Ukubulawa Kwama-Armenia ka-1915: izimbangela. I-Armenian Genocide 1915: imiphumela. Umlando wokubulawa kuka-Armenia ka-1915

Ukuqothulwa kwamaTurkey kwama-Armenian ka-1915, okwakhiwa ensimini yombuso wase-Ottoman, waba esinye sezenzakalo ezesabeka kakhulu zenkathi yayo. Abamele ubuhlanga obuncane babesuswa ekuthunjweni, okwakuphakathi kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane noma ngisho nezigidi zabantu ezafa (kuye ngokuthi izilinganiso). Lo mkhankaso wokuqothulwa kwama-Armenia namuhla ubhekwa njengama-genocide amazwe amaningi omphakathi wonke womhlaba. E-Turkey ngokwayo, ngendlela enjalo, ayivumelani.

Okudingekayo

Ukubulawa kwabantu nokuthunjwa eMbusweni wase-Ottoman kwakunezidingo nezizathu ezahlukene. Ukubulawa Kwama-Armenia ka- 1915 kwakunesikhundla esingalingani sama-Armenia ngokwawo kanye neningi lamazwe aseTurkey ezweni. Isibalo sabantu sasihlonishwa hhayi kuphela kuzwelonke, kodwa futhi nesizathu senkolo. Ama-Armenia ayengamaKristu futhi abe nesonto lawo elizimele. AmaTurkey ayengamaSunni.

Abantu abangewona amaSulumane babe nesimo njengobusika. Abantu abawela ngaphansi kwale ncazelo babengenalo ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali nokuma enkantolo njengofakazi. Kwadingeka bakhokhe intela ephezulu. Ama-Armenia, ikakhulukazi, ayephila kabi. Babezibandakanya kakhulu kwezolimo emazweni abo. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kweningi labantu baseTurkey, inkohlakalo yomthengisi waseMarmenia ophumelelayo futhi onengqondo, njll, yasakazwa, njll. Amalebula anjalo nje akhuthaza inzondo yabantu basezindaweni ezibhekene nale nhlanga. Lezibudlelwane eziyinkimbinkimbi zingafaniswa nokulwa nokulwa kwamaJuda amaningi emazweni amaningi ngaleso sikhathi.

Ezifundazweni zaseCaucasia zoMbuso Wase-Ottoman, isimo sasibuhlungu futhi ngenxa yokuthi lezi zindawo emva kwezimpi neRussia zazingcoliswa ababaleki abangamaSulumane, ngenxa yokungahlali kwabo kwansuku zonke, behlala bephikisana nabase-Armenia basekhaya. Enye indlela noma enye, kodwa umphakathi waseTurkey wawusezingeni elibi. Kwakukulungele ukwamukela ukuhlaselwa kwe-Armenia ezayo (1915). Izizathu zalesi sigameko kwakuyizingxabano ezijulile kanye nobudlova phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili. Kwakudinga kuphela u-spark owawuvutha umlilo omkhulu.

Ukuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Ngenxa yombhikisho ohlomile ngo-1908, iqembu le-Ittihat ("Ubunye Nenqubekela phambili") laba namandla eMbusweni wase-Ottoman. Amalungu ayo azibiza ngokuthi i-Young Turks. Uhulumeni omusha waqala ngokushesha ukufuna imibono yokwakha isimo sayo siqu. Isizathu sasiyi-Pan-Turkism nezwe laseTurkey - imibono engazange iphakamise okuhle kuma-Armenia nakwezinye izizwe ezincane.

Ngo-1914, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman, ekuqhutshweni kwenkambiso yawo entsha yezombangazwe, wangena ngokubambisana neKaiser Germany. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, Amandla avuma ukunikeza iTurkey ithuba lokufinyelela eCaucasus, lapho abantu abaningi baseSulumane behlala khona. Kodwa esifundeni esifanayo kwakukhona namaKristu ase-Armenia.

Ngenkathi yokungena kweTurkey ukuya eMpini Yezwe Lokuqala, ukuphindaphinda kokuqala ukulwa nabantu bonke abangewona amaSulumane kwaqala, kuhlanganise nokufunwa kwempahla ngokuqondene nombuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iziphathimandla zathi jihad - impi engcwele ngokumelene nabangakholwayo. Phakathi nobusika, amafu esiphepho aqala ukuqoqa. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-Armenia kwakungasondeli (1915), izimbangela esizicabangayo esihlokweni sethu.

Ukuqala kokubulala

Ngesikhathi uMbuso Wase - Ottoman ungena kuphela empini Yezwe Lokuqala eceleni kweJalimane, ukugqugquzelwa kwamenyezelwa ezweni lonke. Amadoda ase-Armenia nawo awe ngaphansi kocingo. Izinqola zabo zazibandakanya kakhulu empini elwa nePheresiya neRussia. Kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni ekuqaleni amaTurkey aqala ukuhlukunyezwa ngamasu kuzo zonke izindawo. Ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu kwe-Istanbul kwaba ukunqotshwa empini yeSarykamysh ngoDisemba 1914 - January 1915. Iziphathimandla zathola ngokushesha abenzi bokuhlukumeza, ngenxa yokuthi ibutho laseRussia lamasosha laphumelela ngokuphumelela. Yiqiniso, babengama-Armenia.

NgoFebruwari, ukulwa nokulwa kwamasosha kwalesi sizwe kwaqala. Abantu abangaba ngu-100 000 badlula ngokuthunjwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenzeka ukuqala kokubulala ubuhlanga. Ama-Armenian servicemen, ababengafuni ukulalela lo myalelo, babenqatshelwe ukuphila kwabo ngaphandle kwemikhosi. Izinhlungu zahlushwa. Amahemuhemu ngesimo esiphambene nawo afika e-Istanbul, lapho bonke abezindaba basakaza izindaba mayelana nabahlukumezi nezinhloli. Kwakungewona uhlanga lwe-Armenia lwango-1915, kodwa lwaluqala.

Ukuxoshwa

Isibonakaliso sezwe lonke kwakuyisikhathi ngo-Ephreli 24, 1915. Ukubulawa Kwama-Armenia namuhla kuhlotshaniswa nalolu suku (isibonelo, e-Armenia ngokwayo kubhekwa njengosuku lokugubha izisulu zokubulawa kohlanga). Lokhu kungenxa yezenzakalo e-Istanbul ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-Ephreli 24, 1915, i-elite yase-Armenia enhloko-dolobha yoMbuso Wase-Ottoman yaboshwa okokuqala futhi yaxoshwa. Lo mcimbi ubonise ukubanjwa kwemikhankaso kulo lonke izwe.

Ngisho nangaphambi kwezenzakalo ze-Istanbul, izakhamuzi zase-Armenia ezifundazweni zangaphambili zaqala ukuxoshwa. Iziphathimandla zazixoshwa ngenxa yokuthuthela ezindaweni eziphephile. Empeleni, abantu bathunyelwa ehlane, lapho bafa khona ngokushona, indlala nezimo ezimbi zokuphila. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso. Abaningi besifazane, izingane kanye nabantu asebekhulile bathunyelwa kulolu hambo, abantu abangazange bakwazi ukuzimela. Amadoda aboshwa kusengaphambili ukuze kungabi khona ukulwa okuhleliwe.

NgoMeyi, ukuhlaselwa kwe-Armenia ka-1915 kwahlanganisa izindawo zokuhlanganiswa kwalaba bantu e-Anatolia, isifunda esiseduze nemidlalo yezempi. Manje iziphathimandla zazingenaso isizathu sokubheka kabusha abantu basekhaya. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi i-flywheel yokucindezela isivele ikhuthazwe, futhi imikhankaso yokuthuthwa kwamanye amazwe yathatha umlingiswa onjenge-avalanche.

Ngo-Ephreli 19, ukuvuswa kwabase-Armenia kwavutha eVan. Izakhamuzi, beqaphela ukuthi yini abazoyithola ngesikhathi bexoshwa, bathatha izingalo. Ukulwa kwabo nebutho laseTurkey, okuthunyelwe iziphathimandla, kwaphela inyanga. Ama-Armenia alinde ukufika kwamabutho aseRussia, okwakusindiswa ekufeni kwabantu abaseduze. Ngesikhathi sezimpi zokuzivikela kanye nokubulawa kwabantu okwakusandulela ukuvuswa kokuphila, ama-Armenia angaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu alahlekelwa yimpilo yawo. Phakathi nokuqothulwa kobukhosi eMbusweni wase-Ottoman, kwakukhona izenzo eziningi ezingalaleli zokungalaleli. Iziphathimandla zaseTurkey zasebenzisa izindaba eziphathelene nabo njengobufakazi bokukhashelwa nokuzondwa kwama-Armenia.

U-Apogee womkhankaso we-anti-Armenian

NgoMeyi 26, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi zoMbuso Wase-Ottoman, uMehmed Talaat Pasha, walungisa umthetho omusha, ngokusho ukuthi labo abangavumelani nomgomo kahulumeni kumele baxoshwe. NgoJuni, wanikeza umyalo wokuxosha cishe wonke ama-Armenia avela ezifundazweni eziyishumi ezisempumalanga yezwe. Umkhankaso olandelayo wenziwa ngokulandela imithetho eminingana. Ngokweziqondiso zamandla, esifundeni ngasinye inani lama-Armenia kwakudingeka lihliswe libe ngu-10% kubo bonke abantu baseSulumane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlanga oluncane lwaluvinjelwe ukuvula izikole zabo, futhi izindawo zabo zokuhlala kwakumelwe zibe kude kakhulu komunye nomunye.

Ngo-Julayi ukuxoshwa kwasusa izifundazwe zasentshonalanga futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, kwasakazeka kuwo wonke uMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Isizathu sokubulawa kuka-Armenia ngo-Ephreli 24, 1915 nezinyanga ezalandela kwakuyi-pan-Turk inqubomgomo yeziphathimandla. Kodwa-ke, enhloko-dolobha kanye neminye imizi emikhulu yokuxoshwa kwakungeyona enkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wesaba ukusakazwa kwezintatheli zangaphandle ezihlala e-Istanbul, Izmir, njll.

Ukubulala ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa kwakungokwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi base-Armenia bafa ngezimo ezimbi zokuboshwa emgwaqeni noma emakamu okuhlushwa. Kamuva, inkantolo yaseTurkey yanikeza ubufakazi bokuthi iziphathimandla zenza izivivinyo zezokwelapha emalungwini amancane. Bathi, ikakhulukazi, bazama umgomo wokulwa no-typhus. Izinkulungwane ze-Armenia zafa nsuku zonke ngenxa yokuhlushwa nokuxhashazwa kwamajaji.

Izisulu

Namuhla, kukhona ukuhlolwa okungafani ngokuqondile kokuthi bangaki abantu abafa futhi bahlupheka ngesikhathi sezenzakalo ze-Ottoman zaleyo minyaka. Umlando wokubulawa kuka-Armenia ka-1915 uyaqhubeka ucwaningwa emayunivesithi ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Imithombo ivuliwe, izitifiketi zihlaziywa.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Agasti 1915, omunye wabaholi be-Young Turks Enver Pasha wakhuluma ngama-Armenia ayizinkulungwane ezingu-300 abulawa. Umphakathi waseJalimane uJohannes Lepsius, owazifundela lezo zenzakalo ngokuziphishekela, wakhipha amaqoqo amaningana edokhumenti. Wabiza isibalo sabantu abayizigidi ezifile. ULepsius wahlaziya wonke umlando wokubhujiswa kwe-Armenia ka-1915. Ngokuyinhloko, wathi abantu abangaba ngu-300 000 baphendulelwa ngokuqinile eMbusweni.

Ucwaningo lwesimanje luhlinzeka ngezibalo ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, imithombo eTurkey ithi cishe abayizinkulungwane ezingu-200 abafile, kuyilapho izincwadi zase-Armenia zithi cishe izigidi ezimbili. Futhi, isibonelo, i-Encyclopedia Britannica edumile ayiniki izilinganiso ezinembile nhlobo, ngokuhambisana nenani elibanzi kakhulu labangu-600 000 kuya kwezigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi. Lapha kwakungu-Ephreli 1915 ...

Ukubulawa Kwama-Armenia kanye nakho konke okwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi kudlulile. Sekuphele iminyaka eyikhulu, ubufakazi bokugcina bobubi obufile. Iziphathimandla zase-Ottoman, ngenkathi zenza imikhankaso yokuxoshwa nokubulawa kwabantu, zaziqeda ngokucophelela noma yimaphi amadokhumende, imiyalo ebhaliwe kanye neminye imithombo engakwazi ukwahlulela ngokwanele okwenzekile. Konke lokhu ndawonye futhi kuholela ezilinganisweni ezinjalo zezinhlekelele.

IsiGungu Sezempi eTurkey

Naphezu kwemizamo yamagunya ase-Ottoman ukufihla amacala abo, izindaba zokuthunjwa nokubulawa kwabantu abangekho emthethweni zaqala ukuvuza ngaphandle. Kakade ngo-May 1915, amazwe ahlangene we-Entente (Great Britain, France naseRussia) asayine isimemezelo esihlangene esikhuthaza i-Istanbul ukuba imise ukuphindaphindiwe ngokumelene nomphakathi wayo. Yiqiniso, lezi zitatimende azizange ziholele kunoma yini.

Ukulinganisa okwenzeka eTurkey kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1918, ngenkathi izwe lihlulwa eMpini Yezwe Lokuqala. Istanbul yayingaphansi kwamandla e-Entente, kanti abantu bokuqala beziphathimandla zangaphambilini babalekela izwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Laba yiTurkey abasebasha kakhulu abaye baqala ukukhwabanisa ngo-1908 futhi badonsela izwe labo empini yezwe eceleni kweJalimane.

Manje i-Entente, eyinqobe, idinga ukuba iziphathimandla ezintsha zase-Ottoman zihlole ukuthi yini eyenziwa u-Armenian u-1915. Izizathu, umlando, amadokhumende asaphila - konke lokhu kwafundwa ngokucophelela enkantolo, okwaqala ukusebenza ngoDisemba 1918 (ngaphambi kwalokho, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, ikhomishana kahulumeni yaqhuba izinyathelo zayo). Kwafakazelwa ukuthi ukubulawa kwabantu basemaphandleni kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile, okuyinto yobugebengu bomhlaba wonke.

Ababambisene nalabo abenza lo mkhuba kwakuyi: Mehmed Talaat Pasha (owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi noGrisi Vizier), u-Enver Pasha (omunye wabaholi be-Young Turks Party), no-Ahmed Jemal Pasha (naye osebenza ngeqembu). Laba abathathu, ababengumandla, badala i-triumvirate engavumelekile futhi bathatha zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile zombuso. I-Tribunal yabagweba ukuba bangaboshwa, njengoba bonke babaleka ezweni ngemuva kokufika kwamabutho e-Entente e-Istanbul.

Ukusebenza "Nemesis"

Ukuhlukunyezwa kweArmenian (1915) okudabukisayo, izimbangela nemiphumela, okwakulokhu kuthathwa isikhathi eside enkantolo, iminyaka eminingi ilandelana emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-1919, inhlangano "uDashnaktsutyun" ibanjwe e-Yerevan ezimele. Leli qembu elibusayo lase-Armenia lahlanganisa uhlu lwabantu abangamakhulu abantu ababeyiziqalo eziyinhloko kanye nabaphangi bokuziphendulela ngokumelene nama-Armenia eMbusweni wase-Ottoman.

Eqinisweni, kuleyo ngqungquthela, i- "Dashnaktsutyun" yamemezela umkhankaso wokuphindiselela abahlukumezi bezinhlekelele zezwe. Nakuba ngaleso sikhathi e-Istanbul, futhi wasebenza njengenkundla, eyayilahla abaholi be-Young Turks, bakwazi ukugwema isijeziso. E-Yerevan, bashiya izindlela zomthetho zokulwa nalabo ababenecala lokubulala. Inhlangano yokubulala abantu abawela ohlwini lwezintambo zephathi yaqala. Isenzo sabizwa ngokuthi "Nemesis" (ukubhekisela kuNemesis - unkulunkulukazi wesiGreki wokuziphindiselela).

Esikhathini kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1922. Abasebenzi abaningi basehulumeni base-Ottoman, abaqala ukubulawa kwe-Armenian (1915), babulawa. Izizathu zaso sezicatshangwe kakade enkundleni yezempi yaseTurkey, kanye necala lezigebengu - liboniswa. Nakuba izishoshovu zaseDashnaktsutyun zenzele ingozi yazo futhi zibeka ingozi, zihlale zisho ukuthi zenza kuphela izinqumo ezisemthethweni zenkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukubulala abaseTurkey abaseNtshonalanga

Ngo-March 15, 1921 eBerlin, i-Armenian Soghomon Teyliryan yabulala uTalaat Pasha, efihle eYurophu ngaphansi kwegama elibheke phambili, phambi kofakazi abaningi. Lo mshayeli waboshwa ngokushesha ngamaphoyisa aseJalimane. Icala laqala. I-Taylirian yavolontiya ukuvikela abameli abakhulu eJalimane. Le nqubo iholele ekuhlaleni okubanzi komphakathi. Amaqiniso amaningi ehlaselwa u-Armenia eMbusweni wase-Ottoman nawo aphinde avezwe lapho bezwa khona. I-Teylirian inomuzwa ozwakalayo. Ngemva kwalokho, wathuthela e-United States, lapho afela khona ngo-1960.

Esinye isisulu esibalulekile se-Operation Nemesis ngu-Ahmed Djemal Pasha, owabulawa eTiflis ngo-1922. Ngonyaka ofanayo, elinye ilungu le-Enver triumvirate lashona phakathi nokulwa ne-Red Army eThajikistan yanamuhla. Ubalekele e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho okwesikhashana wayehlanganyela ngokuhlanganyela emnyakeni weBasmachi.

Ukuhlolwa kwezomthetho

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi igama elithi "ukuhlukunyezwa" kuvele encwadini yezomthetho esikhathini esingaphezu kwezehlakalo ezichazwe. Leli gama lavela ngo-1943 futhi ekuqaleni lisho ukubulawa okukhulu kwamaJuda yiziphathimandla zamaNazi zoMbuso WeThathu. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, leli gama lahlelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuvumelana nomhlangano we-UN osanda kumiswa. Imicimbi kakade yamuva eMbusweni wase-Ottoman yaziwa njengeGeneral Genocide ngo-1915. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kwenziwa ngePhalamende laseYurophu kanye ne-UN.

Ngo-1995, ukubulawa kwabantu base-Armenia eMbusweni wase-Ottoman kwaziwa ngokuthi yi-genocide e-Russian Federation. Namuhla, iningi lama-US lithi, cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu naseNingizimu Melika, abambelela kule mbono efanayo. Kodwa kunezizwe eziphikisana noGeorgean Genocide (1915). Izizathu, ngokufushane, zihlala ezombusazwe. Okokuqala, iTurkey ne-Azerbaijan yanamuhla ziluhlu lwalezi zizwe.