I-India yakudala: imvelo nabantu. Incazelo, izici, ama-castes

I-India yakudala ingenye imiphakathi engavamile kakhulu yasendulo. Kakade ngalezo zinsuku bawakhuluma ngokuthi "izwe labahlakaniphileyo". I-India yakudala yayisondelene kakhulu namazwe ase-Arab kanye nezwe lasendulo, elinomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwabo. Abalobi abaningi kanye namafilosofi asekuqaleni bafuna okungenani kanye nokuphila kwabo ukuvakashela iNdiya ukuze bacebise umbono wabo wezwe.

Abantu bokuqala ensimini ye-India

Futhi akuyona ingozi - uhlobo kanye nabantu baseNdiya yasendulo namanje bayaqhubeka nokuthakazelisa izidumbu ze-archeologists. Insimu yayo yayihlala ezikhathini zasendulo. Isizwe sokuqala esihlala ensimini yeNdiya yanamuhla kwakuyi-Dravidians. Khona-ke ama-Dravidians ashintshwa abanye abahlali, abahluke kakhulu endleleni yabo yokuphila namasiko. Amadolobha amabili amakhulu kunawo wonke eNdiya yasendulo, okwakuyizikhathi ezehlukene ezombusazwe - yiMohenjo-Daro noHarappa.

Ukutholakala okungalindelekile kwe-archaeologist Sahni

Ngokokuqala ngqa impucuko yamaHarappan yatholwa abavubukuli, ababenesithakazelo esimweni nakwabantu baseNdiya yakudala, nokuthi iNdiya ngokwayo yayiyizwe lakubo. Ekuqaleni, umgomo we-archaeologist waseNdiya uRa. Sahni kanye nosebenza naye uR. R.ererjee kwakuyikuvulwa kwesayithi yethempeli lase-Old Shiva. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokubhujiswa kwendlu engcwele yasendulo, izinsalela zesisekelo sekota yesigodi sasendulo zavela ngaphambi kwabacwaningi. Ngesinye isikhathi esakhiweni lapho kwenziwa khona ukumba, kwakukhona izakhiwo zokuhlala ezimbili nezintathu zokuhlala, izifanekiso zemizila emigwaqeni. Umuzi wawuhlotshiswe ngezitiya, amabhuloho kanye namapaki, futhi cishe kuzo zonke izakhiwo kwakukhona umthombo.

Igoli liqinisekiswe ngamaqiniso

Emva kwalokhu kutholakala, usosayensi wayenesithakazelo nakakhulu eNdiya yakudala, imvelo kanye nabantu ababekade beyingxenye yempucuko yasendulo. USahni wanquma ukuthatha olunye uhambo. Ngalesi sikhathi wahamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-600 ukusuka endaweni lapho kutholakala khona okokuqala. Intuition ye-archaeologist, kanye nezindaba zabakhileyo bendawo, abazange badumise abacwaningi. Ngisho negama lendquma, lapho iBritish eyake ikhetha khona izitini ekwakhiweni kwesitimela, yavuselela ukuthakazelisa kwengqondo. Ekuhunyushweni kwe "Mohenjo-Daro", lapho uhambo lwe-Sakhni oluhlosiwe khona, lisho "Ukuhlala Kwabafileyo".

I-legend, eyatshelwa yizakhamuzi zendawo, yabe isiqinisekiswa ngokugcwele yizibalo zikaSakhni. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo, endaweni lapho kwakukhona khona intaba yakwaMojojo-Daro, kwakukhona idolobha. Umbusi wakhe wathukuthelisa amandla akhe aphezulu ngokuphila kwakhe okude, futhi onkulunkulu banquma ukubhubhisa le mpucuko. Ngempela, ekucutsheni uSahni wathola edolobheni elikhulu umuzi, owawuphila ngesikhathi saseGibhithe lasendulo.

Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo

U-Sakhni nohambo lwakhe baqhubeka nokwenza izinto ezinikeze ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nemvelo nabantu baseNdiya lasendulo. Bathola ensimini efanayo imizi eminingana emikhulu, kanye nezindawo ezincane eziyinkulungwane. Impucuko etholakale yayibizwa ngokuthi iHarappsky. Ngokwesayizi walo, kwakunezikhathi ezine ngobukhulu be-Sumer.

Lapho abavubukuli befunda le nsalela, bafika esiphethweni: impucuko yaseHarappan yavuka cishe ngo-3300 BC. E. Ngokusho kososayensi, ngesikhathi sawo, inani labantu lalingabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-5. Abantu bomuzi waseMohenjo-Daro kwakuhlanganiswa nezinhlanga ezahlukene. Iningi lazakhamuzi laliyi-Dravidians, okuyinto, ngokusho kososayensi, kwakuyi-Australoids. Futhi nasemkhawulweni wezentuthuko yaseHarappan kwakukhona abamele abamele iSomerian, i-European and Mongoloid ukubukeka.

Ososayensi nabo bahlanganisa ibalazwe lobuchwepheshe ngenkathi kuvuliwe. Imvelo nabantu baseNdiya yasendulo, cishe kungenzeka, babevumelana phakathi kwabo. Imigwaqo yasezindaweni zasemadolobheni yempucuko yaseHarappan ishintshaniswa nezitidi, engahlukaniswa nemvelo ejikelezayo. Ngokusho indawo yabo, imigwaqo ngezindlela eziningi ifana nezanamuhla. Ububanzi bawo babungamamitha ayishumi. Imigwaqo emikhulu yayixhunywe yizinselele ezincane.

Izinzuzo zamazwe aseNdiya endulo

Kodwa imizi ayizange yakhiwe ngokushesha. Imvelo nabantu baseNdiya yasendulo, echazwe kabili emisebenzini yabavubukuli ababalwe ngenhla, babonisa uhlobo lwe-symbiosis. Izindawo zokuqala ezisekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-6-4 leminyaka BC. E., Futhi baba abagcini bemiphakathi yasendulo yamaNdiya. Indawo yokuhlala phakathi kweNyakatho Balochistan kanye nesigodi saseGanges yanikeza okhokho bamaNdiya banamuhla ngamanzi, okusanhlamvu, kanye nezinhlamvu ze-flint. Ezigodini zidla izimvu zezimbuzi zasendle nezinyosi - zonke izimo zinegalelo ekuthuthukiseni kulezi zindawo zezolimo nokulima.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi abamele imiphakathi yasendulo yaseNdiya babethengisa kakhulu amaSumeriya. Leli qiniso likhonjiswe nemibhalo yesandla yaseSumeriya. Endaweni lapho kwakukhona khona impucuko yaseHarappa, inqwaba yezimpahla ezihlukahlukene zemvelaphi yangaphandle zitholakale. Lezi yizindwangu zikotini, ubuhlalu, imihlobiso namagobolondo.

Ukunciphisa impucuko yaseProto-Indian

Kukholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sokunciphisa impucuko yaseHarappan siwela ngo-1800 BC. E. Ososayensi abaningi bayaqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kwakungenxa yokuhlasela kwama-Aryans - abahlukumezi bempi abavela enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ekuhunyushweni kusuka olimini lwaseNdiya lasendulo, "arias" lisho "ohloniphekile". Babeyizizwe ezihlala emadolobheni ezazibandakanya ekuhlaleni izinkomo futhi zidla ikakhulu imikhiqizo yobisi. Esikhathini esizayo, inkomo yamaNdiya yathola isimo sesilwane esingcwele. Imvelo nabantu baseNdiya yasendulo, ngenxa yalokho, bazinikela "ezinkulunkulu" ezavela ngaphandle.

Ezinye izinguqulo zesosayensi

Ekuqaleni, imizi emikhulu yabhujiswa ama-Aryan. Izakhiwo eziningi zawela ekutheni, futhi ukwakha izindlu ezintsha kwakhiwa isitini esidala. Isimo kanye nabantu baseNdiya yasendulo, abafundiswa ngabanye abavubukuli, bangase bangahambelani ngokugcwele ngombono ohambelana nomcwaningi uSahni. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi imbangela yokunciphisa impucuko yaseHarappan kwakungesiyo kuphela ukuhlasela kwezitha, kodwa futhi ukuwohloka kwemvelo. Lolu shintsho ezingeni lomkhumbi, okwakubangela ukukhukhula, nezifo zezifo ezimbi. Kungenzeka nokuthi le nkinga yabangela ukuvunwa okuphansi ngenxa yoketsheziliswa kwenhlabathi.

Imvelo nabantu baseNdiya lasendulo: ama-castes aseNdiya

Emphakathini wasendulo waseNdiya, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-caste kubuyele emuva cishe ngonyaka wenkulungwane yokuqala BC. E. Isidingo salokho sasingenxa yokubukwa kwezenkolo kuphela, kodwa nesimiso sezombangazwe. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-caste ephansi kunabo bonke abantu, okwakunqotshwa abaqothule-ama-arias. I-caste ephakeme ihlanganisa nabakwa-brahmanas - abapristi abangazange bahlanganyele emisebenzini enzima. Zaba khona ngenxa yokuzidela.

Imiphumela ye-caste uhlelo lomphakathi

I-caste elandelayo, lapho i-brahmanas ivame ukungqubuzana ngayo, ingamaqhawe noma ama-kshatriyas. Phakathi kwabo, bavame ukungakwazi ukwabelana ngamandla. I-kshatriya yayilandelwa ama-vaisyas - abalimi nabelusi. I-caste ephansi kakhulu yi-Sudras. I-sudras yayiyizinceku ezenza umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu. Okuphathelene ne-caste kwazuzwa njengefa. Izingane ze-brahmanas zingaba brahmanas kuphela, abantwana base sudras-sudras. Ukwehlukaniswa komphakathi okunjalo kwaholela ekutheni abantu abanamakhono amaningi babhekene nemifino ebumpofu, okuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu bonke.

Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokucwaningwa, imfihlakalo yempucuko yaseHarappan yakhanga abanye ososayensi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-anthropologists ayebathandekayo eNdiya YaseNdala, imvelo nabantu abahlala eMohenjo-Daro. Bakha isithombe esilinganiselwe sommeleli ojwayelekile wempucuko yaseHarappan. Ngokusekelwe ekuthungeni, ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi babenabantu abanobumnyama nabomnyama abanesikhumba esimnyama. Babengamagatsha aseMedithera emncintiswaneni weCaucasoid.

Imvelo kanye nabantu baseNdiya lasendulo: uhlelo lwamadolobha wokwakha

Imizi emikhulu yomphakathi waseHarappan yakhiwa ngokucophelela okukhulu. Izitaladi zazingathi zidonsa ngaphansi kombusi, ekhaya - okufanayo kanye ne-geometrically elungile. Ngendlela yabo, izindawo zokuhlala zamaHindu zasendulo zazifana namabhokisi amakhekhe. Kule mizi abantu babe nethuba lokusebenzisa zonke izidingo. Emigwaqweni kwakukhona okuthiwa imisele yokunisela, lapho amanzi ayehlinzeka khona endlini ngayinye.

Yiziphi izici zezingcweti zeProto-Indian

Umama Nature kanye nabantu baseNdiya yakudala (ama-5-graders aqala ukujwayela isiko namasiko kulelizwe ngokucwaninga umlando wezwe lasendulo) baye bafunda ukuphila ngokuvumelana okumangalisayo. Le-symbiosis ingamangaza amaqiniso athile abanochwepheshe abayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuphumelela okumangalisayo kwaleso sikhathi kwakuyihlelo lokuthuthwa kwamanzi. Ngisho nangaphandle kokuba nomqondo onzima kakhulu wokuthi amabhaktheriya akhula ngokushesha ngokushisa okufudumayo, abakhi bezakhiwo bathatha isinqumo esihle kakhulu sesikhathi sabo. Ngaphansi komhlaba, babeka amapayipi ezitini ezishisayo, lapho zonke izinto ezingcolile zathathwa ngaphandle kwedolobha. Lokhu kwavumela inani elikhulu labantu ukuba lihlale endaweni elinganiselwe.