Umbuso kaPontian: umlando, zemali, umbusi, ibutho. Umbuso wasePontic nendima yawo emlandweni wesifunda saseNnyama

Umbuso wasendulo wasePontic, osempumalanga ye- Asia Minor, wawungenye yezindawo ezivelele kakhulu zamaGrimeki ngesikhathi salo. Ithonya elikhulu emazweni angomakhelwane kanye nentuthuko eyalandela isifunda seNnyama. Zonke izindawo zasendulo eningizimu yeRussia yanamuhla ngandlela-thile zamukele okuthile kulo mandla. Umbuso wasePontian uyaziwa ngesayensi yesimanje okuningi kunezinye amazwe afanayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izikhulu zakhe zalwa isikhathi eside neRoma. Ngokungangabazeki, usongo olwakhiwa umbuso wasePontic lwabonakala ohlelweni lwangaphakathi lwezepolitiki.

Territory

Kuzo zonke izikhathi ezikhona kulo III - Ikhulu leminyaka. BC Umbuso wasePontian wawushintsha imingcele izikhathi eziningi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwanda kwawo. Isikhungo sombuso saseNyakatho Cappadocia ogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yoLwandle OluMnyama. Ezikhathini zasendulo kwakubizwa ngokuthi uPontus Euxine, yingakho umbuso waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi iPontic, noma nje iPontus.

Umlingiswa wombuso wawunqunywe kakhulu yizindawo ezithandekayo zendawo. Iziphi izindawo eziyingxenye yombuso wasePontian? Lawa kwakuyizwe phakathi kweCentral ne- Near Near, iBalkans kanye noLwandle oluLwandle oluMnyama. Ngenxa yalokho, uPontus wayenebudlelwane bezohwebo nazo zonke lezi zifunda, okwenza ababusi bakhe bacebe futhi banethonya. Abahwebi beza kubo bevela enyakatho yeMesopotamiya, iziqhingi zase - Iranian naseTranscaucasia. Izimpahla ezivamile zaseMpumalanga zaletha imali eningi. Izinhlamvu zemali yasePontian zenziwe ngegolide futhi zabonakala zihlukile. Abavubukuli bayaqhubeka bewathola eTurkey naseRussia, e-Ukraine naseCaucasus.

Umphakathi

Esimweni sasePontian, amasiko abantu abaningi ahlanganiswe. Kulo mbuso, amasiko ase-Asia, i-Anatolian, isi-Iranian namaGrimeya ahluma. Abantu abaningi bahlanganyela kwezolimo, okwakuthandwa yimozulu omnene. Amadolobha asePonte ayemncane kakhulu. Babezitholakala ikakhulukazi ogwini lolwandle oluMnyama. Lezi yizinqubomgomo ezazisungulwa ngabakholoni bamandulo bamaGreki.

Ngokwezizwe, abantu babengamaKapadosiya, iMacrones, amaCalibs, amaColchis, amaCardoni. Wahlala lapha, nazo zonke izinhlobo zabafokazi, isibonelo ngezizwe zamaFrigiya. Embusweni wasePontian lapho bekulokhu kunamaPheresiya amaningi akhuluma isiPheresiya. Konke lokhu kwe-kaleidoscope kwakuyingozi ye-powder keg. Izizwe ezahlukene zahlanganiswa ngenxa yesiko esikhulu samaGreki. Lapho isizwe siphila ngokwengeziwe, lobuthakathaka lo mthelela. Isibalo sezinqubomgomo zeGreat Sea coast sahlala siseGrienisedise kakhulu.

Isizinda sasePontus

Isimo sasePontian sasungulwa iNkosi Mithridates I ngo-302 BC. Ngokwemvelaphi, wayengumPheresiya owayekhonza inkosi yaseMacedonia Antigone. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingacacile, isikhulu sahlaselwa yinkosi yakhe futhi sabalekela eKapadokiya esiseduze, lapho eyasungula amandla amasha. Egameni lakhe, yonke inzalo eyalandela yamakhosi asePontus yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi iMithridatids.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimo ezivela kulo mbuso. Umbuso wasePontian, owawuqala umlando ekupheleni kwekhulu le-IV BC. E., Hlangana nokukhishwa kwamandla amakhulu, okwakhiwa ngu-Alexander the Great. Lo mphoyisa waqala ukunqoba iGrisi, wabe esesakaze isiko lamaGreki kuma-Middle East amaningi. Amandla akhe ayephila isikhathi esifushane. Kwahlukaniswa izikhulu eziningi ngemva kokufa kuka-Alexander ngo-323 BC.

Izimbali

Inzalo yamaMithridates ngaqhubeka nokuqinisa nokuthuthukisa isimo sasePontian. Basizwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezombusazwe komakhelwane kanye nomzabalazo wabaqhudelwano abangase bakwazi ukubhekana nethonya esifundeni. Ngesikhathi sawo, leli gunya lasendulo lafinyelela ngaphansi kweMithridates VI Evpator, owabusa eminyakeni engu-117 kuya kwengu-63. BC

Lapho esemncane, kwadingeka abaleke ezweni lakubo. Ngemva kokufa kukayise, unina wamaMithridates VI waphikisana nendodana ethatha isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi. Ukuthunjwa ekuthunjweni ngokungangabazeki kwaqinisa ikusasa le-tsar. Lapho ekugcineni ekwazi ukubuyela emandleni, inkosi yaqala izimpi nomakhelwane bayo.

Amakhomishoni amancane nama-satrapi asheshe athunyelwe kuma-Mithridates. Abahleli baye bambiza ngokuthi uMkhulu. Wanezela uColchis (i-Georgia yesimanje), kanye noTavrida (eCrimea). Kodwa-ke, inkosi yayinezivivinyo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngaphambili - imikhankaso eminingana neRoma. I-republic ngaleso sikhathi yayandisa ukunwetshwa kwayo ukuya eMpumalanga. Wayesevele engeneze iGreece futhi manje wathi u-Asia Minor, lapho umbuso wasePontic wawukhona. Izimpi ezingapheli zaqala phakathi kwamandla amabili.

Ubudlelwano nezifundazwe

Ngemuva kokudala umbuso omkhulu owawuvele ube njengombuso, iMithridates ibhekene nenkinga yemvelo - ukuthi ingagcina kanjani zonke izinto zakhe. Wazama ukuthola ukulinganisela ebuhlotsheni nezifundazwe ezintsha, ebanika isimo esihlukile. Isibonelo, ezinye izizwe ezincane eziseNingizimu zenziwa ngokubambisana, kuyilapho uColchis noTavrida bephenduke isisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo nezokusetshenziswa komnotho wombuso.

Iningi lemali laya emiholo kanye nokudla kwebutho. Lokhu akumangalisi, ngoba umbuso wasePontine ngaphansi kweMithridates ukhohliwe ngalokho izwe elikulo. U-Emperor wenza isifunda seNtshonalanga YaseNtshonalanga isifunda esikhulu somthengisi. Isinkwa esingapheli sidinga ibutho lokuhlasela okude emazweni aseRoma.

Ukungqubuzana kwangaphandle nangokwenhlalo

Ama-VI azama ukukhulisa isimo sasePontian ngosizo lomgomo we-Hellenization. Wazibiza ngokuthi ungumvikeli futhi uhlonipha isiko lesiGreki lasendulo. Kodwa le nkambo ayikwazanga kodwa iholela ekuxabaneni namanye amandla asendulo kubantu baseRoma. IRiphabhulikhi emingceleni yalo esempumalanga ayidingi umbuso onamandla wasePontic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Mithridates wazama ukuqinisa izwe lakhe ngokukhulisa amalungelo ezinqubomgomo. Ngalokhu wadonsela ekilasini elisemadolobheni eceleni kwakhe. Kodwa ngokumelene nenqubomgomo enjalo yasekhaya kwakuyi-aristocracy enamandla. Abameleli balo abafuni ukuhlanganyela ngengcebo nomthelela ngezinqubomgomo.

Inqubomgomo yasemakhaya yama-Mithradates VI

Ekugcineni, i-aristocracy yanikeza umbusi isiphetho. Kwakudingeka asekele izithakazelo zakhe noma ukuvimbela impikiswano enkulu, exhaswe yizikhwama ezincane zama-elite. Inkosi, eyayilokhu ilwa neRoma, ayikwazanga ukuzimela ngemuva. Kwakudingeka enze izivumelwano ezikhulwini. Kwaholela ekuzalweni kweklasi labashiqela elaxhaphaza abantu abavamile.

Ngenxa yalokhu kuphikisana, umbuso wasePontic, ibutho lakhe elakhiwa ngokwendlela yasendulo yesiGreki, empeleni ayikwazanga ukulahla izici ezimbi zasempumalanga ngesakhiwo sayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi le mandla amakhulu abe khona kuphela ngenxa yesibalo esikhulu nesinamandla senkosi enkulu. Ngemuva kokufa kweMithradates VI, kumele ukuthi wehlile.

Ukunika amandla umbuso

Namuhla umbuso wasePontic kanye nendima yawo emlandweni wesifunda saseNnyama Sea kufundiswa ngabacwaningi abavela emazweni ahlukene. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani okhuluma ngakho, wonke ochwepheshe uyaqaphela inkathi yeMithridates VI, ngoba naye umbuso ufike ekuthuthukisweni kwawo.

Kodwa ngisho le nkosi enkulu yayinamaphutha kanye nezinkinga zakhe, okwakungenakukwazi ukunqoba. Ngaphandle kwezinkinga zangaphakathi ezichazwe ngenhla, i-tsar kwadingeka ibhekane nokungabikho kwanoma yikuphi ukusebenzisana okujulile emzabalazweni weRoma. Ngaphesheya kweRiphablikhi kwakukhona izifundazwe eziningi eMedithera - iGreece, Italy, Gallia, eSpain, eCarthage, njll. Noma ngabe yikuphi umbusi ophumelelayo uMithridates, wayengenakukwazi ukumelana nokukhula kukaRoma ngezinhloso zakhe zomgomo.

Ukufa kweMithridates

Ekwindla ka-64 BC. INkosi uPonta yakwazi ukuqoqa inqwaba yalezi zikhathi zamabutho abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-36 futhi ihlule i-Bosporus. Kodwa-ke, ibutho lakhe lamazwe angenakufuna ukuqhubeka nomkhankaso bese uya e-Italy, lapho iMithridates ifuna ukuya khona enhliziyweni yeRoma. Isikhundla sekosikazi sasinamandla, begodu wabuyela emuva.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lolu phiko lwaluvuthiwe empini. Amasosha ayengajabuli ngempi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona indoda eyayifuna ukuxosha amandla embusweni wasePortean. Lesi sigameko sasiyindodana kaMithridates VI Pharnac. Bambule lesi sakhiwo, kodwa babamba indodana yakhe. Inkosi yayifuna ukumbulala ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso, kodwa abantu abazungezile bamtshela futhi bameluleka ukuba amvumele aye ekhaya. Ubaba wavuma.

Kodwa lesi senzo asizange sikusize ukugwema impikiswano ebuthweni. Lapho uMithridates eqaphela ukuthi wayezungezwe izitha, wathatha ubuthi. Akazange asebenze. Khona-ke inkosi yakhipha umlindi wakhe ukuba ambulale ngenkemba, okwakwenziwa. Le nhlekelele yenzeke ngo-63 BC. AmaRoma, emva kokufunda ngokufa kweMithridates, agubha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Manje bekholelwa ngokufanele ukuthi umbuso wasePontian uzothatha isifundazwe ngokushesha.

Yehla futhi wehla

Ngemva kokufa kweMithridates VI, iPontus yawela ekutheni. IRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma, njengoba iphumelele impi nomakhelwane, yenza ingxenye engasentshonalanga yombuso isifundazwe sayo. Empumalanga, amandla okuqokwa kwamakhosi asePontian ayegcinwa, kodwa eqinisweni baxhomeke eRoma. Indodana yamaMithradates, uFernaces II, yazama ukuvuselela amandla kayise. Wasebenzisa ngokunjalo ukuqubuka kwempi yombango eRoma futhi wahlasela i-republic. UFarnac wakwazi ukubuyela eKapadokiya nase-Lesser Armenia.

Noma kunjalo, impumelelo yakhe yayiphile. Lapho uKhesari ekhululeka ekungqubuzaneni kwangaphakathi, waya empumalanga ukujezisa uFaro. Empi empini yeZela, amaRoma athola ukunqoba okungenasisekelo. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho inkulumo ethi "Veni vidi vici" ibonakala khona - "yeza, yabona, inqobile".

UJulius Caesar, kodwa, washiya isihloko esibukhosini ezandleni zezindlalifa zeMithridates. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, bazibona bebodwa njengabaseRoma. Ekugcineni, isihloko saqedwa nguMbusi Nero ngo-62 AD. Umbusi wokugcina wombuso wasePontian, uPollemon II, waphikisana ngaphandle kokumelana naye, ngoba wayengenayo imithombo yokulwa neRoma.