucwaningo olwenziwa kubo, eyodwa yezindlela okuyinto ingxoxo. It ikuvumela ukuba uthole ulwazi olulungile futhi ukucacisa lokho akucaci ngokwanele uma usebenzisa ezinye izindlela womsebenzi inhlalakahle. Ingxoxo wakhe wawenziwa ngo-plan kusengaphambili.

Khiqiza iqoqo okukhulu kolwazi ivumela ososayensi ahlolisise. Phakathi nomhlangano abamukeli ukuphendula ngokubhala zemibuzo.

Ayikho abacwaningi impahla ingabi yigugu inqubo kokutadisha imikhiqizo eyenziwe nezingane ezikhubazekile bokusungula. Le mikhiqizo zihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene yezandla, imidwebo nezincwadi kanye ukulawula umsebenzi kanye nemisebenzi in eyala ezithile.

KweziMilo elandelayo indlela esekelwe cwaningo kwemibhalo ezihlukahlukene uhlobo psycho-Pedagogical. Lokhu amarekhodi akho ezokwelashwa kanye amafayela siqu kwezingane, Diaries zabo, omagazini cool, izici zemfundo, nokunye. D. Ngosizo le ndlela ukuthola idatha inhloso ebonisa umkhuba lenhlangano yenqubo yokufunda.

A indima ekhethekile udlalwa ngu isilingo izifundo. Kuyinto reception ihlelwe ngokukhethekile nge, indlela noma okuqukethwe umsebenzi. Injongo le ndlela kuyinto ukucacisa ukusebenza yenqubo yokufunda nokufundisa. Ukuhlolwa siqukethe izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• ekwakhiweni ezincwadini inkinga, kwencazelo Izinjongo, into isihloko kanye zocwaningo, imisebenzi ukuthuthukiswa kanye hypothesizing;
• ngentuthuko methodological izindlela zocwaningo futhi imiphumela ukuhlelwa amasu;
• ukufezeka ukuhlola ngesimo uhlelo lokuzivocavoca, uchungechunge imisebenzi nokunye njll..;
• ukuhlaziywa kohlaziyo qualitative ambalwa of idatha atholakalayo, ekwakhiweni tincumo nekubeka ezilandelwayo izincomo esisebenzayo.

Ukusebenza nezingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo

Kukhona umsebenzi onjalo - "umsebenzi inhlalakahle". It is etholwe abantu kamuva abafundisa futhi afundise izingane ezikhubazekile bokusungula. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi mkhakha enezinto eziningi izici ezithile. Ngakho, umsebenzi oligophrenopedagogs kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela imihlangano nge abafundi babo ukuze sigxilise kwazo impahla ulwazi esikoleni. Lokhu Uchwepheshe kugxilisa izingane kanye namakhono adingekayo ukuze akwazi esizayo ukuphila ezimele. Kuphela phezu ukubulawa ngempumelelo lo msebenzi, ingane onokukhubazeka bazokwazi ukujoyina impumelelo kanye namagugu zomhlaba.

Oligophrenopedagogics - umsebenzi okuhloswe kubantwana kodwa abazali bazo abangaphelele futhi abadinga iseluleko lukachwepheshe ofanelekayo. Othisha iholo imfundo kwezimilo kancane kunakunoma ozakwabo esikoleni abavamile. Futhi ngosuku emifushane ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oligophrenopedagogs usebenta nemacembu lelincane lebantfwana (abantu 8 kuya ku-12).

Abafundi bavame ukuba sazise ubuhle uthisha wakhe futhi ngiyayithanda. Nokho, ukusebenza nabantwana ehlakaniphe ongaphakeme, amandla alulona olwawo wonke umuntu. uthisha kumele kube okuhle ngendlela engakholeki. Ngaphandle lalesi sifo, ngaphelelwa yithemba umsebenzi nalabo abadinga usizo olukhethekile. Ukholo ingane futhi umusa wobuntu - lawa izimo ngaphandle kulo ngeke isebenze, ayikho indlela Pedagogical.

Lokhu Uchwepheshe kufanele sibone zonke umfundi ubuntu abagula eliyingqayizivele futhi ukulusebenzela. Yebo, lo msebenzi lihlotshaniswa ukuzikhandla okukhulu ngokomzwelo futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokomzimba. Nokho, ukubona ukuthi ingane kancane kancane, step by step, ephumelelisa impumelelo ezintsha - kuyathokozisa sangempela uthisha.

emsebenzini

Oligophrenopedagogs waxhumana izingane zabo izinkulisa kanye nezikole izingane nge akahlakaniphile. Imisebenzi Ochwepheshe enjalo futhi ezihlukahlukene ukuvuselelwa kanye izikhungo zomphakathi. Efunwa ngabakwa kulowo mkhakha, futhi kwezinye izikole zamabanga kanye nezibhedlela, okuyizinto amakilasi evulekile izingane nge retardation engqondo. Ikakhulu oligophrenopedagogs kusiza wezingane-neuropsychiatrist. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, sitholakele pathologies of psyche ingane.

izinga eyisisekelo

Oligophrenopedagogs ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle umusa nothando izingane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sidinga ezinjalo ukukhuthala onguchwepheshe kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo, ukuphikelela kanye nekhono ukujabulela noma yini, ngisho yimpumelelo ezincane ezigcemeni zabo. Isimo kubalulekile ubuthishela eqondile yisifiso ukuthola ulwazi olusha. Phela, isayensi lalilokhu liqhubekela phambili, begodu utitjhere ufanele sizimisele ukuba bafunde futhi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi amasu esikiselwa wakhe. Ukuze sithole ulwazi olusha, ungathatha izifundo emsebenzini inhlalakahle. Lokhu kuzokwenza ngcono amakhono akhona futhi ufunde mayelana ezintsha labacwaningi kulo mkhakha.

ukuthola ulwazi

Othisha ukusebenza nezingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo kufanele baqonde physiology ukwephulwa esikhona, izindlela zokulungisa ifa lomhlaba, futhi bakwazi ukuhlola imiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe. Futhi lokhu kudinga ukuqeqeshwa ezifanele umsebenzi inhlalakahle. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungakwazi ukungena eMoscow State Pedagogical University. Lokhu inyuvesi has defectology ubuhlakani izitimela Ochwepheshe kule ndawo. ukuqeqeshwa iphrofayela umsebenzi inhlalakahle.

Desire ukwamukela umsebenzi futhi umema Yedolobha YaseMoscow Pedagogical University. Potemkin. Ezemfundo kweziMilo e-Faculty of Special Ezemfundo konke abafisa ukuxhumanisa ezimpilweni zabo nale umkhakha onzima. Kukhona nenye iyunivesithi wedolobha ukuthi silungiselela abaqeqeshiwe kulo mkhakha. Lokhu eMoscow State University zosizo. Sholokhov. Kulesi semfundo has defectology Faculty, esiqeqesha ongoti isiqondiso acatshangelwa.

Thola oligophrenopedagogs umsebenzi kungaba ngenye izikhungo ephakeme Imfundo Russia.