Isimo sokuphikisa ukukhanya ... I-Law of Refraction of Light

Isimo sokuqhaqhazela ukukhanya kuyinto yenyama eyenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umfudumala uhamba ukusuka kokunye kuya kwesinye, lapho ukuguquguquka kwesimo saso kushintsho khona. Ngokubukeka, kubonakala eqinisweni ukuthi ukuqondiswa kwezinguquko zokusakazwa kwegagasi.

I-physics: ukukhishwa kokukhanya

Uma lesi sigameko sishaywa phansi esigabeni esiphakathi kwamabili abezindaba engeni lika 90 °, ngakho-ke akukho lutho olwenzekayo, luqhubeka nokunyakaza kwalo ngendlela efanayo nakwi-interface. Uma i-angle ye-incam ye-boriti ihluke ukusuka ku-90 °, kuvele isenzo sokukhishwa okukhanyayo. Lokhu, isibonelo, ukhiqiza imiphumela enjalo engavamile njengento ebonakalayo yokuqhekeka kwezinto ezincibilikiswe ngaphakathi kwamanzi noma ama-mirages ebhekwe ehlane elishisayo.

Umlando wokutholakala

Ekhulwini lokuqala AD. E. Isazi-geographer sasendulo saseGrithani nesazi sezinkanyezi uPtolemy uzame ukuchaza ngokwemvelo ukuphakama kokuqedwa, kodwa umthetho awakhulume kamuva waba yithembekile. Ngekhulu le-XVII. Isazi sezibalo saseDutch uWillebrord Snell sathuthukisa umthetho owawunquma inani elihambisana nenani lesigameko kanye nama-angles aphikisiwe, okwakuthiwa yi-index yokucubungula yento. Eqinisweni, lapho izinto eziningi zikwazi ukukhanyisa ukukhanya, kuningi lolu index. Ipensela emanzini "iphukile" ngoba imisebe evela kuyo iguqula indlela yawo esibonakalayo se-air-water ngaphambi kokufinyelela iso. Kwaze kwaba yinkimbinkimbi yeSnell, akakaze akwazi ukuthola imbangela yalo mphumela.

Ngo-1678 esinye isazi se-Dutch uChristian Huygens sakha ukuthembela kwemathempeli okuchaza lokho okwashiwo nguSnellius futhi kwaphakamisa ukuthi isimo sokukhishwa kwesibindi siwumphumela wejubane elihlukile lapho igoli lidlula khona ngemidiya emibili. I-Huygens inqume ukuthi isilinganiso sezingalo zokukhanya ezidlula ngezinsimbi ezimbili ezinama-different indices e-refractive kufanele zilingane nesilinganiso samagagasi alo okubonakalayo. Ngakho-ke, wabeka ukuthi, ngokusebenzisa abezindaba abanomhlahlandlela omkhulu wokubheka, ukukhanya kuhamba kancane kancane. Ngamanye amazwi, ijubane lokukhanya kulolu lwazi lilinganiselwe ngokulingana nenkomba yalo yokubuyisa. Nakuba kamuva umthetho wawuqinisekisiwe, abacwaningi abaningi ngesikhathi lokhu kwakungabonakali, ngoba kwakungekho izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa zokulinganisa ijubane lokukhanya. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ijubane layo alincike kulokho okushiwo. Eminyakeni engu-150 kuphela ngemva kokufa kukaHuggens, ijubane lokukhanya lilinganiselwe ngokunemba okwanele, okubonisa ukuthi ulungile.

Inkomba yokubhuka ngokuphelele

Inkomba ye-refractive ngokuphelele n yezinto ezibonakalayo noma izinto ezibonakalayo zichazwa ngokuthi ukukhanya okuhambisanayo lapho kudlula khona ukukhanya okuhambisana nesivinini esivumelwaneni: n = c / v, lapho c ijubane lokukhanya ku-vacuum, futhi v isendatsheni.

Ngokusobala, ukukhipha ukukhanya endaweni engavumelekile okungenakho noma iyiphi into engekho, futhi ukubaluleka okuphelele kuyo 1. Ngokwezinye izinto ezibonakalayo, leli xabiso likhulu kune- 1. Ukukhishwa kokukhanyisa emoyeni (1,0003) kungasetshenziswa ukubala izinkomba zezinto ezingaziwa.

Imithetho ye-Snell

Sethula izincazelo ezithile:

• Isigameko sesigxobo se-ray esondela ekuhlukaneni kwezindaba;
• Iphuzu lesigameko yilona iphuzu lokuhlukanisa lapho liwela khona;
• Igoli eliphikisiwe lishiya ukwehlukana kwezindaba;
• Okujwayelekile - umdwebo odwetshiwe ohlotshaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kuze kube sekupheleni kwesigameko;
• I-angle of incidence iyona engxenyeni emkhatsini wejwayelekile ne-ray lesigameko;
• I-angle of refraction of light ingaqondiswa njenge-angle emkhatsini we-ray ekhonjisiwe futhi evamile.

Ngokusho kwemithetho yokuqeda:

1. Lesi sigameko, i-ray ephikisiwe futhi evamile kusezindizeni ezifanayo.
2. Isibalo sesono sezingxenyana zezigameko kanye nokukhishwa kwesilinganiso kufana nesilinganiso sezinhlamvu zokuqhaqhaza eziphakathi kwesibili nesikhulumi sokuqala: isono i / sin r = n _r / n _i .

Umthetho wokukhishwa okukhanyayo (Snellius) uchaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwama-angles amaza amabili kanye nenani lokubuyisa labezindaba ababili. Uma iqhuma lidlula emkhatsini wokunciphisa okuncane (isib. Umoya) ukuya ekuqhumeni okungaphezulu (isibonelo, amanzi), ukuvinjelwa kwalo kuyancipha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ukukhanya kudlula emanzini kuya emoyeni, ijubane landa. I-angle of incidence esikhulwini sokuqala ngokuphathelene nokujwayelekile kanye ne-angle of refraction kwesibili izohluka ngokulingana nomehluko phakathi kwama-reflective indices phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili. Uma igagasi lidlula kusuka enkundleni ene-coefficient ephansi ukuya emkhatsini ophakeme, khona-ke ligoqa ngendlela ejwayelekile. Futhi uma kunalokho, isusiwe.

Inkomba yokwahlukana okuhlobene

Umthetho wokukhipha ukukhanya kubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso sesono salesi sigameko kanye nama-angles aphikisiwe silingana nokuhlala njalo, okungukuthi isilinganiso sobukhulu bokukhanya kokubili kumidiya.

Isono i / sin r = n _r / n _i = (c / v _r ) / (c / v _i ) = v _i / v _r

I-n n / n _{i i-} ratio ibizwa ngokuthi inkomba yokuphikisa okuhlobene nalezi zinto.

Izenzakalo eziningana eziwumphumela wokuqedwa zivame ukubonakala ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Umphumela wepensela "ephukile" yinto evamile kakhulu. Amehlo nobuchopho balandela imisebe emuva emanzini, njengokungathi abaphikisiwe, kodwa bevela entweni eqondile, ukudala isithombe esivelayo esivela ekujuleni okujulile.

Ukuhlakazeka

Izilinganiso eziqaphele zibonisa ukuthi ubude bezinsuku zemisebe noma umbala walo bunethonya elikhulu ekukhanyeni kokukhanya . Ngamanye amazwi, into enezinhlobo eziningi zokubheka, ezingahluka uma umbala noma i-wavelength ishintsha.

Ukushintsha okunjalo kwenzeka kuwo wonke abezindaba obala futhi kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlakazeka. Izinga lokuhlakazeka kolwazi oluthile lusekelwe ekutheni inani le-refractive lihluka kangakanani ngobubanzi besikhathi eside. Njengoba ububanzi be-waveleng banda, isimo se-refraction ekukhanyeni sehlelwa kancane. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ukuthi i-violet igubha obomvu obuningi, ngoba i-wavevel yayo isifushane. Ngenxa yokusabalalisa egumbini elivamile, ukukhanya okukhazimulayo okuyizingxenye zalo kuvela.

Ukuwohloka kokukhanya

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, uSir Isaac Newton wenza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezaholela ekutholakaleni kwakhe kwezinto ezibonakalayo, futhi wabonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kuqukethe imibala enemibala ehlukahlukene, kusukela obala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi, o-orange nokuphela kokubomvu. Esebenza ekamelweni elimnyama, u-Newton wabeka i-prism engilazi engxenyeni encane eyangena emgodini emafasitela efasitela. Lapho udlula emgodini, ukukhanya kwakunqanyuliwe - ingilazi yayifake esikrinini ngendlela ye-spectrum ehlelwe.

UNewton wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kunomxube wembala ehlukahlukene, futhi nokuthi i-prism "isakaza" ukukhanya okumhlophe, igxilise umbala ngamunye kusuka engeni ehlukile. UNewton akakwazanga ukuhlukanisa imibala, ayidlulise nge-prism yesibili. Kodwa lapho ebeka i-prism yesibili esondelene kakhulu nomuntu wokuqala ngendlela yokuthi yonke imibala ehlakazekile ingena e-prism yesibili, isosayensi yasungula ukuthi imibala ibuye ibuye ibuye ibe mhlophe. Lokhu kutholakala kwafakazela ngokucacile ukwakheka kokubukeka kokukhanya, okungahlukaniswa kalula futhi kuxhunyiwe.

Isimo sokuhlakazeka sidlala indima ebalulekile kwinani elikhulu lezinto ezihlukahlukene. U-rainbow ubangelwa ukukhanya kokukhanya kwamaconsi emvula, okhiqiza umbukiso ohlaba umxhwele wokuwohloka kokubukeka, okufana nalokho okwenzeka emgodini.

I-angle eqondile nokuzindla kwangaphakathi kwangaphakathi

Uma udlula phakathi nendawo enezinga eliphakeme lokubamba iqhaza emkhatsini we-wave path, i-angle of incidence inqunywa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezimbili. Uma i-angle ye-incidence idlula inani elithile (kuye ngokuthi inkomba yokucubungula yalezizinto ezimbili), ifinyelela iphuzu lapho ukukhanya kungakhanjiswa khona okuphakathi ngenani eliphansi.

Ibanga elibucayi (noma elilinganiselwe) lichazwa ngokuthi i-angle of incidence eyenza i-refraction angle ye 90 °. Ngamanye amazwi, ngenkathi i-angle of incidence ingaphansi kokubaluleka, ukukhishwa kwenzeke, futhi uma kulingana nayo, ibhontshisi ekhonjisiwe idlula endaweni yokuhlukanisa izinto ezimbili. Uma i-angle of incidence idlula i-angle ebalulekile, ukukhanya kubonakala emuva. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukucabanga kwangaphakathi okuphelele. Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwazo idayimane namafayili optical. I-Diamond cuttings iqhaza ukuqedela ukuzindla kwangaphakathi. Iningi lemisebe ephuma engxenyeni engenhla yedayimane izobonakala ize ifike phezulu. Yilokho okunikeza ukuhlakanipha ekuhlakanipheni kwabo. I-fibre optical iyinhloko "yezinwele" zengilazi, encane kakhulu kangangokuthi lapho ukukhanya kungena ekugcineni, akukwazi ukuphuma. Futhi uma kuphela ibhilidi lifinyelela kwelinye ukuphela, angashiya i-fiber.

Qonda futhi uphathe

Izinsimbi zomculo, ezivela ezincane nezinkampu zamakhamera, ama-video projectors, futhi ngisho neso lomuntu lithembele ekukhanyeni kungagxila, kukhonjiswe futhi kukhonjiswe.

Ukugxeka kukhiqiza izinto ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ama-mirages, ama-rainbows, ama-optical illusions. Ngenxa yokuqhaqhaqhaza, igayi elincane elinamabhande elibheke ubhiya libonakala liphelele, futhi ilanga libeka imizuzu embalwa kamuva kunalokho ngempela. Izigidi zabantu zisebenzisa amandla okubamba ukulungisa izimpumputhe zombono ngezibuko kanye nama-lens. Ngokuqonda lezi zakhiwo zokukhanya nokuzilawula, singabona imininingwane engabonakali isohlo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isendlini ye-microscope noma ku-galaxy elikude.