Ubukhosi bamaMedici: isihlahla sofuzo, umlando, izimfihlo zobukhosi, abameleli abadumile bobukhosi bamaMede

Ubukhosi obudumile bamaMedici buvame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-Renaissance Italy. Inzalo yalowo mndeni ocebile wabusa uFlorence isikhathi eside futhi yenza isikhungo samasiko nesayensi yeYurophu.

Umsuka wobukhosi

Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana zomsuka wale genus. Umlando wasezindaweni zasemadolobheni osetshenziselwa ukuthi ubuhlobo bomdokotela weMedici kuCharles the Great - umsunguli woMbuso WaseFrank. Umndeni waba nombono wokuthi izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva kwelinye lama-knights, ayekhonza enkantolo yalo mbusi.

Ekhulwini le-XII ubukhosi bamaMedici bathuthela eFlorence. Amalungu omndeni enza inzuzo futhi ngokushesha aceba. Ababhange bezithente abacebile basheshe bafaka amadivaysi okuphatha wedolobha futhi baqala ukuhlala emahhovisi akhethiwe eFlorence. Lo mndeni wawunamaphesenti amabili. Ekhulwini le-XII, amabhange azama ukuhlanganyela empilweni yezombusazwe yomuzi, esekela elinye lamaqembu asendaweni. Ukungqubuzana okukhulu kwezinto ezithakazelisayo eFlorence kwakungaleso sikhathi phakathi kwabaphathi abacebile nabampofu. U-Salvestro Medici wasekela izigqoko, owahlela ukuphikisana nabantu abahlonishwayo. Lapho behluliwe, le mali yaxoshwa edolobheni.

Ekuthunjweni, ubukhosi bamaMedici abuzange buhlale isikhathi eside, kodwa ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kwazuza impumelelo ephawulekayo ekuzuzeni. Amagatsha okuqala amabhange avuleka eVenice naseRoma.

Vuka

Inhloko yokuqala yeRiphabhulikhi yaseFlorentine emndenini wakwaMedici yayiyiCosimo the Old. Ubeke lesi sikhundla kusukela ngo-1434 kuya ku-1464. Wakwazi ukufika emandleni, esebenzisa imali yakhe, ithonya nokungazitholi kwabantu bombuso owedlule, owabeka intela ngokweqile nempi engenamsebenzi. KwakunguCosimo owaba umsunguli wendabuko yobuciko bokuhlonipha ubuciko kanye nezinye izindawo zeRaissance.

Ubukhosi bomdabu waseMedici bubekwe ngemali ngempumelelo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ekhulwini le-15 i-Italy yaba yikhungo samasiko nobuciko eYurophu. AmaGreki amaningi abalekela lapha, aphuma ezweni lakubo ngemva kokuthunjwa kukaConstantinople ngamaTurkey ngo-1453. Abaningi babo beletha izincwadi eziyingqayizivele e-Italy (kufaka phakathi noFlorence) futhi bephethe izinkulumo ezingaziwa kwabaseYurophu. Yenza isithakazelo emlandweni wesikhathi esidala. Isikole sonke sobuntu sasuka kuso. Zonke lezi zenzakalo zaxhaswa ngemali futhi zakhuthazwa nguMedici. Le ndaba yambonga, ngisho naphezu kweziningi zezombusazwe ezazingavamile ngaleso sikhathi.

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Ngisho nangemva kokufa kukaCosimo, ubukhosi bamaMedici baqhubeka bebusa eFlorence. U-Lorenzo Omkhulu (umzukulu wakhe) waba yilungu elidume kakhulu lomndeni. Wazalwa ngo-1448, waba yinhloko ye-republic ngo-1469.

Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa ugobe eFlorence, ngenxa yalokho umbuso wamaMedici wawuzowa. Isihlahla sofuzo sasicishe siphume, kodwa uLeonzo wathola uhlelo lwezitha. Wayekwasekelwa ngisho noPapa uSixtus IV. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu akuzange kusindise umfowabo kaLornzo Giuliano, owashona ezandleni zalabo abalungisa amacala.

Khona-ke uFlorence wachaza impi eyinhloko eyayizungezile, eyayisekelwa isihlalo sobukhosi saseRoma. U-Lorenzo uphumelele ukumelana nale mpi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola umlingani enkosini yaseFrance. IRoma elesabekayo, lapho engafuni ukulwa neParis, futhi ingxabano yaphela.

UFlorence - i-Central Renaissance

Ubukhosi bamaMedici kanye nomthelela wabo ekuthuthukiseni isiko sase-Italy ngalesi sikhathi kukhula. U-Lorenzo uxhaswe ngezikhungo eziningi zemfundo. Omunye wabo kwakuyi-Caregé Academy edumile, eyaba isikhungo esiphezulu se-European yesikole esisha saseNeoplatonism. Inkantolo yase-Florentine yaqasha ubuciko obunjalo njengoSandro Botticelli noMichelangelo. U-Lorenzo wayenguchwepheshe kanye nomunye wezincwadi. Waqoqa futhi wazuza umtapo wakhe, owaba umlando wendawo. Inhloko yeRiphabhuliki yafa ngo-1492. Ukuphila kwakhe okukhazimulayo kwandisa amahemuhemu azungeze umndeni wakwaMedici. Izimfihlo zobukhosi bezijabulisa abahlebezi futhi bathanda izinkolelo zezinhloso.

Isimo sengqondo sikaLornzo esiKhwameni sokuvuselela maduze sasakazeka emadolobheni angomakhelwane. Ngokushesha isisindo esifanayo saqala ukuhlala eVenice, eRoma, eNaples naseMilan. I-Renaissance yayiyikhumbuza usuku lwama-Antiquity, ngenxa yokuthi luthiwa igama layo.

UPapa namaDukes aseTuscany

Abameleli abadume kakhulu bomndeni wakwaMedici abazange babuse kuphela ababusi baseFlorence, kodwa futhi nabapapa. Ngo-1513 wayenguPiero de 'Medici, owathiwa nguLeo X futhi wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi kuze kube ngu-1521. Nakuba abapristi abakhulu bekungadingeki bahlanganyele ezindabeni zezwe, yena wasekela izithakazelo zomndeni wakhe eFlorence.

Ngokufanayo, ukubusa kukaClement VII (1523-1534). Ezweni wayebizwa ngokuthi uGiulio Medici. Kuye, umndeni waphinde waxoshwa eFlorence. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi upapa waphetha ngokubambisana nombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma, uCharles V Habsburg, "owake wangenisa ilanga." Umbuso wawunqobe isitha, futhi amaMedici abuyela eFlorence. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathola isihloko seDukes of Tuscany.

Abaphathi baseFlorence kule nkathi baqhubeka behlonipha ubuciko. Ngaphansi kweCosimo I (1537-1574) lakhiwa i- Uffizi Gallery edumile . Namuhla, iheha izigidi zezivakashi eFlorence. Iqukethe ubuciko obuningi bokudweba, isibonelo, umsebenzi oyingqayizivele uLeonardo da Vinci ("Annunciation" ne "Adoration of the Magi").

I-Queen of France

Ababusi abanamandla baseFlorence baqaphela imibhangqwana yodumo. Ngakho, abesifazane ababili balolu hlobo baba ngabafazi bamakhosi aseFrance. Wayengumkakhe kaHenry II II (1547-1559) nomkakhe kaHenry IV Maria (1600-1610). Okwokuqala kubo kwakungumthetho futhi ngokuvamile waba nomthelela omkhulu wezepolitiki. UCatherine waziwa yizigidi zabalandeli be talenta lika-Alexandre Dumas, encwadini yakhe yamanoveli wayengumlingisi oyinhloko. Kwabuye futhi emlandweni ngemuva kobusuku bukaBartholomew obhubhisa igazi nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi baseHuguenots.

Inkosi yaseFrance esuka kuCatherine de 'Medici yancishiswa yizingane zakhe ezimbili - uCharles IX noHenry III. Kubaba owayengabaseValois. Emva kwabo, ama-Bourbons aqala ukubusa ngo-1589. Noma kunjalo, kunzima ukungawutholi ithonya umndeni wakwaMedici owenze kuwo wonke elaseYurophu. Ubukhosi bobukhosi buba yi-epitome ye-Renaissance nazo zonke izenzakalo zayo ezicacile nezingqubuzanayo.

Ukuncipha kukaFlorence

Naphezu komthelela kwamanye amazwe, indawo eyinhloko yesithakazelo seMedici bekulokhu iFlorence - isizinda sabo esikhulu kanye nezwe langempela. Ukuncipha kwe-Tuscan duchy kwaqala ngaphansi kweCosimo II (1609-1621). Wasebenzisa imali eningi empini nokuphikisana nomakhelwane. UMbusi wayevezwe ngamaphuzu angenangqondo yokunciphisa izitha zakhe, kuhlanganise nomqhele waseSpain. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayaziwa ngokusekelwa kwakhe nguGalileo, owaqhubeka nemikhuba ekhazimulayo kaLornzo the Magnificent.

Endodaneni yakhe uFerdinand II (1621-1670) kwakukhona iMpi Yezinsuku Zamashumi amathathu Eminyaka Ephakathi KwamaKatolika namaProthestani. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukwehla kukaFlorence kwaqhubeka, okwakungeke kusekelwe eMediici. Ukutholakala kweMelika nezinye izimakethe ezithembisayo kwenza i-Italy izwe lesifundazwe, hhayi isikhungo sezomnotho saseYurophu. Ukugeleza kwezezimali kuya ezimakethe zaseSpain, eNgilandi nakwamanye amandla ekoloni.

Ukuphela kobukhosi

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wona kanye umndeni wakwaMedici wama. Ummeli wakhe wokugcina uGiovanni-Gastaut (wabusa ngo-1723-1737) wayebuhlungu futhi engenabantwana. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, iDuchy yaseTuscany yathuthela kuMbusi Wombuso Ongcwele WamaRoma uFranz I Stefan, owaseFlorence waba nguFrancesco II. Ngakho idolobha laseMedici ladlulela isikhathi eside eHabsburgs.