U-Ivars Beskostny ungumholi weDanish Vikings, indodana kaRagnar Lodbrock. Biography, umlando

I-Viking i-Ivars i-Boneless edumile yayiyindodana yeRagnar Lodbrock eyedlula nakakhulu. Ukuze abuyisele ukufa kukayise, lo mpagane wabutha ibutho elikhulu, afika eBrithani. Umphumela womkhankaso wakhe ongakaze ube khona kwakuwukunqotshwa kwengxenye yesiqhingi ngabakwaDanes (okhokho baseDanes), lapho kwaqalwa khona amandla amaScandinavia. U-Ivar ngokwakhe wayaziwa njengomuntu olwaqhawe, onobuchopho obuningi obukulo mdlalo. Ukuphila kwakhe, okugcwele amabala amhlophe, kungqungqutshwe yizinganekwane eziningi kanye nemibono eminingi.

Indodana yeNkosi

Inkosi yaseDenmark uRagnar Lodbroke ayengayiqhayisa kuphela impumelelo yakhe empini, kodwa futhi inzalo enkulu. U-Ivar ungomunye wamadodana amaningi weqhawe elidumile. Ngenxa yamadokhumenti aqhekekile futhi angalungile ngaleso sikhathi, izazi-mlando azikwazi ukuthi i-Viking yazalwa nini. Ulwazi oluningi oluthembekile mayelana ne-Ivar lushiya ngemuva kwakhe "I-Saga kaRagnar nezingane Zakhe." Kodwa kulokho azikho amaqiniso mayelana nobuntwana nentsha yomholi wesikhathi esizayo wamaDanes.

Akungabazeki ukuthi u-Ivar kusukela eminyakeni yakudala wayesefunda ubuciko bempi. Ubaba wakhulela kuye i-Viking yangempela, okungekho lutho olukhona empilweni ngaphandle kokunyuka nokuphanga e-Europe Yurophu. Kwakuyikhulu lekhulu le-9 elaba yisikhathi sezinsuku zokuhlasela ezichitha igazi nezonakalisayo zaseScandinavia. Ngokuvamile babehlasela iFrance neBrithani. Kwakuyibhizinisi elihle ukuthi u-Ivar Besostny wazinikela impilo yakhe yonke. Akazange aqale ngisho nomndeni futhi washiya izingane zakhe.

Name Riddle

Abacwaningi abakafiki endaweni eyodwa yokubuka, okwakusho isiteketiso sokuthi i-Ivars the Bessless igqoke (kungani iBaskostny?). Izimvo zihlukile. Mhlawumbe i-Ivory ibizwa ngokuthi iBoskostnost ngenxa yokungahambi kahle okwakungakaze kubonakale empini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izazi-mlando ziphakamisa ukuthi imbangela yesiteketiso ingaba yisifo esingaziwa.

Ngisho noma u-Ivar enesifo esithile, akazange amvimbe ekuhambeni uhambo olude. Ngo-865, uyise uRagnar wasinda ekukhunjweni komkhumbi ogwini lwaseBrithani. INkosi Northumbria Ella II, owazonda abaqaba, wabulala iViking evelele. Ukubulawa kwabantu kwafakaza kakhulu. U-Ragnar waphonswa emgodini ogcwele izinyoka ezinobuthi. Ngezwa izindaba zokufa kukababa ekhaya. Ngaleso sikhathi, umlando waseDenmark wenza ushintsho olubukhali. Izingane zikaRagnar zaya esiqhingini esikude ukuze ziphindiselele uyise.

Ukuhamba Ngaphandle Kwezwe

Ekuseni kuka-865, ibutho elikhulu lasePagan lalingamaDekakka alo futhi laya eBrithani. Imoto yokuqala i-Ivara yabona abalimi ababehlala ogwini lolwandle lwaseKent. Amaqaba aphanga iBrithani izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, kodwa akekho owakhumbula izitimela eziningi kakhulu ekugcineni. Ngokwezibalo ezihlukahlukene, u-Ivars Beskostny waqoqa iqembu elincane lama-300-400, okwakungabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-5. Ngekhulu le-IX, lezi ziyizinombolo ezingavamile. Kwakubonakala sengathi bonke abantu basuke behamba, njengoba kwakusenzeke ngesikhathi seMfudumalo Yezizwe Eziphakeme, lapho okhokho base Anglo-Saxon bephuma ezweni laseYurophu futhi bahlala eBrithani.

Kanye no-Ivar, amanye amadodana amabili kaRagnar, Khalfdan no-Ubba, aphindiselela uyise. Ngemuva kokuphanga kokuqala eKent nasesiqhingini saseTetet, i-flotilla yamaVikings yaqhubeka. Abahedeni bakhetha umgomo wabo olandelayo eMpumalanga yeNgilandi, eyabusa iNkosi Edmund. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi lokhu kwakungesona isikhathi esisodwa sokuhlasela kwamaDanes. Abafokazi babezohlala eNgilandi isikhathi eside.

Imikhumbi emikhulu yaseDanes yaphefumulela okwesaba okukhulu. Emikhawulweni yempi yamaDrakak yayimidwebo yamapulangwe. Ibutho lamaqaba lalibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimpawu. Imikhumbi ye-Ivar nabafowabo yayingenjalo. AmaViking akholelwa ukuthi izithombe zokhuni zisiza ukuxosha imimoya emibi futhi zilethe ukunqoba phezu kwabaphikisanayo. Izikebhe ze-la en zazinesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sesikhathi sabo. Imikhumbi ayidluli nje kuphela olwandle olusenyakatho, kodwa futhi yahamba kahle emanzini angajulile. Lesi sici sokugcina sasibaluleke kakhulu kubantwana bakaRagnar. Ngisho nalapho ngisekungxenyeni kwaseBrithani, ivar ngasemifuleni yayikwazi ukuthwala imikhumbi enezinto ezigcinwe kanye nokuqothulwa.

Izizathu ezengeziwe zokuhlasela

Bonke abalobi belolo suku bavuma ukuthi u-Ivar nabafowabo bahamba baya eBrithani ngokuphindisela ngenxa yokufa kukayise, futhi lo mbono awukungabazeki. Kodwa yini eyenza balandele ibutho elikhulu kanye nenani elikhulu labaxhasi abajoyina esikhathini esizayo sokuhlasela? Iyini impendulo yomlando yalo mkhankaso omude?

Isibonelo, amaNorwegi ashiye izwe lakubo ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwezwe elisogwini olucebile nokukhuphuka. Kodwa abantwana bakaRagnar kanye namabutho abo bezilwane ezincane, ngakho-ke babegqugquzelwa ezinye izisusa. Ekhuluma ngezimbangela ezijulile zokuhlasela kweMpi yamaPagani amakhulu (hhayi nje kuphela isakhiwo esihle sokuziphindisela ekufeni kukaRagnar), kufanele kuthiwe ngaleso sikhathi (ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye), emva kwenkinga enkulu eyalandela ukuwa koMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma, IYurophu yabona ukwanda okukhulu kwezohwebo. Umfudlana omkhulu wesiliva nazo zonke izinhlobo zezimpahla zithengiswa kule ndawo. Kwakukhona amadolobha omthengisi amasha, kuhlanganise neBritish Lundenwick (eLondon). Izindawo ezinjalo zicebile, kodwa azizange zibe nezinqaba eziqinile (ngenxa yendawo emanzini noma olwandle). Ngakho, amaVikings abhekene nesilingo esiphindwe kabili - hhayi nje ukuphangwa okucebile, kodwa futhi futhi avikelwe kabi ngempango ecebile.

Izizathu zokuvela kwezimoto ezinkulu ezivela ogwini lwaseBrithani kwakungekhona nje kuphela ezomnotho, kodwa nezombusazwe. Kuwo wonke i-IX leminyaka eDenmark, kwaba khona umzabalazo phakathi kwamandla asebukhosini obukhulu kanye nabaholi bezempi bamaVikings. Amakhosi ayefuna ukulawula ukuhlasela. Ukuziqhenya nokujwayele inkululeko abahlukumezi banqaba lesi sifiso. Ngo-854, amasosha asebenzelana neNkosi uHorik I. Le nkosi yenza ukuthula nenkosi yaseFrance futhi yavimbela imikhankaso yabantu bakubo. Ngemuva kokufa kukaHorik Denmark isikhathi eside asihlali ngaphandle kwamandla, okwakungagcina amaVikings afisa ukukhishwa kwemikhankaso. Leli thuba lalisetshenziswe nguRagnar, futhi inkululeko efanayo yadlalwa ezandleni zamadodana akhe, owakwazi ukuhlangana naye ngenani elikhulu labaxhasi.

Ukupaka e-East Anglia

Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-866, amaVikings aphanga iFrance afunda ukuthi u-Ivars waseBoston wadala isiphephelo eMpumalanga Anglia. Kukhona ukushisa okuvela kuwo wonke amaScandinavia. E-East Anglia babefisa futhi baqeda ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Izingane uRagnar zachitha eBrithani lonke ubusika. Inani lamakamu eScandinavia landa - ifu phezu kwekhanda lika-Edmund lalikhudlwana. I-Vikings ayizange ihambe ngisho nangemva kokujoyina ama-comrades abathola inhlanhla enkulu eFrance - uKarl Kar the Bald wabathengisa amakhilogremu angu-4 000 esiliva. Kwamasosha amaningi lokhu kwakungumkhawulo wamaphupho, kodwa i-Ivars iBaskosty yayithanda izinhloso ezide kakhulu.

Eya kwelinye izwe, umholi wezempi wakha icebo eliningiliziwe. Wanquma ukushiya icebo lokuhamba laseScandinavians futhi enze ibutho lakhe libe nehhashi. Kuze kube sekugcineni, e-Eastern England, abantu abangabazi bangenisa amahhashi amaningi kubantu bakubo. Amahhashi ayedinga ukunyakaza okusheshayo emaphethelweni angajwayelekile. Ukufika endaweni yokulwa, amaViking ahlaselwa futhi enza njengesihlangu esikhwameni ngezinyawo. Umlwi ngamunye wavikela umngane wakhe - ibutho lalwa njengento eyodwa.

Ukuhamba e-Northumbria

Amaqaba ahlasela iBrithani azuza eqinisweni lokuthi kwakungekho negunya elilodwa esiqhingini. INgilandi yahlukaniswa yaba imibuso eyisikhombisa. Ubuhlobo babo bebhola eliyinkimbinkimbi yezingqubuzana. Njengomthetho, babenzondo, futhi lapho kufika abafokazi bazama ukuhlanganisa imizamo yabo ngokumelene nesitha esivamile. Lokhu kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Umholi we-Danish Vikings, u-Ivar, naye wayazi zonke izimpikiswano zezombusazwe. Okokuqala wanquma ukuhlasela i-Northumbria. Lo mbuso wabhekana nezingxabano zangaphakathi. Ngobusuku bezakhamuzi zakhe baqhuba inkosi yakhe u-Osbert. Endaweni yayo kwafika u-Ella II. Wayesolwa ukuthi uRagnar Lodbrock wabulawa, owaphonswa emgodini nezinyoka.

Ngakho-ke, u-Ivar nabafowabo bakhetha i-Northumbria ngokuziphindisela futhi ngenxa yokuthi yilo mbuso, okungaphezu kwakho konke, owahlukunyezwa yi-internecine conflict. Ubukhosi bendawo behlukaniswe. Ingxenye eyodwa yayo isekela umsebenzisi. Omunye wayethemba ukubuyela kuka-Osbert, owayengowokumkani wasebukhosini futhi waba namalungelo afanele esihlalweni sobukhosi (ngokuphambene no-Ella II wezobuciko).

Igazi lokuphindisela

AmaPagan ahlasela iNorhumbria ngoNovemba 1, 866. Ibutho labantu abangaba ngu-10 000 liholele umholi weDanish Vikings Ivar. NgamaKristu kwakuyiSuku LamaSanta Bonke - usuku lapho babekhohlwa ngezikhali ngezikhali futhi beya enkonzweni ngokuthula. AmaVikings awathatha ngokumangala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxabano phakathi kwabahloniphekile nazo zadlala indima. Kuze kube usuku lokugcina, amakhosi aseNorthumbrian azange athathe noma yiziphi izinyathelo ezinzulu zokuvikela izwe labo, enethemba lokuthi lesi siphepho sizozidlula bese siwela eMercia eseduze.

Ngenxa yalokho, ama-Anglo-Saxon awakwazi ukunikeza ukuphikiswa okungathí sina. Bobabili inkosi yabalekela masinyane. U-Ivar, kanye nabafowabo nebutho lakhe, bangena eYork. Idolobha, elasekelwa amaRoma, iminyaka eyikhulu yadlula yedatha. Lapho, amaVikings ayeqhwaqisa, elungisa izakhiwo ezibhuqiwe futhi ekulungele ukulwa okusha namaKristu.

Ngonyaka ka-spring ozayo (867), abathunjiwe u-Osbert no-Ella baphinde babuyisane futhi banquma ukusebenzisana ndawonye. Bahlasela i-York ngoMashi 23, ngeSonto lePalm. Ngokungazelelwe kwaqinisekisa abase-Anglo-Saxons impumelelo yokuqala. Kubonakala sengathi abaphikisana nabo babhekana nezindima. Manje izitha zamaVikings zazingasemgodini wokunqotshwa. Nokho, ibutho lamakhosi amabili lawela esicupheni. Ngezikhala ezizindongeni waphukela eYork futhi wayezungezwe isixuku esikhulu nakakhulu samaVikings.

Isikhali esinamandla u-Ivar wayengesiyena nje umlindi omuhle. Esikhathini esithile esinzima, angasebenzisa ubuqili obuqili futhi anqobe isitha ngengqondo yakhe. Ama-Anglo-Saxons ahanjiswa. U-Ella no-Osbert bakhokha ngempilo yabo. Ngokuhlukile kufanelekile ukuphawula ukufa kombulali uRagnar. U-Ella walethwa e-Ivar futhi, ngaphambi kokuphindisela okufunwa umphakathi, waxoshwa ekubulaweni kwabahedeni - "inkozi egazini". Isisulu saqothulwa esifubeni, sakhupha amaphaphu, futhi "amaphiko" ahlulwa emhlane. "I-Eagle Egazi" yazinikezelwa ku-Odin. Abahedeni babonga uNkulunkulu wabo wempi ngokunqoba okubalulekile nokukhunjulwa.

Impi no-Mercia

Ukuba yinkosi yangempela yeNorthumbria, ubuqili u-Ivar Ragnarsson wenqaba ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. Wenza isikhwama sakhe u-Egbert isipopi. Ulwazi olumayelana nalomuntu luyi-sketchy. Kungenzeka ukuthi wayeyingcweti yase-Anglo-Saxon, ngenkathi engenandaba nendlu yokuqala yobukhosi. U-Egbert walalela i-Viking kukho konke futhi wanikeza inkulumo emabuthaneni ngesikhathi semikhankaso elandelayo.

Manje kwakuyijika likaMercia. Kwakukhona lapho ibutho lithinta u-Ivars Besostny. INkosi Burgred yaqala ukufuna usizo eWessex. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaVikings ayema emadongeni aseNottingham, lapho aphula khona ikamu lesikhashana. Ekugcineni, ibutho le-King Wessex Ethelred lasiza ibutho laseBurroughd. Kodwa-ke, inyunyana entsha, njengale yangaphambili, ayikwazanga ukwenza lutho nabantu abangabazi. Ama-Anglo-Saxon azama ukuthatha ikamu leViking, kodwa lo mzamo wehlulekile.

Indodana kaRagnar, u-Ivar the Boneless, ufeze umgomo wakhe. UMercia wabhadela abeZizwe iminikelo enkulu, emva kwalokho bahlala umhlalaphansi. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Ivar wasebenzisa amacebo akhe oyithandayo - ukwesatshiswa. Wavuma ukuba abe nokuthula, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe wayedinga imibono emikhulu. Ngo-869, amaDanes abuyela eYork.

Ukunqoba phezu kuka-Edmund

Ngemva kokuphumula okude i-Ivar yahamba ekuqaleni kohambo lwakhe - East of England. Lo mbuso wawudumile ngokucebile kwawo yizindinganiso zasezindlini zaseBrithani. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukunyezwa ngabanye abaseScandinavia bazama ukuphanga ngokunembile amathempeli, ngoba babengathola inyamazane ecebile kakhulu (igolide lokuqala). U-Ubba (u-Ivar owabeka enhloko yebutho) wakhetha njengomgomo wakhe i-monastery yasePotboro. Zonke izikhonzi zalesi sikhungo sezindela (kuhlanganise ne-abbot) zabulawa. Kulezi zizindela, amaViking waba yindlela ephilayo yokuphila kwesiprofetho seBhayibheli sikaJeremiya. Ngisho nasenkathini yeTestamente Elidala, wabikezela ukuthi abafokazi begazi, ababevela ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, babeyobhubhisa nokufutheka ezweni lamaKristu. Akumangazi ukuthi amaKatolika ahlala eBrithani aphatha amaVikings njengobungozi obukhulu kakhulu, abangazange bawele amakhanda abo ngesimo sesijeziso sikaNkulunkulu ngenxa yezono zabo zangaphambili.

Ebonisa amandla e-dans, u-Ivar uthumele umlayezo eNkosini yaseMpumalanga Anglia, u-Edmund, emncenga ukuthi abe ngumbuso wezizwe, njengoba u-Egbert enza eN Northumbria. Inkosi yamenqaba. Kwacaca ukuthi ukukhuluma ngokumelene ne-Ivar kwakusho isigwebo sokufa. Kodwa-ke, u-Edmund wayengesabi ngengozi ehamba phezu kwakhe. Mhlawumbe waqonda ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukunqoba amaDanes, kodwa wayenethemba lokuthi uzobaphazamisa kuze kube yilapho yena ngokwakhe ebhala ukusekelwa kwababambisene nabo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkosi yayicabanga kanjani, izinhlelo zakhe azizange zigcwaliseke. U-Edmund wanquma ukulibazisa isikhathi, avuma ukuba abe yi-Ivar, uma elamukela ubuKristu. Umhedeni wayengathokozisanga lesi sipho. Ibutho elincane lase-East Anglia lahluleka. U-Edmund wabulawa. Le nkosi yaba enye yezingcwele zesiNgisi ezihlonishwa kakhulu. Ngokusho komlando, amaVikings amenzele umgomo wemicibisholo, ukubulala ukufa okubuhlungu nokuphuza.

Uhambo oluya e-Ireland

Emva kwezehlakalo eMpumalanga Anglia kanye nokubulawa kwabantu kuka-Edmund, impilo ka-Ivar iphinda iba yimfihlakalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokusho komlando ka-Ethelwerd, le Viking yafa ngemva nje kwalowo mkhankaso. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando ziye zafinyelela esiphelweni sokuthi lobu bufakazi buyiphutha. Umbono wesibili futhi wande kabanzi wukuthi, lapho egubha ukunqoba e-East Anglia, amaScandinaviya ahlukanisa. Elinye ibutho lasala eBrithani futhi ngokushesha laqala ukulwa noWessex, elinye laya e-Ireland. Lena ibutho lesibili futhi liholwa ngu-Ivars Beskostny.

I-biography ye-Viking ihlukaniswe. Futhi uma kukhona okuningi okwaziwa ngomkhankaso wakhe waseBrithani, uhambo olulandelayo lendodana yakhe uRagnar lushiya ubufakazi obungathembeki kakhulu. Eshiya ibutho eNgilandi ngaphansi kobuholi bomfowabo uHalddan, u-Ivar waphikisana nezakhamuzi zase-Ireland Picts.

Sekuyisikhathi eside lesi siqhingi sasiyinto elula yamaVikings. AmaScandinavians athatha izinkomo, ingcebo nezigqila ngaphandle kokubunzima okukhulu. Uma kwakunamakhosi ayisikhombisa eNgilandi, khona-ke kwakukhona amakhosi amakhosi alawulwa i-Ireland, okwakukhona izinto ezincane. Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kwakuyisihluthulelo sokuhlaselwa okuphumelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu basekhaya bendawo bahlala ohlelweni lokuqala. Kwakungenalo ibutho elivikelayo e-Ireland. Kodwa-ke, amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba abantu abanokuthula bahlasele izikhali zabangaphandle futhi bafunde izindlela zokuqala zasempi. U-Ivar kwadingeka abhekane nomphikisi onjalo. Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi obucacile bokuhlala kwakhe e-Ireland.

Ivar empini

Izizukulwane nezinzalo zazifaka i-Ivars njengeberserks. Ngakho-ke kuthiwa ungolaka kakhulu futhi engacabangeli amanxeba nobuhlungu bezimpi zeViking. Kwakunzima ukuthola umngane omuhle empini. Ukubhonga ayeziphonsa esitha kwakubangela ukwesaba esitheni, futhi okwesaba okukhulu kwaphefumulela idumela lakhe njengezitha ezingenangqondo. Ukuphila kwama-berserks kwakuzungezwe isihenqo semfihlakalo. Laba basolwa kuthiwa bayakwazi ukucima izihlahla, bagwebe amalahle ashisayo futhi banqume umuntu nge-ax yakhe.

On the yinkundla yempi Ivar wangena phansi banner Ragnar uyise. Kuleli ngendwangu ukuboniswa uphawu ezivamile amaViking - Black Raven Carrion. Lolu phawu lwalusetshenziswa kwakudingeka kokubili ukuze uqinise umoya ozakwabo zakhe, futhi ukwesabisa izitha. Army amaViking Ivar ngokuvamile wasebenzisa amacebo ka "odongeni izihlangu." A inqubo efanayo eye yasakazwa kodwa amaRoma "ufudu" bazo abadumile. Warriors ezakhiwa kumbuthano futhi yahlanganiswa izihlangu zabo. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka inqaba ezihambayo. Bekusikhathi yokugxilisa ingqondo, futhi umgoqo zokuzivikela.

Ukufa isiphetho ithuna

Ngokusho kwemithombo ephakathi, Ivar washona ngo nyaka 873. Izimo ngokuhamba kwakhe ekuphileni kungaziwa ukuthi kanjani. Ngisho noma umlawuli wabulawa e-Ireland, ukuthi nakanjani wangcwatshwa ngokwabo ezweni lawo elisha - e Northumbria. Ukudalelwa Ivar umzimba isikhathi eside ayikaziwa. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII, umlimi edolobheni Repton bakhubekile lapho ithuna lasendulo ukuthi ososayensi kamuva ziye zakhomba njengoba ithuna Viking abadumile.

milando zaseScandinavia walondoloza legend lengubo izinsalela Ivar. AngabeZizwe wafuna ukuba angcwatshwe Northumbria, ngenkolelo yokuthi ithuna lakhe kuyokusiza Danes ukunqoba zonke izinhlobo izitha. Lapho England langena King Harald, ngempela wahlulwa kanye awakwazanga ukunqoba izwe. Ukwazi mayelana isiqalekiso, okuyinto exudes indunduma Ivar, uWilliam uMnqobi, bahamba ngomkhumbi baya eBrithani phakathi XI leminyaka, kuqala bemba ethuneni. Ngemva lo mkhosi, uNorman wakwazi ukunqoba yonke yase-England. Iqiniso noma inganekwane - nje bathini akunakwenzeka. Nokho, Ivar ngobulungisa hero zinganekwane eziningi zangenkathi ephakathi. Umlando Denmark uyazi kancane izinduna emangalisayo futhi iphile.