Ukukhiqizwa yi-biology kuyini? Incazelo kanye nezibonelo zokukhiqiza emvelweni

Ukukhiqiza kuyimbono yezinto eziphilayo, ezihlobene nezinqubo ezifana nokukhulelwa, ukuhlukaniswa nokukhiqiza ngokuqondile, ukukhiqiza ngokwakho. Lo mqondo uyasetshenziselwa ukudweba, kodwa isihloko sesihloko salesi sici asinandaba.

Kuyini ukukhiqizwa kwe-biology: incazelo

Ukuzikhiqiza kungomunye wemibono ebaluleke kakhulu ku-biology. Inqubo yokwakha ihlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukukhiqiza, noma ukukhiqiza, kuvame ukubhekwa kuphela kusukela ekubukeni kokukhiqizwa kwenzalo ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. Lesi esinye sezibonakaliso ezibalulekile kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda kwamakhemikhali.

Ezithombeni ze-unicellular, ikhono leseli elilodwa ukukhiqiza lisho ukubonakala komuntu omusha. Kulezi zinhlobo ze-multicellular, lokhu kusho ukukhula nokuvuselelwa. Ukukhiqiza kwenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhambisane nesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yezitho kanye nomsebenzi wezimo ezithile ze-hormone.

Izinga lokukhiqiza

Ukukhiqizwa ngumqondo omubi wezinto eziphilayo, okusho ukukhiqiza nokukhiqiza okufanayo. Amazinga alandelayo ahlukaniswa:

• Ukukopisha kwe-molecular;
• Ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli;
• Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ake sihlale kulokhu okulandelayo ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukukhiqizwa ngokobulili nokusekelwa kwe-asexual

Ukuzala ku-biology yingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwayo yonke into emhlabeni. Izilwanyana eziningana zihlukanisa phakathi kokungacabangi nokuziphatha ngokocansi.

Ukukhiqiza izitshalo kungaba nemifomu ehlukahlukene. Izitshalo eziningi eziphansi ezihlukahlukene zihlukanisa izinhlamvu ze-asexual, okungaba yi-mononuclear noma i-multinucleated. Ngokuvamile izingcezu ezigcwele zengxenye yemifino yomzimba zingakwazi ukukhiqiza isilwane esisha, esitholakala ezitshalweni eziningi.

Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kwenzeka ngezindleko nezimpande. Ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izingxenye zezitshalo zinamandla okuzikhiqiza, isibonelo, izinso. Ukukhiqiza ngokobulili kuyisici sezilwane ezithile, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane (izipanji, i-hydra, izibungu). Ama-vertbrates alahlekelwe ikhono lokuzala ngokwemvelo, uhlobo lwabo kuphela lokukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo kuyindlela yocansi.

Ukukhiqizwa nokukhethwa kwemvelo

Ukubaluleka kokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphilayo kungachazwa kuphela ngokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ekuthuthukiseni umbono wakhe, uCharles Darwin waphetha: ukuze kuguquke, izinto eziphilayo akumele zikwazi ukuzikhiqiza kuphela, kodwa futhi zenze izinguquko ezithile. Ngakho-ke, izizukulwane eziphumelelayo zizokwenza umthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zenzalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu balezi zinguquko kanye nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kubaluleke kakhulu. Akufanele kube mncane kakhulu noma kakhulu.

Izibonelo nezindlela zokukhiqiza emvelweni

Ukubukeka kubonakala kanjani ku-biology? Izibonelo, njengezindlela, ziningi kakhulu. Ukukhiqiza ngokocansi, okubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kwama-geni womzali, kuyindlela yokuthola umzimba omusha ngamunye. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, i-genomes ye-spermatozoon ne-ovum iyahlangana, yenza i-zygote ukuthi, emva kokuguqulwa okuningi, iba umbungu. Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lufakiwe cishe kuwo wonke amaqembu ezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ukutshala impova kuyithakazelisa kakhulu kusuka ekubukeni kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ukhiqiza kuyisibonakaliso ku-biology, esitholakala kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukukhiqiza kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokuqhubeka komjikelezo wonke wokuphila. Kunezindlela eziningi zokukhiqiza, kodwa kunezinto ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi nokusekelwa ngokobulili. Njengoba zonke izinto eziphilayo zinesakhiwo seselula, khona-ke ngesisekelo sawo wonke amafomu nezindlela zokukhiqiza ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.