Ukuqhamuka - kuyini? I-Arab Caliphate, ukuvela kwayo nokuhlakazeka kwayo. Umlando we-Caliphate

Phakathi kwezinkolo zezwe , omncinyane kunamaSulumane, azalwa ngokuzalwa kuze kube sekhulwini le-7 futhi ehlobene negama lomprofethi Muhammad, owazibiza ngokuthi monotheism. Ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe eHajiz, ensimini yaseNtshonalanga Arabia, kwakhiwa umphakathi we-coreligionists. Ukunqoba okuqhubekayo amaSulumane aseHenenia yase-Arabia, i-Iraq, i-Iran kanye nezinye izifundazwe kwaholela ekuqaliseni kwe-Arabism - isizwe esinamandla sase-Asia. Yayihlanganisa lonke uchungechunge lwamazwe anqobile.

Ukulinganisa: kuyini?

Lona kanye igama elithi "caliphate" ekuhunyushweni okuvela e-Arabhu lisho izincazelo ezimbili. Lona ligama lombuso omkhulu owadalwa ngemuva kokufa kukaMuhammad ngabalandeli bakhe, kanye nesihloko sobusi ophakeme ngaphansi kwegunya lalawo mazwe alesiqiniseko. Isikhathi sokuba khona kwalesi sakhiwo sombuso, esibhalwe izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi namasiko, wehla emlandweni njenge-Golden Age of Islam. Ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengemingcele yawo ka-632-1258.

Emva kokufa komProfethi Muhammad, umlando we- caliphate unezikhathi ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okwokuqala kwawo, owaqala ngo-632, ngenxa yokudalwa kwe-Caliphate ye-Right, eholwa amaKhalifa amane, okulunga kwawo okwenzela igama izwe elibusayo. Iminyaka yokubusa kwabo ibonakala ngamanani amaningi, njengokubanjwa kweNhlonipho yase-Arabia, iCaucasus, iLevant kanye neningi leNyakatho Afrika.

Izingxabano zenkolo nezinzuzo zendawo

Ukuvela kwe-caliphate kuhlobene eduze nezingxabano mayelana nomlandeli wakhe owaqala emva kokufa komprofethi Muhammad. Ngenxa yezimpikiswano eziningi, umngane oseduze womsunguli wamaSulumane, u-Abu Bakr al-Saddik, waba umbusi ophakeme kanye nomholi wenkolo. Waqala ukubusa empini ngokumelene nezihlubuki ezazisuka ezimfundisweni zomprofethi Muhammad ngemva kokufa kwakhe futhi owaba abalandeli bomprofethi wamanga uMusailima. Ibutho labo labangamashumi amane namashumi amane lahlulwa eMpini yeArkaba.

Amacali alungile alandela aqhubeka nokunqoba nokwandisa izindawo ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo. Omunye wabo, u-Ali ibn Abu Talib, waba yisisulu sezihlubuki ezihlubukile ezivela emgqeni omkhulu wamaSulumane, amaKharijite. Lokhu kuqeda ukhetho lwababusi abaphakeme, ngoba, ngokubambisana, uMawiwiya I, owabamba amandla wabe eseba nguChaliph, ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wamisa indodana yakhe ukuba yindlalifa, ngakho-ke umbuso owawuthiwa yi-Umayyad ukhaliphe, wasungulwa esifundazweni. Kuyini?

Indlela entsha, yesibili ye-caliphate

Isihloko salesi sikhathi emlandweni we- Arabhu ngenxa yombuso wakwa-Umayyad, owakuvela kuMawiwiya I. Indodana yakhe, eyathola ifa lakhe eliphakeme kubaba wayo, laqhubeka lisakaze imingcele ye-caliphate, ithola ukunqoba okukhulu kwezempi e-Afghanistan, eNyakatho India naseCaucasus. Amabutho akhe athathe ingxenye yeSpain neFrance.

Nguye kuphela umbusi waseByzantium Leo Isaurus noKhanbarian Khan Tervel abakwazi ukumisa ukunqoba kwakhe okunqobayo futhi baqede ukwandiswa kwendawo. Kodwa-ke, iYurophu, kufanele isindiswe abahlubuki abangama-Arabhu ngokuyinhloko kumqondisi ovelele wekhulu lesishiyagalombili, uKarl Martel. Ibutho lamaFranks eliholwa nguye lahlula amaqembu amaningi abahlaseli e-Battle of Poitiers edumile.

I-Perestroika yokuqwashisa amasosha ngendlela enokuthula

Ukuqala kwenkathi ehambisana ne-Caliphate ye-Umayyad ibonakala ukuthi isimo sama-Arabs ngokwawo ezindaweni abahlala kuzo sasingenakuphulukiswa: ukuphila kufana nesimo esimweni sezempi esimweni sokulwela ukulwa okuqhubekayo. Isizathu salokhu kwaba intshiseko enkulu yenkolo yomunye wababusi balawo minyaka ka-Umar I. Sibonga kuye, amaSulumane athola izici zesonto eliphikisayo.

Ukuvela kwesibindi sama-Arabhu kwabeletha iqembu elikhulu lezenhlalo zamasosha - abantu ababenomsebenzi kuphela okubandakanyeka emkhankasweni wokunqotshwa. Ukuvimbela ukuqaphela kwabo ukuthi bangabuyiselwa ngendlela enokuthula, babenqatshelwe ukuthatha umhlaba futhi bathole indlela yokuphila ehleliwe. Ekupheleni kobukhosi, isithombe sesishintshile kakhulu. Ukuvinjelwa kwaqedwa, futhi, ekubeni ngabanikazi bomhlaba, abaningi bezilwane zamaSulumane zangezolo babekhetha impilo yabahlali abanokuthula.

I-Calabat yedolobha lama-Abbasid

Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuthi uma eminyakeni ye-Caliphate Yobulungiswa bayo bonke ababusi bayo bezombusazwe ngokubaluleka kwayo kwanikezela ithonya lenkolo, kodwa manje seliyithathile isikhundla. Ngokwebukhulu bayo bezombusazwe kanye nokuthuthuka kwamasiko, ubukhali be-Abbasid buzuze udumo olukhulu emlandweni weMpumalanga.

Kuyini lokhu okuyaziwa namuhla ngamaSulumane amaningi. Ukukhumbula kwakhe kuze kube manje kuqinisa umoya wabo. I-Abbasids yilabo ababusi bamazwe, abanikela abantu babo inqwaba yama-state of excellence. Phakathi kwabo kwakuyizikhulu, nabathengi, nabachwepheshe beqiniso nabaphathi bezobuciko.

U-Caliph - umphathi wezimbongi nososayensi

Kukholelwa ukuthi isibhamu sama-Arabhu ngaphansi kukaHarun ar Rashid, omunye wabameli abavelele kakhulu besigodlo sokubusa, sifike phezulu. Lo wesilisa wehla emlandweni njengomphathi wabososayensi, izimbongi nabalobi. Kodwa-ke, ezinikezela ekuthuthukiseni okungokomoya kukahulumeni ahamba phambili, uChaliph waba umqondisi omubi nomlawuli omkhulu ongenamsebenzi. Ngendlela, ngumfanekiso wakhe ongafihliwe eqoqweni elidala leminyaka yezinganekwane zase-oriental "A Thousand and One Nights".

"I-Golden Age ye-Arab Culture" yiyona nto efanelwe kakhulu yi-Khalifat eholwa nguHarun al Rashid. Yikuphi lokhu, ongakuqonda ngokugcwele, kuphela owaziyo ukuhlanganiswa kwamasiko ase-Old Persian, Indian, Assyria, eBabiloni nakwezinye iziGreki, okubambe iqhaza ekusungulweni komcabango wesayensi phakathi nokubusa kwalokhu kukhanyisa kweMpumalanga. Konke okuhle okwakhiwa kwakuyingqondo yokudala yezwe lasendulo, wakwazi ukuhlanganisa, okwenza isisekelo esiyinhloko salolu ulimi lwesi-Arabhu. Yingakho izinkulumo zethu zihlanganisa "isiko sama-Arab", "ubuciko be-Arab" njalonjalo.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezohwebo

Esikhathini esikhulu futhi esifanayo esifundazweni esihlelekile, okuyi-Caliphate ye-Abbasid, ukufunwa kwemikhiqizo yamazwe angomakhelwane kwanda kakhulu. Lokhu kwaba umphumela wokwanda kwenani elijwayelekile lokuphila labantu. Ubuhlobo obunokuthula nabomakhelwane ngaleso sikhathi babuvumela ukuba bathuthukise ukuhwebelana nokuhwebelana nabo. Kancane kancane, umbuthano wezokuxhumana ezomnotho wanda, futhi ngisho namazwe asemkhawulweni omkhulu aqala ukungena. Konke lokhu kwanikeza umfutho ekuqhubekisweni phambili kwemisebenzi yezandla, ubuciko kanye nokuhamba.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-caliphate

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, emva kokufa kukaHarun ar Rashid, izinqubo zezopolitiki ze-caliphate zaphawulwa yizinqubo ezagcina zaholela ekuqhekekeni kwayo. Ngo-833, umbusi weMutasim, owayengumandla, wakha umlindi wesiPutukezi saseTurkey. Eminyakeni edlule, yaba amandla amakhulu ezombangazwe lapho ama-caliphs abusa khona ahlala encike kulo futhi alahlekelwa ilungelo lokuthatha izinqumo ezizimele.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhula kokuziqhenya kwezwe phakathi kobuqhawe obulawulwa yiPheresiya, okwakuyisizathu sezimvo zabo zokuhlukanisa, okwakubangele ukuthi kuvele ukuhlukana kwe-Iran. Ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile kwe-caliphate kwashesha futhi ngenxa yokuhlukana kuyo entshonalanga ye-Egypt neSiriya. Ukubuthakathaka kwamandla asemandleni kwenza kube lula ukuveza izimangalo zalo ukuzimela kanye nezinye izindawo ezilawulwa ngaphambilini.

Ukuqiniswa kwengcindezi yenkolo

Amacali, alahlekelwa amandla awo, azama ukucela usizo lwabafundisi abathembekile futhi asebenzise ithonya labo emphakathini. Ababusi, beqala ngo-Al-Mutawakkil (847), kanye nomkhakha wabo wezombangazwe omkhulu, benza umzabalazo nawo wonke ukubonakaliswa kokucabanga okukhululekile.

Esimweni sombuso esibuthakathaka ngenxa yokunciphisa igunya leziphathimandla, ukushushiswa kwenkolo yefilosofi kanye nawo wonke amagatsha esayensi, kuhlanganise nezibalo, kwaqala. Leli zwe lalingeniswe phansi kwalasha lwama-obscurantism. I-Caliphate ye-Arabhu nokuhlakazeka kwayo kwakuyisibonelo esicacile sokuthi umphumela wesayensi nomcabango wamahhala wenziwa kanjani ekuthuthukiseni umbuso, nokuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwabo kuyingozi kangakanani.

Ukuphela kwesikhathi senkathi yama-Arabali

Ekhulwini leshumi, ithonya labaholi bezempi baseTurkey kanye nama-emir aseMesopotamiya lakhula kakhulu kangangokuba amakhosi anamandla ebusweni base-Abbasid aba yizikhulu ezincane zaseBaghdad, okuwukuphela kwenduduzo eyayiyizo iziqu ezishiywe kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambili. Kwaze kwaba yilapho umndeni wakwaShiite we-Buids, owavukile eNtshonalanga yePersia, uqoqe ibutho elanele, wabamba iBaghdad futhi empeleni wabusa iminyaka eyikhulu, kanti abameleli base-Abbasid babulala ababusi abangamalungu. Ukuthobeka okukhulu ngokuziqhenya kwabo kwakungeke kube khona.

Ngo-1036, isikhathi esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kulo lonke elase-Asia laqala: amaTurkey aseSeljuk aqala umkhankaso wokunqotshwa ngaleso sikhathi, okwaholela ekubhujisweni kwempucuko yamaSulumane emazweni amaningi. Ngo-1055, baxosha eBaghdad i-Buids ababebusa lapho futhi basebenzise ukubusa kwabo. Kodwa ngisho namandla abo aphela lapho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, yonke insimu ye-Caliphate eyayinamandla enamandla eyayisodwa yayithathwe yizinqwaba eziningi zeGenghis Khan. Ekugcineni amaMongol abhubhisa yonke into eyafezwa yiziko zaseMpumalanga emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. I-Caliphate yama-Arabhu nokuhlukaniswa kwayo manje sekuyizincwadi zomlando kuphela.