Kumiswa, Indaba
Nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian deku komthetho wamaRoma: ledethi
Eastern WaseRoma isikhathi eside kwaba Inqaba yokugcina umthetho classical Roman walondoloza namasiko alo namafilosofi abantu. Ukubusa uJustinian bebonisa ubuthakathaka, futhi ezinye izindinganiso akusebenzi okukakhenoni ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa ngalezo zinsuku. nokuqoshwa Ngakho athuthukiswe (isichibiyelo), okuyinto ibuyisela Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo umthetho wamaRoma, isimo esingokomthetho futhi kuyiqiniso.
Izinhloso kanye nokuqukethwe
Injongo eyinhloko ekudaleni ekuthuthukiseni a rulebook olulodwa, imidanti ethile futhi imiqondo zomthetho, okuye ehlanganisiwe kwesokudla lasendulo, jus IVetus, kanye nemithetho yesimanje yasebukhosini. Lokhu iqoqo imithetho futhi kwakufanele kube nesizathu esinamandla okwenza izinqumo zomthetho futhi kwebulungisa. Futhi uma kuziwa endabeni imithetho yamuva futhi oda kaKesari, kwakuba lula kakhulu ukusebenza - konke yomthethosisekelo yamuva njalo ishicilelwe. Kodwa amalungiselelo angokomthetho ahlukahlukene esibekiwe kuzo, noma zazivame ukhansele noma esibekiwe njengoba akusebenzi. Ngakho-ke, kuqhamuka khona nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian ayelapho, futhi kubukezwe amaqoqo zomthetho ezikhona isibe ebalulekile. Futhi ukwenza lokhu kwakudingekile ukuze zonke izinguquko ezalandela senziwe zonke izingxenye zombuso, futhi ngaleyo ndlela zakonotolkovaniem kwadingeka abhekane kuphela izingqondo engcono esemthethweni isikhathi.
Kwaba nzima ukusebenzisa imithombo eyinhloko umthetho zakudala Roman, eziningi zazo kakade ngaleso sikhathi ayenganembile elahlekile, ngakho ubheke kubo Kwakuwumsebenzi ezingenathemba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngisho nalabo imisebenzi lapho kwebulungisa, igcwele ukuphikisana namaphutha okunengqondo. Ngakho-ke, imibono ehlukahlukene zomthetho uma ingxabano ephawulekayo sihluke nomunye ngalinye. Isixazululo jikelele kuphela kunqunywa inani eliphelele amavoti, noma ukuthi ukunamathela sinqumo. Ngamafuphi, lo mbuso uJustinian awuzange enikeziwe ngokuphelele nemithetho ecacile futhi enembile zomthetho, futhi wazizwa esiphuthumayo ukubhekana nalokhu ifa kanye yesimanje emathuneni izimiso, izinkambiso zomthetho kanye nemithetho, ukuletha isimiso somthetho ngo bawuhloniphe ngomoya umthetho wamaRoma.
Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi
Februwari 528, le uJustinian ezitholakele sokuthuthukiswa imithetho emisha, kuhlanganise izisekelo wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo zaseRoma yasendulo. UJustinian nokuqoshwa uhlanganiswe ngumuntu iphaneli abantu abayishumi, lapho iqhaza Tribonian. Ngo-April walowo lowo nyaka Ikhodi uJustinian, ezazihilela zonke eshicilelwe ngesikhathi izinqumo umthethosisekelo nababusi odlule. Iqoqo eliphelele izimiso kanye imithethosisekelo kubabusi yangaphambili WamaRoma WaseMpumalanga, inani ezingaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu iye kabusha ngokuphelele futhi zilandele izilinganiso ezithile. Ekupheleni 530, wasebenza kwenye ikhomishana ehola abameli eliholwa Tribonianom. Lesi sikhathi ifake UProfesa Academy Kronstantinopolya Kratina Theyofilu, Dorotheus futhi Agatoly Beritskie kanye nabameli eziningana ehola. Umsebenzi we-khomishana ukuthuthukisa iqoqo kwezinkambiso zomthetho, yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko wesimanje isayensi zomthetho.
Ingxenye nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian
Nokuqoshwa ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana, ngayinye eqokomisa Vector ethize iziphakamiso zomthetho kanye nemibuzo. Ekupheleni konyaka 530 kwafika okuthiwa digests - amaqoqo ezikhishwe iDemo kwemisebenzi jurists classical wamaRoma. Kanyekanye Digest yasungulwa emabhukutifundvo ekutadisheni umthetho abameli abasha - izikhungo. Ngemva kwalokho sidalwe futhi eyahlelwa ikhodi ye imithethosisekelo yasebukhosini. UMbusi ngqo nengxenye nokubhalwa le mibhalo nokwenza iziphakamiso kanye nezichibiyelo, kamuva kuhlanganiswe ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "The nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian."
Ithebula izingxenye nokuqoshwa abekwe ngezansi:
Uhlelo sokuqala nesesibili codifications
Uhlelo lokuqala Ikhodi Imithetho kwakuvele kwaziwa ngokuthi "nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian." Lichazwa ekuqukethe lancipha laba izingxenye ezintathu: digests, izikhungo kanye amakhodi. Ngeshwa, kule nguqulo yokuqala idokhumenti namuhla engakaze balondolozwa. Ukunakwa inzalo ka uhlu eningiliziwe nokuqoshwa laqanjwa - okubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwesibili. Lokhu iqoqo imithetho ngasondelana ngemva kokufa uJustinian, esekelwe umsebenzi wekomidi wakhe futhi, unikezwa izichibiyelo zalo. Ushicilelo lwesibili sesiye saziwa ngokuthi "Codex repetitae praelactionis". Kanye zakudala emithathu ucezu, ifake amanoveli okuthiwa, okwakukhona iqoqo imithethosisekelo yasebukhosini, eshicilelwe emva kunyatheliswa incwadi yokuqala "I nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian." Wafingqa ukubaluleka kwalo msebenzi zingachazwa ngezinqubo umphumela lo msebenzi ukuqhubeka ukucabanga zomthetho European. kwezinkambiso bezomthetho abaningi kwakheka isisekelo komthetho we-civil ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, kuyasiza ukuba bahlole izingxenye abamelwe idokhumenti kabanzi.
umthethosisekelo imperial
Okokuqala, uJustinian I owayinaka imihlangano ezihlukahlukene imithethosisekelo yasebukhosini. umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukusekela yikubenga ukuze wonke amalungiselelo angokomthetho ezinqwabelene engaphezu kwekhulu ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-rarity zomthetho owaziwa. Commission of jurists wahlangana isikhathi esingangonyaka, umphumela umsebenzi wabo kwaba Summa reipublicae, okuyinto ochithiwe yonke imithetho odlule futhi ayiminingi futhi ibike imithetho entsha nezinqumo zokwahlulela futhi ingxabano kwezomthetho. Kwakuwusuku umzamo wokuqala ukuba baqonde ifa wezomthetho esidlule, futhi kuye kwaletha imiphumela eyanelisayo. Umbusi yayijabulela umsebenzi, futhi isinqumo mayelana nokwamukelwa yeziqondiso ezintsha ezikhishwe ngo-Ephreli ngonyaka 7529.
Digesty
UMbusi uJustinian wakwazi ukuqoqa uphinde uhlele yonke isicelo ngesikhathi umthetho wamanje - Leges. Manje-ke kwadingeka ukuba benze okufanayo maqondana kwezinkambiso classical yomthetho waseRoma - okubizwa ngokuthi jus IVetus. Umsebenzi omusha lalilikhulu ukwedlula owedlule, futhi umsebenzi kwakunzima kakhulu nabo. Kodwa umsebenzi okhokhelwayo kanye kakade ekhishwe Ikhodi futhi umsebenzi asebenzayo labasizi uJustinian waqinisa isinqumo ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi. 15 Deo Disemba 630, lo mthetho ishicilelwe auctore, okuyinto Tribonianu okuhloswe ukuba ufeze lo msebenzi onzima, ngokukhetha umsizi. Triboniat angiphendule ikhomishana of jurists eliqavile isikhathi, phakathi okuyinto zazizine osolwazi waseConstantinople Academy kanye abameli nanye. Lokho lalimelela nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian, ungakwazi liyokwahlulelwa imisebenzi ukubeka ngaphambi kwekhomishana:
- Qoqa bese ubhekisisa yonke imisebenzi etholakalayo ngesikhathi abameli phambili.
- Zonke lezi imisebenzi kwadingeka ukuba babe sesimeni Izibuyekezo nokwenza wabo iyasuswa.
- Susa yisikhathi noma angasebenzi okwamanje imithetho nemitheshwana.
- Lokuxazulula ukungezwani futhi aliziphikisi okunengqondo.
- Nokumisa ezisalayo ezomile futhi akwethule ngendlela ecacile sikubeke.
Lokho okushiwo yile ngxenye nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian kwaba ukwakha lonke esihleliwe inqwaba imibhalo okufakiwe. Futhi lo msebenzi omkhulu osekwenziwe iminyaka emithathu kuphela. Kakade kokubusa iminyaka engu 533 ye uJustinian isikhipha umyalo ekuvumeleni isethi entsha kwemithetho, ngokuthi Digesta, futhi ngo-December 30, kakade waqala ukusebenza insimu ye Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma.
Okuqukethwe engaphakathi Digest
Digesty senzelwe odokotela kanye iyiqoqo kwezinkambiso kanye nemigomo wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. elinye igama labo - inhlabamkhosi. Igama elithi livela lesiGreki elithi pandektes, okwakusho ukuthi olunzulu, jikelele - njengoba lagcizelelwa isimiso jikelele isicelo sale umzimba komthetho. I nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian digests ibhekwa njengevela amaqoqo umthetho okhona kakade, futhi njengoba incwadi ku isicelo komthetho. Vele Digest ekhonjiwe 39 jurists ovelele isikhathi, ngokusho kombiko we Umbusi ngokwakhe, wafunda imisebenzi engaphezu kwemibili ayizinkulungwane. Pandects yinani lika zonke izincwadi zomthetho classical futhi ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi bawaphendule kwemithetho ukuthi bavunyelwa uJustinian I. Zonke izingcaphuno ezihlukaniswe okuqukethwe kwabo semantic ngesikhathi izincwadi amahlanu, amane nesikhombisa wabo anemisila iziqu zabo anamagama ezembula uhlangothi noma enye inkinga engokomthetho. izincwadi ezintathu kuphela abanalo iziqu. Esikhathini ngezigaba yesimanje, zingabantu 30, 31 nendawo 32. Bonke ukwabelana inkinga evamile, futhi bonke ngothi lwabo abazinikele ziyifa.
Ngaphakathi isihloko ngasinye igcina uhlu izingcaphuno enikelwe uhlangothi noma omunye inkinga engokomthetho. Lezi izingcaphuno futhi babe isakhiwo yabo. Ezimweni eziningi, umugqa wokuqala we icaphuna amalungiselelo angokomthetho, amazwana kwezinkambiso komthetho civil, bese - sicashunwa emibhalweni isikhangiso edictum, anikezelwe ohlangothini lokumukelekako udaba, futhi liphetha vydezhki ka Tindzaba ukwambulwa izibonelo isicelo kwalokho okuyinkambiso labameli practice zomthetho. Ehola iqoqo lesithathu izitatimende babe responsa Papiniani, ngakho lezi zigaba ngokuthi "Papilyana mass". Kwesinye isikhathi noma seziqu ukuqedela izitatimende eyengeziwe - bebizwa iSithasiselo.
Noma yimuphi izitatimende nezingcaphuno aqukethe imiyalelo eqondile ku kumbhali ekhonjiwe futhi imisebenzi yakhe. Ngo-editions wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo zesimanje zonke izingcaphuno zibaliwe, isikhathi eside kunabo bonke kubo babe division zibe yizicucu amancane - izigaba. Ngakho-ke, lapho kubhekisela kulokho Ukugaya akufanele kubonise incwadi, esithathelwe ibinzana njengoba isihloko, izinkomba kanye nenani isigaba salo.
yengetiwe
Ukudala ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi codifications, le jurists nje kuphela ukuqoqa izitatimende abameli lasendulo, kodwa futhi ukwethula kuzo ngendlela eqondakala kalula. Esikhathini nemibhalo yasendulo kwakukhona izindawo eziningi wokubusa uJustinian akusebenzi. Kodwa awuzange wokuthinta izinga nokucacisa kombhalo. Ukuze kulungiswe lokunemphilo, compilers ngokuvamile yakhetha izinguquko ezincane isiqetjhana ekhonjiwe. Lezi zinguquko kamuva ababizwa ngokuthi yengetiwe. Ayikho izimpawu sangaphandle yengetiwe ayihloliwe, zonke zazo zifana izixhumanisi evamile wemithombo Roman eyinhloko. Kodwa ucwaningo olunzulu Digest usebenzisa izindlela ngokolimi angathola yengetiwe inqwaba. Compilers ngobuciko zazihamba zibuka ifa zomthetho baliletha okulula siqonde umbono. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi nokushintshashintsha kutholwa kalula ngokuqhathanisa izingcaphuno othathwe imisebenzi efanayo abameli Roman, kodwa ngomqondo ibekwe ezincwadini ezihlukahlukene Prediktov yayo. Yaziwa amacala uqhathanisa izingcaphuno ezivela nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian ne lokusinda imithombo yasekuqaleni. Kodwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa nophenyo zomlando nezezilimi eziyinkimbinkimbi ingatholakala iningi amacala, ukwelashwa kanye ukuhlanekezela compilers.
izikhungo
Kanyekanye titanic umzamo wokuba ubhala Ukugaya wasebenza ukwakha umhlahlandlela emfushane abameli abasha. Ekubhaleni ubuholi obusha ngqo iqhaza UProfesa Theophilus noDorothy. A imanyuwali seyihlanganisiwe ngesimo inkambo komthetho we-civil. Ukuze uqoke kwathatha kungokwemvelo ngalezo zikhathi igama. Ngo-November 533, uMbusi uJustinian wakhipha legum isimemezelo cupidae Juventati, senzelwe izazi nabafundi. Kwakuthinta ngokusemthethweni ajeziswe kanzima yimibandela efanele yezomthetho ebekwe ngezikhungo kanye inzuzo ngokwayo equalized nabanye codifications ka uJustinian.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi isikhungo
Amaziko kakhulu asendulo ayengabantu namabhukwana eyabhalwa ummeli Roman noGayu, owayehola nemisebenzi yabo engokomthetho kuleli 2nd ekhulwini BC. e. Lo mhlahlandlela senzelwe abameli abasha futhi sasetshenziswa njengophawu unencwadi wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo aphansi. Institutes of uJustinian wathatha lokhu nesabelo zesakhiwo isimiso. Just like Gaia, wonke okokufundisa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko. Izahluko eziningi ngokuqondile ukukopishwa Gaya kuzuzisa ngisho kakhulu isimiso sokuhlukanisa phakathi izigaba ethathwe lokhu ummeli lasendulo. Ngamunye yezincwadi ezine has isihloko yayo, isihloko ngalinye ihlukaniswe ngezigodi izigaba. Ngemva isihloko kanye phambi isigaba sokuqala liyadingeka ukwethula isihloko emfushane ngokuthi principium. Mhlawumbe amalungu ikhomishana uJustinian akafunanga reinvent isondo futhi wayeka ku version ukuthi kwaba elula kakhulu esifundweni.
izinguquko okudingeka
Inqobo nje uma umsebenzi onzima kwenta tinhlaka imithetho kwezomthetho esisha futhi imiqondo, imithetho WaseByzantium ukhiphe eziningi imithetho emisha nokuhunyushwa, nakho kufanele sibuyekezwe. Ezinye zalezi nezimpikiswano kwasayinwa ngokuqondile uJustinian, futhi umemezele isimemezelo - nenani izimiso impikiswano safinyelela izingcezu, anamanci mahlanu. izixazululo eziningi eziphambili safuna ukuhlola kanye isibuyekezo esisha, futhi ngemva kokukhululwa yokugcina Digest nezikhungo ezithile kwezinkambiso eziqukethwe kubo isivele edingekayo zokubuyekeza. Ikhodi, eshicilelwe eminyakeni 529, aqukethe amalungiselelo emthethweni noma akudala, futhi ngenxa yalokho abazange ukuhlangabezana nezidingo phambili. IKhomishana waphoqeleka ukuba uhlole amalungiselelo impikiswano ubukeza kubo futhi uyavuma nemithetho kakade ekhishwe neziqondiso. Lo msebenzi wenziwa, futhi 534 wanyathelisa uhlelo lwesibili lwe-Code, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi yi-Codex repetitae praelectionis.
Inoveli
Kulesi Ikhodi Imithetho Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma, eyaqedwa ngawo ukwakhiwa. Kuye kamuva ekhishwe izinqumo, Oqondisa imithetho ekhona emayelana nemininingwane kwesicelo isimemezelo practice. Esikhathini isiko zomthetho ezikhona, bahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Novella Novellae Leges. Ezinye izindaba akuzona izincomo kuphela mayelana nesicelo amalungiselelo ezikhona yomthetho, kodwa futhi incazelo ebanzi kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile umthetho. UMbusi uJustinian okuhloswe ukuqoqa tindzaba letimfisha kanye ukuwashicilela njengenhlangano ngaphezu nokuqoshwa ekhona. Kodwa, ngeshwa, Angikwazanga ukukwenza. Kuze kube manje safinyelela amaqoqo eziningana yangasese. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye wale izindaba kufanele kuthathwe ibhekwa ingxenye ethile ka codifications njengoba.
Sakhiwo injongo tindzaba letimfisha
Zonke amanoveli kuhlanganisiwe umthethosisekelo, enyatheliswa uJustinian kokubusa kwakhe. Ziqukethe imithetho ukukhipha isinqumo ngaphambili imithetho yombusi. Ezimweni eziningi, zilotshiwe ngesiGreki except for labo izifundazwe lapho isimo yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo ulimi lwesiLatini. Kukhona indzaba lemfisha ishicilelwe ngazo zombili lezi zilimi kanyekanye.
Ngamunye izindaba ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu, okuyinto libala izizathu okuholela ukushicilelwa sisekelo omusha, sishintsha okuqukethwe kanye oda ukungena force. Esikhathini amanoveli ka uJustinian Ingxenye yokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi Proaemium, futhi kamuva ihlukaniswe izahluko. Yokugcina ingxenye libizwa Epilogus. Uhlu ezivezwa amanoveli, wehlukile kakhulu: isicelo komthetho civil ikhipha kushintshane zokuphatha, kobufundisi noma refereeing. Ethile ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile lapho kutadishwa noveli 127 kanye 118, ezihlobene ilungelo ifa uma intestacy. Ziyakwazi ngenhlanhla babe ngesisekelo umthetho emibuso German. Futhi intshisekelo noveli enikelwe nomndeni komthetho womphakathi, kanye nezici isicelo amalungiselelo athile angokomthetho.
Inoveli ka uJustinian esikhathini sethu
Ukuze lwanamuhla usosayensi inoveli uJustinian lasinda amaqoqo amaqoqo eyimfihlo booksellers antiquarian. Enye yalezi amaqoqo yanyatheliswa ngonyaka 556 futhi iqukethe 124 tindzaba letimfisha, wahlela ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo. Indaba endala sihlehlela emuva onyakeni 535 futhi kamuva yonke inhlangano libhekisela ngonyaka 555. Leli qoqo libizwa Juliani Esivelele Novellarum. Ngaphambilini kwakwaziwa kungenye iqoqo equkethe 134 tindzaba letimfisha, kodwa okwamanje ayitholakali ngokuba ekufundzeni kabanti. Tiberiy11 umbusi, owaphumelela uJustinian wakhipha iqoqo eliphelele tindzaba letimfisha, eqoqwe phezu inkathi yeminyaka engu-578 582. Iqukethe 168 tindzaba letimfisha, kuhlanganise amanoveli eyaziwa kakade ka uJustinian, nokuningi. Lo mhlangano weza abacwaningi wesimanje saseVenice wesandla yangekhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-12. Ingxenye ke iyaphindwa yemibhalo yesandla ye-Florentine Umlobi womlando, ngubani rewrote noveli ngemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi amanoveli odumile uJustinian imihlangano yangasese enikelwe uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli umthetho.
amalungelo Corpus
Konke Ikhodi entsha uJustinian ngemcondvo, kufanele abe khona ebalulekile, kodwa igama ovamile ngabo akuzange kusungulwe. Ukubaluleka Kwezindaba nokuqoshwa ka uJustinian wakusho kuphela eNkathini Ephakathi, lapho isithakazelo ifa zomthetho Roman liye lenyuka. Khona-ke lolu cwaningo yomthetho waseRoma saba ngaphansi ayimpoqo abameli esizayo, futhi laqanjwa ngegama ezivamile lonke iqoqo uJustinian. Yena waziwa ngokuthi i-Corpus Juris Civilis. Ngaphansi kwaleli gama uJustinian nokuqoshwa eyaziwa esikhathini sethu.
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