Ukukhululeka kwephansi kwe-Arctic Ocean - kuyini?

I-Arctic Ocean iyilwandle elithathwa njengelincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Indawo ye-Arctic Ocean ayiyona inkimbinkimbi - itholakala eNyakatho Yezwe, ensimini phakathi kwamazwekazi amakhulu e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Kulo mzimba omkhulu wamanzi uhlangene nezindawo zamazwe aseDenmark, eNorway, eCanada, eU.SA, eRussia.

Isimo sawo sawo wonke amazwe asilawulwa, futhi unyaka wonke imikhumbi yempahla yamazwe amaningi emhlabeni iyadlula. Iyini ukukhululeka kwephansi kwe-Arctic Ocean?

Isakhiwo sombuso jikelele wezansi

Ulwandle olunzima lunokujula okuncane kakhulu echibini lesi sikali. Cishe ngamaphesenti angamashumi amane endaweni yalo akusiyo ejulile kunamamitha angamakhulu amabili. Lokhu kuchazwa kanjani? Eqinisweni, konke kulula. Ukukhululeka kwephansi kwe-Arctic Ocean kungamaphesenti angu-45 aneshefu, futhi amaphesenti angu-70 yizinkampani zasemanzini zasemaphandleni aseduze.

Isayensi yezwe lakithi ihlukanisa amanzi kulezi zindawo zamanzi njenge: i-Arctic basin (ingxenye ejulile kakhulu), isitsha seNyakatho Yurophu (kanye noLwandle lwaseBarents), isitsha saseCanada (endaweni yaseMadson Bay, ama-Baffin, njll). Imephu ye-Arctic Ocean isisiza ukuba sicabangele yonke lemininingwane ngemininingwane.

Isitsha seNyakatho-Yurophu

Imigwaqo ephakathi kwe-oceanic iyisisekelo sokukhululeka kwesansi salesi sigaba kolwandle. Kukhona nendawo yokuqhuma e-Iceland, ehlonishwayo ngokunyuka kwemisebenzi ye-hydrothermal kanye ne-volcanism. I-Kolbeinsei Range, indawo yaseJan Mayen, i-Mona Range ibonisa phansi kweNorth European Basin. Kukhona ne-plateau yeVoring, ehlukanisa uLwandle lwaseNorway ibe imigodi emibili emikhulu. Ngasentshonalanga kwesitsha saseNorway kukhona isitsha saseGreenland.

Ukuphumula komhlabathi ophansi kuyigugu, kodwa lapha ukujula okukhulu kwe-Arctic Ocean kungu-5527 m.

I-Pool Swimming yaseCanada

I-Northwest Passage yiyona ingxenye enkulu ye-basin Canada. Ubunzulu bezinkinga bufinyelela uphawu lwamamitha angu-500. Ukukhululeka kolwandle olwandle kule ndawo kungabizwa ngokuthi yi-relic glacial relief. Iziqhingi zeziqhingi nezinkinga ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zinzima kakhulu. Konke lokhu kubonisa ukuhlwithwa okwakamuva kakhulu (okulingana, okuyiqiniso) kwelesi sifunda sezilwandle. Futhi iziqhingi eziningi ze-archipelago zaseCanada nazo zihlala iqhwa. I-Hudson Bay ayifuni, eyaziwa ngamafomu okusiza ama- glacial . Ulwandle lwaseBaffin, ngokuphambene nalokho, lulele emgodini ojulile, olunamathelethi amaningi futhi ukujula okukhulu kufinyelela kumamitha angu-2141 m.

I-Arctic Basin

Ibhasi lase-Arctic liyingxenye ehamba phambili ye-Arctic Ocean, ephethe insimu enkulu yayo. Ishalofu, ephethe insimu enkulu futhi enesilinganiso sobubanzi obungamamitha angu-800, ihlukaniswe ngokuthi: uLwandle LwaseBarents, uLaptev, iSiberia-Chukchi neKara (ngokusho kwamagama olwandle oluseduze). Izikhathi ezisezantsi nezici zabo ziyisici esibalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kokusiza okuphansi kunoma yiliphi olwandle.

Ama-deposite ezansi kwe-Arctic Ocean anesimo esibi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwakho konke kunemvula yokubunjwa okuhle. I-iron-manganese kanye nesihlabathi isetshenziselwa ezindaweni ezihlukene zamanzi olwandle. Isembozo seqhwa ngenxa yezimo zezulu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu cishe wonke unyaka awuveli emanzini omanzi, noma kunjalo, ngezikhathi ezithile kuba ikakhulukazi eselula (okusiza ukuthumela kahle).

Ukukhululeka phansi kwezilwandle ezimhlophe naseBarents

Isikhundla se-Arctic Ocean sesivele sikhuluma ngobunzima besimo sezulu kanye nokubunzima kokusinda kwayo. Kodwa yisiphi isakhiwo sezansi ezinkulu nolwandle oludumile? ULwandle Olumhlophe lungumthombo wangaphakathi, futhi unemiphumela ephansi kakhulu. Ukucindezeleka kwalo kuphethelweni lwesihlangu seBaltic kanye nesiteji saseRussia. Amamitha angu-351 - ukujula kwerekhodi kweLwandle OluMhlophe. Ibuye iqoqo lonke lezintambo ezihlala zihamba ngezizinda ezingajulile. Unezinzulu ezijulile ne-Kandalaksha Bay. Ingxenye esenyakatho yolwandle ingamanzi angajulile, ukujula lapha akuvamile ukudlula ngamamitha angu-30. Ukukhululeka kwephansi kwe-Arctic Ocean eduze nasoLwandle lwaseBarents kunzima kakhulu. Ukungalingani okuqinile kwezansi kubangelwa ukunyakaza okuvamile nokuqina kwamapuleti we-tectonic. Maphakathi nolwandle kukhona amagquma - iBenki Ephakathi, Perseus. Ingxenye ejulile echibini likasawoti itholakala phakathi kweBhange Elikhulu kanye nenhlonipho yeNyakatho Yurophu (iScandinavia). Ukujula lapha kunamamitha angaphezu kuka-300. Ingxenye eseningizimu ye-relief inikeze ngisho nangokwamukelwa kwe-ice yamuva. Emaphethelweni enqolobane ahlanganiswa nezinkimbinkimbi ezinamaphesenti ahlukene kakhulu (i-Caledonian, i-Archaean-Proterozoic, njll).

Usizo oluphansi lwaseKara nolwandle lwaseLaptev

Isiqephu esivelele kunazo zonke sokuphumula kwe-Kara Sea yizinhlanzi zawo ezijulile zasolwandle, ezavela esikhathini eside esidlule (ezikhathini zangaphambili ze-Quaternary). Ingxenye esenyakatho yolwandle idume ngamathanjeni ajulile. I-St. Anna ine-620 m, i-Voronin's canyon - kuze kufike ku-450 m. I-Kara Upland ephakathi ikhona phakathi kwabo.

Eningizimu-empumalanga yolwandle ayinalutho. Iineziqhingi eziningi. Ukukhululeka kwephansi kwe-Arctic Ocean eduze kwaseLaptev Sea ngokuvamile kuyishalofu. Cishe ingxenye yendawo yamanzi yolwandle inezinzulu zamamitha angu-50. Indawo eseningizimu ayinasisindo, iphansi, ngokuphakama okungavamile. Naphezu kwezimo ezinzulu zezulu, i-Arctic Ocean ayibonakali futhi ingaqaphelwanga. Ngenkathi ehlala isikhathi esifushane nje, amaqembu abacwaningi (abafisa ukwazi izici zokusizwa okuphansi) kanye nezivakashi ezicebile bazimisele ukuza lapha. Kodwa-ke, isimo salezi zindawo kubhekwa njengenye yezinhlelo eziphilayo ezisengozini kakhulu yeplanethi yethu. Ososayensi abaningi bazama ukuxazulula izinkinga zolwandle.