Locarno lenkomfa 1925: yezinjongo eziyinhloko abahlanganyeli, imiphumela. Rhine inhlanganiso

inkomfa Locarno kwaba esinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamanxusa abakhulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMpumalanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, it Uvikela isimo ayakha ngemva ukusayinwa ukuthula ukuthi kuchazwe kudivayisi kwempi e-Europe, futhi ngakolunye - sehle kakhulu ushintshe okushiwo yilawo mazwe ababa nesandla kulo futhi ngemvume ngokuhamba umsebenzi walo eziningi izivumelwano.

Isimo e-Germany

inkomfa Locarno owawuse ngenxa isifiso amazwe ehamba phambili Western ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni ezintweni eziningi izingxabano kulo lonke izwe, imingcele, ezohwebo kanye izikhali ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Isimo yezwekazi eyishumi yokuqala sasishubile ngempela, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaqembu alwayo nivumelana futhi usethe i-oda entsha zezombusazwe. EJalimane, eyayiqhele phakathi losers, wazithola esesimweni esinzima kakhulu.

Izwe cishe disarmed, umnotho kuvinjelwe futhi ukuhweba, le okungavunyelwe ukulwa kuyo Rhineland. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo kwemizwelo revanchist kuleli zwe sasinamandla kangangokuba: amabutho zezombusazwe ubuzwe waphikelela ngokuthi kubukezwe izimo Versailles ukuthula ukuhoxiswa isimo kusukela isikhundla amathuba lapho lalivela. Uma empeleni ukungavunyelwa kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe Germany waya rapprochement ne-Soviet Union, waphetha nobuholi kwamaBolshevik ka iSivumelwano Rapallo. Lesi sivumelwano, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi kuyazuzisa zombili izinhlangothi ngesikhathi, ngoba lezi uthi neze wajabulela ukuqashelwa esiteji emhlabeni, ngakho badinga nomunye.

Isimo e-Europe

inkomfa Locarno wakhe wawenziwa ngo-isinyathelo kwamandla Western. Britain wayenesithakazelo ekwakheni imbangi yakhe endala, France, abanye nokulingana oya ezwekazini. Iqiniso lokuthi ngemva kwempi yokugcina, njengoba iqembu abasengozini kakhulu, uthole izinzuzo ezengeziwe, futhi kwaba sesimweni kunenzuzo kuqhathaniswa nomakhelwane bayo. INhlangano Yezizwe yisimo esesikhundleni ehola, okungase Ungaphazamisi omunye ohulumeni European.

ukuvikeleka kuyi

France, Italy bawaxosha izithakazelo ngolunye uhlobo. Ukukhathalela sokuqala ngokuyinhloko mayelana nokuvikeleka yemida yabo. Insimu le State, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngaphezu kwakho konke ahlupheka ekuhlaselweni German phakathi nempi. Manje wafuna ukulondoloza isimo esikhona manje. Uhulumeni wase-Italy iye wazizwa lophetse ngokusungulwa kweBhodi i-oda entsha, futhi ingxenye yabo emsebenzini imihlangano zamanxusa anda sitfunti salo ngamazwe. Poland naseJalimane, eqinisweni, babe emakamu okuphambene. Eyokuqala wafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwe ngasemngceleni wayo osempumalanga, futhi uhulumeni German, ngokuphambene akazange ukuvala amathuba izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali.

imigomo

Nokho, naphezu omkhulu endleleni, bonke abahlanganyeli ngandlela-thile bahlanganiswe ngento eyodwa: kuba limelene namaSoviet. Abaholi abaningi European babekhathazekile ukusayina yesivumelwano phakathi kobuholi kwamaBolshevik futhi uhulumeni German. inkomfa Locarno ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe ihloselwe zihlanganisa eJalimane ebuhlotsheni European futhi mhlawumbe wenze Ukungezwani ubuhlobo bakhe lokuphikisana neziphathimandla zamaSoviet. Nokho, kusho uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle u-German ngobuciko ezazinamandla phakathi osomaqhinga ezimbili European, efuna ukufunda kulesi simo inzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke. Wayengafuni ukuba baphule ngokuqondile nge uhulumeni wamaSoviet, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wafuna ukuba acele ukusekela amazwe aseYurophu ukuze lula kwezomnotho kanye isimo wezempi kahulumeni. Injongo eyinhloko ye-Bloc European kwaba ngokuvula Germany ku-League of Nations ukuyixhumanisa izimo ezifana ukuyisusa ukubambisana ne ezweni lethu.

izingxoxo

Umsebenzi ezenzeka kusukela ngo-5 kuya ku-16 Okthoba. Lo mkhosi yahanjelwa United ezilandelayo: United Kingdom, eFrance, eBelgium, Poland, eCzechoslovakia, Italy neJalimane. Ngaphambi uhulumeni German bafaka ezimbili izitatimende iziphathimandla AseYurophu, kwakumelwe ukufunda ngesikhathi kuqhubeka ingqungquthela. Into yokuqala kwaba umbuzo ubekezela kakhulu futhi impikiswano of umthwalo kokuqala kwempi. Uhulumeni German waphikelela ukuthi abantu bamazwe omhlaba uzisusile kumagama ukuthi abantu German ongumphehli empini, kuphikisana ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakunabanye ababaleki abanye abahlanganyeli kanye nababambiqhaza. Ludzaba lwesibili kwakuyinkinga kuhlengwe Cologne, kodwa kokubili ubuholi German sinqatshiwe.

Ukuma futhi limelene namaSoviet

Poland naseJalimane, eqinisweni, kwaba khona kunalokho nzima, isikhundla: okokuqala - ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi angalitholi iziqinisekiso ukuze kuvikeleke ngasemngceleni wayo osempumalanga, kanti eyesibili - ngenxa yokuthi kwadingeka ukuwuqondisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi zombili. Bafuna ukwamukelwa wakhe imigomo Article 16 eNhlangano Yezizwe Charter, ehlinzekela wokuthatha amagadango asebenzayo ngokumelene lizwe umqali, ophazamisa ukuthula. Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho ibeke ngokucacile kakhulu i-USSR. Ubuholi German kwase noma iqhaza ngqo ezingxabanweni, noma kudlule amasosha ngokusebenzisa insimu yalo, noma, ekugcineni, ukuze ujoyine nokuvinjelwa kwezomnotho. Ngenxa yalokho, Minister of Foreign Affairs ukuthi izwe washo ngokuqondile ukuthi, nokuba okungavunyelwe ukulwa kuyo, imbuya ngothi, ngeke ukwazi ukufaka loluhlelo ngokuphelele izibopho. Ngenxa yalokho, izikhonzi wagomela ukuthi ngaphansi isimo samanje isimo kungaba party egcwele.

Udaba indawo

Imingcele yamazwe European baye focus lamazwe iqhaza. Phakathi amathimba French futhi Belgian bakwazi ukufeza ukuphepha yemida yabo empumalanga futhi yisiboniso kwakungamadodana ohulumeni British kanye Italy. Nokho, uhulumeni wase-Polish uhlulekile ukufeza impumelelo efanayo: nakuba ongene isivumelwano ubuholi isiJalimane, kodwa iziqiniseko ungazange izuzwe. Ngenxa yalokho, leli zwe lalikhungethwe a nzima kakhulu, isimo, njengoba kwadingeka zonke sokwesaba ngenxa yesimilo sabo indawo. France, Italy futhi ehlulekile bakhuphule inkomfa phakathi impumelelo yayo. Isikhundla kuqala ayenenkinga ezinyakaziswayo ngemva ohlangothini German ukubamba iqhaza ngokulinganayo ezingxoxweni, bese ayiswa kweNhlangano Yezizwe futhi waba ilungu Permanent yayo Council. Ukuthunyelwa kwama-Italian vytupila kuphela yisiboniso omunye izivumelwano. Rhine wasayina isivumelwano akunakubangelwa omunye izinkontileka eziphawuleka kakhulu, ngoba, ngaphezu iqinisekisa bangasephula imingcele French futhi Belgian, okuyiqiniso ukuthi waqinisekisa dimilitarizatsii band eponymous.

Imiphumela

Le ngqungquthela iye kakhulu ushintshe ukulingana kwamandla ezwekazini laseYurophu. Ngo-ngokuyinhloko abathintekayo isikhundla yaseJalimane, okuyinto eye ezivuna abalulekile bona. Weza aphume isimo ukungavunyelwa kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe futhi ngalwela ezingxoxweni njengenhlangano party alinganayo. Okwesibili, esikhundleni French laqedwa. IGreat Britain lifinyelele umgomo walo ngokumelana amandla entsha ukuze wakhe. Locarno-Conference of 1925 kanye nemiphumela yayo, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene limelene namaSoviet uhlaliseke nokho okwesikhashana isimo, kodwa kwesiphetho impi entsha kwabonakala.