Izihloko ziyini? Izinhlobo zezihloko: izihloko zomthetho, izihloko zenkcitho kanye nama-athikili kulo magazini

Ulimi lwesiRashiya ngokwemvelo yalo luhlukile. Igama elifanayo lingaba nezincazelo eziningi kanye nokuhumusha. Yilokho okuvame ukudibanisa abantu bezinye izizwe, abadukise lapho befunda inkulumo yethu. Ngifuna ukukhuluma ngalokho okushiwo yi-athikili, yiziphi izinhlobo ze-nuances nezici zalesi sihloko.

Incazelo yemqondo

Kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi kaningi igama elithi "isihloko" lisetshenziselwa umbono wezindaba. Lokho kusho ukuthini kulokhu? Izihloko ziyihlobo oluthile lwezintatheli, lapho umbhali ebeka khona umsebenzi wokuhlaziya izinqubo zomphakathi, izimo, izenzakalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zingabandakanya kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo nokusebenza, ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwamaqiniso nezimo. Kumele kuthiwa lezi zihloko ziphethe inani elikhulu lemisebenzi ewusizo emphakathini.

Izinhlobo zezihloko kumamagazini

Yini engaba isihloko kulo magazini? Impendulo kulo mbuzo ingahluka, kepha manje ngifuna ukucubungula izinhlobonhlobo zama-athikili wezindaba. Isigaba sokuqala sanikezwa usosayensi u-AA Tertichny. Ngokombono wakhe, lezi zihloko zingaba ucwaningi jikelele, ukucubungula okusebenzayo kanye nokucabangela. Omunye usosayensi, I.Kadykov, uhlinzeka ngezigaba ezingafani. Ngokusho kombono wakhe, lezi zihloko zingathuthukiswa, zikhohlise, ziyizinkinga, ziyizinkolelo kanye nezintatheli. I-modernity iyimfanelo eminingi yezinhlobo ezintathu ezedlule, izihloko ze-propaganda zifanele kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhethwa, kanti i-athikili yokuqala - izihloko ezithuthukisiwe - zazifanele ngesikhathi sezwe lamaSoviet.

Isihloko sesayensi

Enye ye-subspecies ebalulekile yizihloko zesayensi. Lezi yimibhalo lapho imiphumela yocwaningo lwesayensi nokuseshwa kuvela khona. Ulwazi olubalulekile luyoba ukuthi, ngokungafani nama-athikili wezintatheli angenalo isakhiwo esicacile, isingeniso sesayensi kumele sibhalwe ngokuvumelana nayo yonke imithetho. Yingakho kuphela engashicilelwa kumagazini. Ngaphandle kwezihloko zesayensi, kunezidingo eziningi ezingaphezulu kwesakhiwo kuphela, kodwa futhi okukhethwa kukho okuchazwe.

Mayelana nokubukwa

Kubalulekile ukunaka izinhlobonhlobo zezihloko. Bawuthanda ngani? Kuningi lwezigaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici ezihlukahlukene zithathwa njengesisekelo. Kulesi sigaba sokutadisha isihloko, ngifuna ukucabangela izinhlobo zezihloko ezishicilelwe ezincwadini zezesayensi:

1. Usayizi ogcwele. Umgomo oyinhloko: ukwazisa ososayensi mayelana nezinqubo ezintsha zakamuva ezivela emhlabeni wesayensi (ucwaningo lwesimanje, ukuthuthukiswa). Ivolumu inkulu kakhulu, isilinganiso samakhasi angu-8-12 emibhalo eprintiwe. Izihloko ezinjalo zikhishwa kakhulu ngabafaki bezicelo ze-academic degrees (ukhetho noma udokotela wesayensi), kanye nabafundi abafisa ukuthola i-master degree.
2. Ukuxhumana okufushane. Umgomo oyinhloko wezihloko ezinjalo ukukwazisa ososayensi mayelana nesipiliyoni sabo, mayelana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, mayelana nentuthuko enkingeni yesayensi. Umthamo wezihloko kuncane kakhulu - kufika kumakhasi angu-6.
3. Ukucabanga. I-subspecies ezithakazelisayo zezihloko, ngokuvamile ezingenaso isiqiniseko esiwusizo. Lapha kungabhalwa imicabango, imibono mayelana nenkinga ethile, ukucabanga. Kodwa-ke, lokhu okushicilelwe kufanele kuqinisekiswe noma kungavunyelwe (okuphinde futhi bonke ososayensi kufanele baziswe ngokushicilelwa kwemiphumela).
4. Imibono yesayensi. Lezi yizihloko ezincane kakhulu - cishe ingxenye yesiqephu sombhalo oqoshiwe, lapho umbhali eveza umqondo wakhe ukucatshangelwa ngokujwayelekile, kulindeleke ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusekelwa nokudumisa emphakathini, noma ukugxeka.

Okunye ukuhlukaniswa:

1. Izihloko zesayensi nesayensi. Lezi yimibhalo lapho umbhali eveza imiphumela yokusesha kwezinkinga zenkinga. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo yukuthi iningi lemithetho litholakala ngokuqondile ngokucabangela kwemfundiso.
2. Izihloko zesayensi nezisebenzayo. Umbhalo kuwo uzinikele ekuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo kanye nokuhlolwa kwesayensi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yalesi sihloko yilezo zethulo lemiphumela etholakalayo.
3. Izihloko zesayensi nezemibhalo. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezindlela, izinqubo, amathuluzi, ongayifinyelela ngayo umphumela othile wesayensi.

Izihloko ezise-Intanethi

Sizoqhubekela phambili kulokho okushiwo yizihloko. Namuhla, imibhalo ethunyelwe kwizinsiza ezihlukahlukene ze-intanethi kufanele ifakwe ngokukhethekile. Lolu uhlobo olusha, olukhethekile lwama-athikili abathumela umphakathi. Iyini into esemqoka kulezo zincwadi? Okokuqala, kuyingqayizivele. Umbhalo kufanele ube omusha futhi uhlanzekile, kufanele uhilele iklayenti, unikeze ulwazi olunolwazi oluthakazelisayo. Ayikho "amanzi", imishwana ene-jagged, i-monotony. Isici esibalulekile salolu hlobo lwama-athikili yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izinkomba": lawa ngamazwi athile noma imisho abantu abachaza ngezinkinga (lezi "zihluthulelo" zivame ukufakwa enjini yokusesha ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo). Futhi-ke, izihloko ezinjalo nazo zinemihlobo ehlukene.

1. Ukufundisa izihloko. Lezi yimibhalo esiza abantu ukuba baqonde inkinga ethile. Ngokuvamile kule ngxenye, amakilasi ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene nezithombe kanye nezincazelo eziningiliziwe zenqubo yonke kungenziwa.
2. Ulwazi. Umgomo wabo oyinhloko ukucacisa nokuxoxa ngenkinga ethize.
3. Ukubuyekeza. Kulezi zihloko, abalobi bavame ukunikeza isici sendaba ethile. Kungaba izibuyekezo, ukubuyekezwa.
4. Iseluleko esiwusizo. Enye ye-subspecies yezihloko lapho umlobi enikeza khona ukubuyekezwa komphakathi uhlu lwamathiphu azosiza abafundi esimweni esithile.

Mayelana nomthetho

Kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi igama elithi "athikili" lisetshenziswanga kuphela kwi-journalism. Ngakho-ke, kukhona into enjengezihloko zomthetho. Kuyini? Ukukubeka ngokufishane, lena yingxenye ethile yomtsetfo wezomthetho. Isihloko somthetho singahlukaniswa sibe yizigaba, izigaba, izingxenye noma izigaba. Okubalulekile kuzoba ngamaphuzu amaningana alandelayo:

• Izihloko zomthetho ziphoqelekile ukuba zibalwe (kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi inombolo yokuhlonza eyabelwe lesi sihloko ayishintshi, noma uma, isibonelo, izichibiyelo zenziwa kumakhodi futhi ezinye izihloko azikhishwe kuphela);
• Esinye isihloko sinikezwa kuphela kwesinye isiqeshana sokulawulwa kobudlelwane.

Mayelana nemali

Kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi kunezinto zezindleko nemali engenayo. Kuyini? Ungayiqonda kanjani lokhu ukubunjwa ngendlela efanele? Lezi zindlela zivame ukusetshenziselwa umnotho futhi zichaza izikhundla ezithile ezihlobene nezimali ezingenayo kanye nezindleko. Ingqikithi yenzuzo yesabelomali iqukethe izibalo zemali engenayo, kanye nezindleko eziphelele - kusukela kwenani lezindleko zenkcitho. Ukuqonda kalula konke okushiwo ngenhla, la magama angcono ukucabangela ngesibonelo esilula. Ngokwezisekelo kungenzeka ukuthi uthathe isabelomali semindeni evamile yezibalo ezijwayelekile. Ngokuqondene nohlangothi lwemali, i.s. Izindleko zokugcwalisa isabelomali semindeni, iyinkokhelo yawo wonke amalungu ayo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zenzuzo (imali engenayo emisebenzini engeyona imisebenzi, abantu - "umsebenzi wokukhwabanisa", inzuzo evela ezindlini eziqashiwe, ukuqashiswa kwemoto, njll). Izindleko zifaka phakathi izinto ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuqashwa, ukukhokhelwa kwezinsizakalo zikamasipala - izinkokhelo zenyanga ezibophezelekile.
2. Ukudla kuyindleko zenyanga zonke.
3. Izingubo.
4. Izimpahla zamakhemikhali zasendlini, izimonyo, imikhiqizo yokuhlanzeka.
5. Izindleko zokuthutha.
6. Okungafani (ukuzijabulisa, ukuzijabulisa, ukukhanda izinwele, ukugqoka izinwele, izipho, izindleko zezimpahla).

Mayelana nama-themine-izihlobo

Ngokuvamile abantu bangase banesithakazelo embuzweni wokuthi ngabe kukhona igama elifanayo elithi "i-athikili". Ngakho-ke, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi ayikho igama elilodwa elizoshintsha leli gama. Kodwa-ke, akusikwesabeki. Ungahlala uthola ezinye izindlela. Uma kuhilela ukuchazwa kwezintatheli, igama elithi "i-athikili" lingashintshwa ngokuthi igama elithi "umbhalo" (isibonelo, "lo mbhalo") noma "okushicilelwe". Ngokuphathelene nokuhumusha kwezomthetho nezomnotho, uma ufuna, ungathola izinguqulo ezihlukile zegama.