Isivumelwano seBriand-Kellogg (1928). Ukwamukelwa kwesivumelwano seBrian-Kellogg

Ngo-Agasti 1928 enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, isivumelwano se-Brian-Kellogg samukelwa, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izivumelwano ezizibophezele ukuzibophezela. Naphezu kokuthi isivumelwano sasiyinhloko ngokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi sabambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umthetho wangaphakathi.

Isimo sezombangazwe

Ubuhlobo bamazwe ngamazwe ngama-1920 ekhulwini lokugcina babanjwa ngemibono emibili ephikisana kakhulu. Okwokuqala kubo kwakusekelwe ekusakazeni nasekuphakanyisweni kwemibono ye-pacifist. Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yomhlaba, lapho okwakusetshenziswa khona uchungechunge lwezinto ezintsha ezibulalayo emkhakheni wezikhali, amazwe ngamunye alinqobile, amemezela obala ukuthi kusukela manje kuqhubeka ukuzama ukuthula, futhi wabeka phambili iziphakamiso zokudinga ukulwa nezikhali.

Umqondo wesibili wawuphambene nalokho wokuqala. Ekhuluma ngokuthula, ubuholi bamazwe baqhubeka bebuthelela izikhali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bazama ukuqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi konke kwenziwa kuphela ukuqinisekisa isiqinisekiso sokuphepha. Bagcizelele ukuthi akuzona kuphela abaphikisanayo, kodwa futhi nabalingani babo, abafuni ukuvimbela izikhali.

Umbono Wokuvikeleka Okuhlangene

Uhlelo lwangaphambili lwe-Versailles-Washington lwezobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe selungele ukungalingani ekusatshalalisweni kwezikhali, futhi izingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngale ndaba zenza kube nzima. Kodwa ngo-1925 amazwe asakwazi ukusayina i-protocol eGeneva ngokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ze-bacteriological and chemical.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNgqungquthela yaseLocarno, eyenzeka ngonyaka ofanayo, yamukela uhlelo lokuqinisekiswa kwemingcele yombuso kanye nokuhlelwa kwamalungiselelo amasha ngamandla lapho zonke izinkinga eziphikisanayo phakathi kwazo ziyonqunywa kuphela ngokubambisana. Kwabe sekubonakala sengathi lezi zibopho zivula indlela enkulu ekumisweni kobudlelwano bokuthula, kanye nokudala inkolelo yokuphepha okuhlangene.

Isiphakamiso sikaBriand

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inhlangano entsha yokunyakaza yayisakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Inhloso yalo kwakuwukumemezela zonke izimpi ezikhishwe. Emazweni ase-Anglo-Saxon lokhu kuqhutshwa kwakuthuthukiswa ngokukhethekile. Ngakho-ke, uNgqongqoshe Wezezizwe ZaseFrance, u-Brian, ngokuqondene nombono womphakathi obanzi, wanquma ukubandakanya i-United States ekuxazululeni izinkinga zaseYurophu. Kumele ngithi lokhu kwenziwa ngokumelene neBrithani enkulu.

Ngo-Ephreli 1927, uBryan wasayina isikhalazo kubantu baseMelika. Kulo, wahlongoza ukwenza isivumelwano phakathi kweFrance ne-United States, ekhuluma ngokunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezempi njengendlela yokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke. Eqinisweni, le kholi yabhalwa nguPolish University Professor James Shotwell. Ngesizo salesi sivumelwano, uhulumeni waseFrance wayefuna ukunikeza inqubomgomo yayo ngesimo sengqondo esihle somphakathi wonke wezwe, okuzosiza kakhulu ukuqinisa izikhundla zikahulumeni eYurophu.

Ukuphromotha iphrojekthi

Umbono weNgqongqoshe waseFrance wamukelwa uNobhala Wombuso wase-Kellogg wase-US. Kodwa wanikezela ukuthi angayisayinisi isivumelwano esivumelwaneni, kodwa ahlukahlukene, futhi wakhuluma nalesi siphakamiso kwabanye abaholi bamazwe aseYurophu. I-Germany yiyona yokuqala yokusekela iphrojekthi yaseMelika.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isiphakamiso sikaKellogg sakha izinkinga ezithile zomthetho emazweni amaningana azwakalise isifiso sokujoyina i-League of Nations. Lesi sihloko esiyi-16. Kuthi ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lempi akushiwo njengezigwebo ngokumelene nezwe labahlaseli.

Isivumelwano seBrian-Kellogg senze ukunganeliseki okukhulu nohulumeni waseBrithani. Lathi ngeke livumele ngisho nokuphazanyiswa okuncane kunoma ubani kumbuthano wezifiso zawo kazwelonke. Ngakho-ke, iziphathimandla zaseBrithani zashicilela ilungelo labo lokuqhuba amasosha ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni.

Futhi, iNgilandi yayiphikisa ngokuyinhloko ukuthi ukusayina kwaba khona yizifunda ezingakaze zamukeleke emhlabeni wonke. Okokuqala, kwakuwumbuzo wezwe elincane lamaSoviet, kusukela ngonyaka odlule ubudlelwane babo bezobudlelwane bezobudlelwane babhidlizwa. Yingakho i-England iphikisana neSoviet Union isayina iPact of Brian-Kellogg. Umlando waseRussia, futhi kamuva we-USSR, unamaqiniso amaningi abonisa ukuthi amazwe amaningi aseYurophu aphatha umakhelwane wabo osenyakatho ngokukhathazeka ngisho nokuzonda.

Izinguquko enkonzweni

Ngokushesha uhulumeni waseFrance wanikeza inguqulo entsha yale phrojekthi. Manje isivumelwano seBriand-Kellog sika-1928 sanikeza ilungelo lokuzivikela, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezivumelwano ezikhona kakade. Abaholi base-Italy naseJapane babenokuqala ukwamukela le nguqulo yombhalo futhi bawuqaphele njengokubhujiswa kokugcina kokungqubuzana kwempi.

Ngemva kwenyanga, uNobhala Wombuso wase-United States washicilela umqulu wakhe obuyekeziwe futhi wawuthumela ohulumeni bamazwe angu-14. Kulo, wachaza ukuthi ukwenqaba ukungenela imisebenzi yezempi kubandakanya kuphela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamandla asayine lesi sivumelwano. Wonke amanye amazwe awazange acatshangelwe. Izincwadi zokuxhumana ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa kwegama elinjengokuthi "ukulwa nempi" kwaphela inyanga.

Ekugcineni, isivumelwano se-Brian-Kellog sagcina samukelwa ngo-Agasti 27, 1928 futhi sasayinwa eParis ngokuhola kwezifunda ezingu-15. Lolu hlu lubandakanya i-USA, Canada, South Africa, Germany, France, Belgium, Australia, Ireland, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, New Zealand, India, Poland naseJapane.

Kwakuyini isivumelwano

Idokhumenti ngokwayo iqukethe isingeniso nezihloko ezimbili eziyinhloko. Owokuqala wathi amaqembu aphikisana kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi yezempi ukuxazulula umehluko wezizwe ezahlukene futhi ngokuzithemba abalahla njengesixhobo sokuqalisa inqubomgomo yombuso. Esihlokweni sesibili, zonke izinhlangothi zaqaphela ukuthi ukuxazulula izingxabano ezingezansi kanye nezingxabano abazozisebenzisa kuphela ngezindlela zokuthula.

Amathuba amaningi

Ngaphezu kwamandla angu-15 asevele asayine isivumelwano, isivumelwano sika-1928 seBriand-Kellogg sasivumela ukufinyelelwa kuwo kokubili amazwe angama-colonial and dependent. Ngo-Agasti 27, i-United States yathumela ama-48 athi awazange abe yingxenye yokuxoxisana ukwamukela imigomo yesivumelwano.

I-USSR yayingowokuqala ohlwini lwabamenyiwe okwamanye amazwe, abaye bavuma lesi sivumelwano samazwe omhlaba. NgoFebruwari 1929, inqubo eyamukelwa eMoscow, lapho iSoviet Union, i-Estonia, iLatvia neRomania, kanye ne-Iran, iLithuania neTurkey kamva, yamemezela ukuthi isivumelwano se-Brian-Kellogg saqala ukusebenza. Kwamanye amazwe, lesi sivumelwano saqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 24, okungukuthi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha.

Ukubheka

Okokuqala, lesi sivumelwano sasize sithole ukuqonda okufanayo kwalezi zinhlangano njengeJalimane neFrance. Lapho umKhansela waseJalimane uGustav Stresemann efika eParis ukuba asayine iPactament yaseBriand-Kellogg, waphakamisa umbuzo weRhineland, owawuhlala ngaleso sikhathi. Kumele ngithi ngokwengxenye isisombulule izivumelwane ze-Locarno, kodwa yayinganiselwe ezihlokweni eziseSivumelwano SaseVersailles. Umbhalo wokugcina wathi umsebenzi wawuzohlala kuze kube ngo-1935. Ngokusho kweKhansela, ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kwesivumelwano, ukutholakala kwamasosha angaphandle kwendawo yaseJalimane kwakungasenzi lutho. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi seNgqungquthela yaseHague , kunqunywe ukuhoxisa amabutho ahlangene eRhineland.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwamukelwa kwesivumelwano se-Brian-Kellogg kwaba nenzuzo enkulu yezenhlalakahle nezokuziphatha, futhi kwafaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni okuphawulekayo umthetho wangaphakathi. Kodwa, nokho, le dokhumenti yayimemezela kuphela, kwakungokwemvelo. Ngokusayina isivumelwano, amazwe awazange abuyele ekuzibophezelekeni kwawo ukushiya isenzo sezempi futhi akazange aqede umncintiswano wezikhali. Ukubhuka kwe-England neFrance kwakungagcinwanga esivumelwaneni, futhi empeleni amazwe agcinwe ilungelo lokulwa impi yokuzivikela.