Inganekwane - yilokho? Umsuka kanye nezibonelo zezinganekwane zasendulo nezanamuhla

Inganekwane - umkhuba owavela ngezikhathi ezithile emphakathini obhaliwe ngaphambilini. Batshela ngokuphila kookhokho, izenzo zobuqhawe, izenzo zonkulunkulu nemimoya. Umqondo onjalo wezinganekwane unezimpande zesiGreki futhi uvela egameni elithi "mytos", okusho "umlando".

Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwezinganekwane

Ukuqamba kwamangakwane emidlalweni yamasiko kwakuthola indlela yokukhuluma, ukukhuluma, enye yezindlela ezithile zokuhlela ulwazi mayelana neqiniso elizungezile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indaba ephathelene nendawo yemvelaphi yendawo yonke nomuntu kuyo yafeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile: inkolo, i-ideological, ifilosofi, imlando, isayense.

Ukuzikhethela kwezinganekwane kubandakanya indlela yokungakhethi ekuhlanganiseni iziqephu, ukwakheka kwemvelo yemvelo, i- zoomorphism.

Ukuvela kwemibono mayelana nemigomo engaphelele kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqala kwamathuna okuqala. Ngenxa yokungcwaba kwangaphambili, izinhlobo eziningi zokuqala zobuciko obuhle zitholakale.

Umlando wemvelaphi yezinganekwane

E-Paleolithic ephezulu kukhona ukwakheka okuzinzile kwinkimbinkimbi yokuvumelanisa: isithombe-mbono - isenzo. Ukulondolozwa kwalesi sakhiwo kulo lonke umlando wesintu kubhekisela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kuyo, amakhulu eminyaka, kokubili isimiso somqondo kanye nomqondo wangokwenyama ongaqondakali kubonakala.

Izithombe ze-palaleolithi futhi zaziyizinganekwane, nokudala kwazo - amasiko. "Owaziwa" kanye "okhomba" emlandweni wabantu bokuqala babekhona ngobunye obuphelele.

Umqondo wezinganekwane

Ezesayensi eziningi kukhona ukuhumusha okuhlukahlukene komqondo "wezinganekwane". Incazelo yegama ihlelwe ezikhundleni ezehlukene, okubangela izincazelo eziningi ezingavamile nezingqubuzanayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukuhumusha okunikezwa ezichazamazwi ze-encyclopaedic, ezibiza amangakwane amahle emvelaphi yabantu.

Futhi kukhona izinguqulo zesimanje ezisetshenzisiwe ezithi inkolelo-mqondo ukuqonda okuvumelanisayo kwezwe elizungezile, elichazwe ngokucacile okubonakalayo okukhonkolo kanye nezidalwa eziphilayo ezikhonjiswe ngokoqobo. Ukubukwa kwefilosofi mayelana nokuchazwa kwalo mqondo kusekelwe ekuqondeni inganekwane njengehlelo lokufanisa lomhlaba, elichaza futhi lichaza i-algorithm ethize yezenzo.

Iyini incazelo yezinganekwane? Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi ezichaza izincazelo ezivela ngezindlela ezahlukene. Yindlela ongayenza ngayo incazelo ephelele nenembile yalo mqondo: izinkondlo kukhona imibhalo nezithombe ezibonisa ukuvumelanisa okuhambisanayo kweqiniso elizungezile eminyakeni ehlukene yokuthuthukiswa komuntu. Futhi isiko ngasinye sinomuntu siqu, okugcizelela izici eziningi zokuthuthukiswa komphakathi othize.

I-Typology ye-Myths

Ikharikhulamu yesikole ihlanganisa izinkolelo ezingase zibizwa ngokuthi i-antique, i-Bible noma ezinye izindaba zakudala. Bakhuluma ngezenzakalo ezihlobene nokudala umhlaba, ukusebenza kwezenzo zasendulo (ikakhulukazi onkulunkulu bamaGrike namaRoma namaqhawe).

Abacwaningi bomlando wezinganekwane ukuthi emisebenzini eminingi yezizwe ezihlukahlukene eziningi zezingqikithi eziyinhloko nazo ziphindaphindiwe. Lokhu kungukuthi, imvelaphi yezinganekwane azikho konke okucacisa okuqukethwe kwabo. Isibonelo, esinye sezidalwa ezindala kakhulu nezokuqala yizinganekwane mayelana nezilwane. Owokuqala kubo kuphela u-naively uchaza izimpawu zezilwane. Futhi ezintshoneni zasendulo zase-Australia, isibonelo, inkolelo yemvelaphi yezilwane ezivela kubantu isakazeke. Kodwa ezinye izizwe zomhlaba, nakuba kungenjalo ngokucacile, zisakazeka ezindabeni zazo umqondo wamanga wokuthi umuntu wayeseyisilwane. Izibonelo zezinganekwane zalolu hlobo: izinganekwane zasendulo zamaGriki mayelana nentombazane-nymph Daphne, mayelana ne-hyacinth, i-narcissus nabanye.

Imvelaphi yezindikimba zasezulwini yayivame futhi ingcwelisiwe emaciniso. Esikhathini okuthiwa i-solar, i-moon and astral tales, i-Sun, Moon kanye nezinkanyezi zazivame ukuboniswa ngabantu abawake baphila emhlabeni futhi ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene kamuva benyukela ezulwini. Inkolelo enjalo ingenye eyakhelwe abantu ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yonke. Enye indaba evamile iyincazelo yenqubo yokudala i-Sun ngokunye okungokwemvelo. Kulesi simo, umzimba wasezulwini wawungeyona ingokomoya.

Indawo ephakathi kuzo zonke izinkolelo zamazwe amaningi yayingumsebenzi ochaza ukudala umhlaba kanye nomhlaba wonke, kanye nomuntu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kuthiwa yi-cosmogonic ne-anthropogonic, ngokulandelana. Izizwe ezibuyela emuva ngokobuzwe azikhulumi kakhulu kulezi zihloko. Ngokuyinhloko, ama-Australia awakhulume ngokucacile ukuthi ngaphambi kobuso bomhlaba behluke, kodwa imibuzo mayelana nokubukeka kwayo ayizange iphakanyiswe.

AmaPolynesia, amaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika, abantu base-Ancient East kanye neMedithera babheka izinqubo ze-cosmogonic ezivela emibonweni emibili. Omunye wabo wawusekelwe emqondweni wokudala umhlaba (ukudala), omunye ngomqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwawo (ukuguquguquka kwemvelo). Ngokombono wokudala, umhlaba wadalwa ngumdali, unkulunkulu, umlumbi noma enye into engaphezu kwendalo. Ezingqungqutheleni ezakhiwe ngombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umhlaba uhlelwe ngokuhlelekile kusuka kokunye kokuqala. Kungaba ingxabano, ubumnyama, ubumnyama, njll.

Ezingqungqutheleni ze- cosmogonic , imigqa yemigqa mayelana nenqubo yokuvela konkulunkulu nabantu ivame ukuhlangana. Umbono ovame kakhulu kule ndaba kwakuwukuzalwa okuhle komuntu. Ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka emlandweni, ukukhulunywa kokuqala kokuphela kwesikhathi, emva kokufa kwavela.

Yeka indlela ama-myths akha ngayo

Ngosizo lwezinhlaka zalo zokukhuluma, inganekwane ibonisa into engaziwa, entsha futhi ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa isakhiwo sibonisa ukuthi lokhu kubonakala kanjani. Kungaba izenzo zeqhawe, izenzo zokhokho noma uNkulunkulu. Kukhona uchungechunge lwezinkondlo lapho kukhona okusha kuqaliswa komunye wemisebenzi, bese indaba ivela ngesisekelo sezenzakalo ezifeziwe, okukhulunywe ngazo kuphela kulezi zindabakwane ezilandelayo. Okusho ukuthi, bayamukelwa njenge-priori njengoba kunikeziwe.

Izibonelo zezinganekwane zanamuhla

Izinganekwane zanamuhla ezavela eRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, ngokuyinhloko zazibheke ngokufanayo. Isibalo esiphezulu selokhu siyisilwane esithile esinqunyiwe.

Futhi lokhu akuyona ingozi, izitini zokuqala ezisekelweni zezinkolelo ezinjalo zabekwe ngabalobi bezesayensi. Mhlawumbe, omunye wemisebenzi emangalisa kakhulu yindalo ka-Arthur Conan Doyle (I-Lost World) no-Obrucheva (Plutonia). Futhi vumela le nkulumo ihluke ngokuphelele, kodwa kokubili imisebenzi emihle ibhalwe ngesitayela esisodwa futhi isekelwe embonweni ofanayo.

Ngaphandle kwempucuko, ekhoneni elilahlekile loMhlaba kunendawo lapho, ngengozi, yonke into ejikelezayo ikhumbuza isikhathi esidlule seMhlaba. Lesi yisimo sezulu, kanye nezwe lesilwane nesitshalo. Yilokho kucabanga ukuthi kwakha isisekelo sochungechunge lwezinganekwane mayelana nezitshalo nezilwane ezilondolozwe ezweni elivelele kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Isibonelo esicacile sezinkolelo ezinjalo yindabakwane yendlovukazi okuthiwa nguNessie, ohlala echibini laseScottish yaseLouch Ness.

Kukhona izindaba eziningikwanekwane ngezidalwa zasolwandle (izilo), ezibonwa ngabasolwandle, abahambi nabadobi.

Izinganekwane zesimanje nesayensi

Okuyinhloko yale nkinga ukuthi kunzima ukukhuluma ngenganekwane njengeqiniso lezesayensi. Ngokuqiniseka kungashiwo ukuthi kuyisici sezinganekwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, libhekisela ezingeni lesibili lokuqaphela, elihlanganisa ulwazi oluhlelekile, ulwazi olubukeziwe ngokwemvelo nangokwesayensi. Kulo mongo, inganekwane iyinkolelo yabantu eyenziwe ngobuciko, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni nasezintabeni, kancane kancane kushintshe ngaphansi kwethonya lezici zezobuciko nezesayense.

Izikhombandlela ezimbili zeNtuthuko ye-Mythology

Ukuvela kwezinganekwane kuhlobene nokuvela, ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kwabantu abathile. Yile ndlela abantu abakha ngayo umlando wabo ngamunye wemvelaphi. Kamuva ekudaleni inganekwane kukhona imisebenzi ehloselwe izixuku (ezidalwe yi-elite), nezindlovu ezenziwe ngabantu ngokwabo. Ngakho-ke, singakhuluma ngezindawo ezimbili zokuthuthukiswa kwezinganekwane: ivaliwe futhi zivulekile.