Iphi i-athomu imvukuzane yamanzi ehlukanisiwe? Ifomu, ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali

Amanzi yisimo esiyinhloko sokuphila emhlabeni. Umhlaba womhlaba unamaphesenti angaphezu kwezintathu zamachibi, olwandle, imifula namachibi. Umthamo wamanzi olwandle lolwandle luphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi zomhlaba wonke.

Umhlaba uyisiqhingi olwandle

Iplanethi yethu ingacatshangwa njengelwandle lapho amazwekazi ekhona khona ngempela iziqhingi ezinkulu, kungenxa yalokhu kusuka emjikelezweni oseduze nomhlaba ukuthi uMhlaba ubonakala uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kumbala wolwandle.

Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu zinamanzi, isibonelo, i-jellyfish iqukethe amaphesenti angu-95, futhi umzimba womuntu uqukethe amanzi angu-65%. Ukuntuleka kwalesi sitho ku-1% kuphela kwesisindo somzimba kubangela ukoma. Uma umzimba ulahlekelwa umswakama ka-10%, ungaholela ekufeni kwawo. Cishe zonke izinkinga zamakhemikhali zenzeka emvelweni wamanzi. Ukwanda kwamanzi, amanzi alawula ukushisa kwabakhileyo ezweni. Uma umuntu engazange avuke, emva kwehora lokusebenza kanzima, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakhe liye landa lifika ku-46 ° C.

AmaDynamics of water

Imvelo yamanzi ishukunyiswa njalo: iqhuma emzimbeni ovulekile, iqoqa emafwini, iwa ngaphansi kwemvula noma iqhwa bese igeleza elwandle ngemifudlana, imifula kanye nemifudlana. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kungena emhlabathini, kuqoqa futhi kuphinde kufike phezulu, lapho kuvuselela khona amanzi. Iningi lamanzi likhona ngesimo samaphiko emkhathini, esimweni esiqinile - ngesimo sezingqimba ezinkulu zeqhwa neqhwa elinyuka ezintabeni, nasezindaweni ezisemaphandleni. Cishe ingxenye engamashumi amabili yamanzi asemanzini asetshenziswa ngqo ngokuphila okuphilayo. Amanzi emvelo ahlanzekile ngokuphelele, imvula ibhekwa njengento ehlanzekile ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa iqukethe nokungcola okubanjwe emoyeni.

Lesi sibalo sikhombisa ukuthi yiziphi i-athomu umlekyu wamanzi siqukethe nokuthi uhlukaniswe kanjani nemvelo yawo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamanzi

Iphi i - athomu imvukuzane yamanzi ihlukaniswe - noma yimuphi umfana wesikole owaziyo esikhathini sethu.
I-molecule ngayinye yalesi sakhi yakhiwe kusuka ku-athomu eyodwa ye-oksijithi nama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen. Lesi isakhiwo sezinto ezintathu, njengokungathi zicindezelwe omunye nomunye. Phakathi kwe-athomu ye-oksijini (uphawu lwamakhemikhali - O), zombili izinhlangothi zifakwa ama- athomu amabili e- hydrogen (H) - lawa ma-athomu lapho ama-molecule emanzi ehlukaniswa khona.

Eduze ama-athomu okwe-oksijeni angamangalelwa, futhi azungeze ama-athomu e-hydrogen - aphile. Ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi i-athomu ummululi wamanzi ohlanganyela, i-physics inquma ukuthi i-molecule yayo i-dipole. Lokhu kuchaza zonke izakhiwo zayo zomzimba. Ukuhamba phakathi kwe-nuclei yama-athomu O, H kumayelana no-0.1 nm, futhi phakathi kwama-athomu e-hydrogen - cishe ngo-0.15 nm.

Empeleni, amanzi yi- hydrogen oxide, into esemqoka eMhlabeni. Ngo-1783, uLavoisier odumile wamakhemikhali oqala ukukhipha i-hydrogen emanzini, kunokuba abonise ukuthi i-athomu imvukuzane yamanzi ihlukaniswe (ifomula yi-H ₂ O). Ngakho-ke, isisindo sayo samangqamuzana singama-18 g / mol, esakhiwa isamba se-oksijeni ne-hydrogen ekhona kule molekyu. Ifomula yendlela yokwakha ibonisa ukuthi yiziphi i-athomu umklamo wamanzi uhlukaniswe.

I-physics ngamanzi

Amanzi yikomidi elingenakho iphunga, akukho ukunambitha, akukho mbala, ngalezi zakhiwo ezilandelayo:

• Ubuningi bamanzi - 1 g / cm ³ ;
• Isilinganiso sokuqandisa - 0 ^о С (iqhwa);
• I-degree lokubilisa yi-100 ^о С (umusi).

Lapho i-athomu i-molecule yamanzi e-physics ihlukaniswe, kungenzeka ukubuka isibalo esilandelayo.

Lapho ubilisa, izibopho ze-hydrogen ziphuka, futhi uketshezi luwela embusweni womoya. Njengoba kunciphisa izinga lokushisa kusuka ku-100 ° C kuya ku-3.98 ° C, ivolumu yayo iyancipha njalo. Kodwa ngokuqhubekayo komngcele ongaphansi, inqubo eguqukayo ivela. Ingxenye yevolumu yamanzi ngo-3.98 ° C inesisindo esikhulu kune-0 ° C, ngenxa yalokhu, iqhwa futhi lihlala phezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi anesisindo esikhulu kunazo zonke uma eqhathaniswa nezinye izinto eziketshezi, ngaphandle kokubamba i-mercury. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, ama-molecule amanzi aheha kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Kodwa lawa ma-molecule awadonseli ama-molecule angaphezu kwawo, akhangwa kuphela komunye nomunye. Lokhu ukungezwani komzimba kudala umphumela wefilimu emanzini.

Le ndawo isetshenziselwa izinambuzane ezithile, ezikwazi ukuhamba phezulu, hhayi ukungena ngaphansi komhlaba. Imizimba yabo ilula kakhulu, futhi ukungezwani komzimba akubavumeli ukuba bawe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-ice icicles nakho kungenxa yalowo mhlaba wamanzi nokuheha phakathi kwama-molecule. Lapho uketshezi luphenduka umphuza, okungukuthi, isisindo somswakama, ukuphazamiseka kwamanzi kuyanyamalala.

Izindawo zamakhemikhali zamanzi

Amanzi yisisindo esithinta amanzi. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zithembele kuma-athomu lapho i-molecule yamanzi ihlukaniswe khona. Leli ketshezi lidiliza libe yi-hydrogen ne-oxygen ngaphansi kwethonya lomshini kagesi. Kukhona ukusabela lapho kusebenza khona kokubili i-oxyidizer kanye ne-agent yokunciphisa. I-molecule yamanzi ifana ne-magnetic atomic eqinile futhi ingakwazi ukuxhumana cishe noma yini engakwazi ukujoyina. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sayo i-hydrolysis ye-usawoti iyaphawulwa ukukhiqiza i-electrolyte ebuthakathaka.

Amanzi aphendula nge-oxydes amaningi ayisisekelo. Uphendula ngezinsimbi eziningi, isibonelo, nge-sodium, potassium nangokushisa ngensimbi, kuyilapho kukhululwa i-hydrogen:

2Na + 2H2O = H2 + 2NaOH;
2K + 2H2O = H ₂ + 2KOH;
3Fe + 4H2O = 4H2 + Fe3O4.

Izinto ezingezona zensimbi azisebenzisi njengezinsimbi, kodwa zisasebenza namanzi ngaphansi kokushisa okuqinile:

C + H ₂ O = H ₂ + CO;

CH ₄ + 2H ₂ O = 4H ₂ + CO ₂ .

Isebenzisana ne-oxides amaningi engalingani. Kulokhu, ukusabela kwe-compound kwenzeka, ukwakha ama-acids.
Itholakala ngokushisa i-hydrogen e-oksijeni ngokubunjwa kwamanzi:

2H ₂ + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O,

Futhi lokhu kusabela kwenzeka ngokusheshayo ekushiseni kuka-700 ° C.

Isimiso sokuqedwa kwamanzi

Emvelweni wamanzi, izinto eziningi, ezihlukene embusweni jikelele, zingaqedwa. Zihlukaniswe ngezihlobo ezilandelayo:

• I-Soluble;
• I-soluble engafanele;
• Cishe i-insoluble.

Iyini isimiso sokuqedwa? Uma sicabangela ama-athomu lapho i-molecule yamanzi ihlukaniswe khona, ikhono layo lokuheha ama-molecule wezinto ezihlukahlukene lingachazwa. Lapho uxhumana nayo, i-ion i-salt iyodonselwa yi-ions ezibhekene ne-molecule yamanzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushisa kukhishwe noma kukhishwe. Ama-ions ahlakazwa emanzini agcina inani elithile lama-molecule wamanzi, ekwakheni igobolondo le-hydrated. I i-hydrated, futhi amakristalu anjalo abizwa ngokuthi i-crystalline hydrates.

Ukusebenza kwamanzi

Imisebenzi yemithombo yamanzi empilweni yabahlali beplanethi yethu ayikwazi ukukhunjulwa, ngoba zonke izinto eziphilayo azigcini nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zihlala zihlala njalo ngenxa yale nto.

1. I-Metabolism. Amanzi enza njenge-solvents polar, i-medium best for all reaction ezenzeka emzimbeni ophilayo. Izinto ezingaqedwa kuyo zibizwa ngokuthi i-hydrophilic, futhi engenayo i-hydrophobic.
2. Ezokuthutha. Ama-molecule angaphakathi esitokisini ahamba njalo esuka kwelinye iseli kuya kwelinye. Amanzi ukudluliswa okubaluleke kakhulu emvelweni wangaphakathi kwanoma yiziphi izilwane.
3. I-Thermoregulation. Amanzi ngokulinganayo asakaza ukushisa nokubandayo, elawula izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi emzimbeni, isibonelo, okwenza ukujuluka kwezilwane, ngaleyo ndlela kupholisa umzimba.
4. Inani lezinto eziphilayo zamanzi likhona lokuthi lihlanganyela emisebenzini eminingi yamakhemikhali.
5. Umsebenzi wemishini. Indawo yamanzi ayigcini kakhulu ukugcina isimo sezitho nama-tissue.

Izakhiwo zamanzi ezingavamile

Akukho lutho kuMhlaba olubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo kunamanzi alula. Ubuningi obuhlukahlukene, amandla okushisa aphakeme kanye nokucindezeleka okukhulu kwendawo, amandla okukhumbula inkumbulo yazo zonke izinto ezingavamile zento efana namanzi. Ukubheka kanye nokuhlola kufakazela ukuthi imithombo yamanzi inamandla okubamba izindawo zokwakha ezivele zahlakazwa kuyo, futhi zigcina lezi zakhiwo, ngisho nangemva kokususwa okuphelele kwalezi zinto. Lesi yisisekelo sezimiso eziyisisekelo zokwelashwa kwe-homeopathic. Futhi enye into engaqondakaliyo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo engaqondakali esivela ekubukeni kwesayensi yizinto eziphulukisayo zokuphulukisa amanzi e-Epiphany, aqukethe amandla amakhulu. Zonke lezi puzzle zizoxazululwa ososayensi banamuhla nabasasa.