Mehmed II: Biography of the Ottoman Sultan

Ngo-May 1453, ku-osebeni Bosphorus kwaba isenzakalo, zashiya izibazi ngenkambo lonke olunye yomlando emhlabeni. Ayikwazi ukumelana ukumelana amabutho Turkish, waseConstantinople wawa, amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, iyisiphephelo zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Rome Okwesibili. Yena wayengusihlalo walo wamabutho yoMbuso WaseTurkey namanje kakhulu abasha Sultan Mehmed II, biography kwaba ngesisekelo lesi sihloko.

indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi

Mashi 30, 1432, ukuba sibe isancinza sakhe ngesiGreki wabeletha Sultan yoMbuso wase-Ottoman Empire Murad II engumfana wesine owaba umlandeli wakhe wehla emlandweni njengoba Mehmed II Fatih (uMnqobi). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekuqaleni ubaba ngeke kwayilungiselela ngendawo okusezingeni eliphezulu enjalo, njengoba ngokuzalwa inceku sasibhekwa ngezansi abafowethu asebekhulile, omama babebahle owesifazane Turkish. Nokho, bonke babo bafa esemncane, indodana isigqila yakhulula indlela amandla ophakeme.

Phakathi nokuphila Mehmed II abazalwane, obazali bakhe (ikakhulukazi uyise) akazange abone kuye mbusi wesikhathi esizayo, wakhula ngendlela efana neyabo bonke abantwana nemikhaya ecebile, ukuthi ukuzitika imidlalo nenjabulo. Kodwa ngemva kokufa kwamadodana endala Murad II waphoqeleka ukuba ngokuphelele beshintsha isimo sabo sengqondo ingane esikhungweni enganeni, ukhanda kabani kakhulu wakhetha indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi, futhi enza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuqinisekisa ukuba bazilungise ngokuba ukuqaliswa esizayo mission eliphakeme.

Umuzwa wokuqala weBhodi

Zonke ukunakekelwa kanye nemfundo ukuze angene esikhundleni sakhe Sultan waphathisa High Vizier Khalil. Ngaphansi eqeqeshwa yakhe Mehmed ngesikhathi esifushane wathola lemali edingekile eziyisisekelo ulwazi, okuyinto kamuva wamvumela ukuba athuthuke njengesikhonzi isayensi lezempi kanye art yezingxoxo zezombusazwe.

Umlandvomphilo eyayisekhona lomthumbi WaseTurkey abonisa ukuthi Mehmed II yaqala ngokokuqala ukuze imisebenzi zokuphatha kudala njengoba sengineminyaka eyisithupha, waba umbusi wesifundazwe Manisskoy. Nokho, kuza umshwana kwamsiza lena wonke uthisha isikhathi umeluleki efanayo - Supreme Vizier Khalil. Ngingcono kabi mina kudingeka umangale. Ngokusobala, kusezandleni zakhe amandla kwangempela, nendodana kwezinsana, Murad II esimisiwe kuphela umbusi okuzisholo, simenze ngaleyo ndlela ithuba kusukela zisencane ukuze ujoyine ubuciko uhulumeni.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi, njengoba umholi ngempumelelo yamasosha futhi ohlakaniphile onekhono, Murad II nokho abacindezelwe iziphathimandla futhi wazwakalisa isifiso ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngokubeka ibhodi lo mbuso ukuba angene esikhundleni sakhe, futhi ukuba izitike nezinjabulo okuthuleyo esigodlweni sakhe ngokunethezeka esikhathini Magnesia. Leliphupho eletha ekuphileni 1444, okwenza indodana Sultan, kodwa lamshiya ngaphansi kokunakekela vizier efanayo. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba Mehmed kwaba ngokulambisa neminyaka eyishumi nambili ubudala.

i Ukushiyeka ngeshwa

Nokho, umzamo wokuqala ngesikhathi lo mbusi osemusha waphenduka enqumayo lumpy. Iqiniso lokuthi, ne isici sakhe iminyaka isifiso sakhe ukuzama into engenakwenzeka, le nsizwa esungulwe ubuhlobo namalungu ukunyakaza lenkolo elivaliwe abakulowo mbuso we Sufis ngasese. Lapho bezwa ngalokhu, umfundisi eyalele ukuba kubulawe Dervish yabo umshumayeli ababebe nesibindi umbusi ehlangeni abasha.

Ukubulawa okwenzeka futhi kwadingeka imiphumela ezingalindelekile neze. Abathukuthele ezingcwele, wavukela Janissaries enozwelo bale nhlangano. Ngemva kokusho lokhu, sibambe okwamanje, ngaphandle kokulalela abakhileyo e-Anatolia, nangasemva kwabo, kanye labantu yobuKristu Varna. Ngakho, igazi umshumayeli abajikelezayo, yikona okuyimbangela yokuphazamiseka esinzulu.

Ngokuvamile, ngisika sibalo abampofu Multi ohlakaniphile Vizier - like the best, kodwa kwathi ... kwadingeka ngizishiye Murad II ngesikhathi isigodlo sakhe, futhi sokuqalekisa le Khalil ezineshwa, futhi kucatshangwa imithwalo yabo Sultan. Ngemva kwalokhu fiasco kude amandla Mehmed iminyaka emibili wachitha esigodlweni II, akufakazeli uqobo futhi ngokuzama ukuba singabonisi uthole amehlo kayise.

la ezinkingeni zomshado

Kodwa, njengoba kufakazelwa wokuphila, nge 1148 kakade efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala eyishumi nesithupha indlalifa Sultan futhi angiphendule kuzo zonke izindaba zomphakathi. Futhi ukuqhubeka iyiphi crap it out zekhanda lakhe, wanquma iphendukele izindlela ezindala futhi kungase kutholakale - ukushada Man. Ingabe uthole umkhaya - izinze.

Kodwa lapha, Scion ngabongi ephethwe ukudumaza uyise - kwadingeka wathatheka owesifazane oyisithunjwa kobuKristu wabona omunye zezigqila. Hubelani Serenades wakhe engakwenzi lokho, futhi nje ukukhokha kakhulu ezidingekayo, ulilethele ubuhle esigodlweni aganwe nguye (namanje ehloniphekile wayeyindoda). Wamzalela indodana, wathola igama Muslim Bayazid iminyaka eminingi waba nendima ebulalayo empilweni kayise.

Ekuqaleni - Sufis izihlubuki, futhi manje - inkosikazi engumKristu, cha, kwaba kakhulu. Ukulawula umbuso omkhulu, nakuyo yonke indawo ukuhlangana ukuthobeka, Murad II wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela indodana yakhe siqu. uyise Ethukuthele eveva ezikhethele mathupha umakoti njengabawufanelekele umndeni ephakeme kakhulu Turkish. Nami kudingeke ukuba ngithobele. Ngokwenqubo eyayilandelwa, ubuso umkakhe, wabona kuphela emva komshado. Iqiniso lokuthi zaziletha ngokwazo umbono wakhe, singakwazi kuphela ukuqagela, kodwa ukuthi "isipho" emanqikanqika ukuba ngisho ukungena yabesifazana ezaziwayo.

Lord of the Empire

Ngo-February wango 1451 empilweni yoMbuso WaseTurkey kwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile - ngokuzumayo wabulawa umbusi wakhe, Sultan Murad II - uyise Mehmed. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ekugcineni lidlule wonke amandla, wathatha imisebenzi yakhe, into yokuqala ngiyilahle imbangi kungenzeka futhi Olwa for amandla - indodana usana kayise, okungukuthi, umfowabo.

Mehmed II ayeyalwe ukuba abulale kuye, nokuthi akekho okubangelwa ukusabela okungekuhle. Prakthiza ukuqedwa isigamu-pretenders yesihlalo sobukhosi futhi sokuqala senzeka ngo inkantolo, kodwa manje wenziwe ngokoMthetho. Njengoba ixazululwe nomfowabo, kombusi abasha ithunyelwa lesikafula, futhi umeluleki isidina kakhulu kuye - Vizier Khalil.

Ngokwe-Umlando wabantu ababephila, wase-Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II ekhaliphile futhi eyingqabavu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ube nemfihlo kakhulu, ezingalindelekile futhi uyakwazi ehola inqubomgomo eziphikisa. ukubukeka kwakhe, singakwazi ngokwanele Ababahluleli kungaqondakala esikhathini sokuphila ekumeni adalwe amakhosi European shayela, edume kakhulu okuyinto angabeZizwe Bellini. Emidwebweni yakhe umculi ukuboniswa lokhu ekhaleni ongaphakeme, kodwa egcwele amandla angaphakathi yomuntu, agobile ungumlutha okwanika ebusweni isisho kuyesabeka.

Ukuziphikisa nokukhohlisa

Egcwele empumalanga kweqiniso njengoba singahambi ngobuqili, umnqobi esizayo waqala umsebenzi wayo nalelo wazama ukwakha isithombe esithile engumenzi wokuthula. Kuze kube yimanje, lapho lalihlala ukuze siqinisekise osomaqhinga lamazwe Western emizamweni yabo yokudala ukuthula nokuzinza esifundeni, ngisho ngafunga ukuthi Ambassador uConstantine IX umbusi WaseByzantium ku ngobunyoninco ukuthi akasoze bephazamisa impahla yakhe. Yenzani isithembiso esifungelwe kuJehova kwakuzwakala ncamashi iminyaka emibili ngosuku lapho eletha phansi izindonga waseConstantinople ngamandla yempi yakhe, eselinqobile zonke eqinile ubuKristu.

Nokho, ngokushesha ke dalulwa ubunjalo inqubomgomo kweqiniso. Kuyo 1452, Sultan Mehmed II, naphezu iziqinisekiso zakhe, yayilungiselela uthwebule inhlokodolobha WaseByzantium. Eduze waseConstantinople bakha izinqaba, futhi ogwini sokuhlupheka ngokusebenzisa elafika imikhumbi abathengisi Venetian evela oLwandle Olumnyama luya eMedithera, setha isibhamu. Ngaphansi nokusongelwa ngokubulawa ngaleso sikhathi zonke izihambi sezikhulu zakhona icala intela, okuyinto, empeleni kuyinto kugetshengwa okwakusobala kakhulu.

Ukuwa BoMbuso WaseByzantium

Ngo-April 1453-Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, lapho ke waya amabili nanye kuphela, beza ezindongeni eRoma Okwesibili, enempi angamaqhawe, okuyinto eyabangela ukuba okwesihlanu regiments kuqhuma Janissaries. Against enjalo abavikeli umxhwele lempi muzi ukuwabekezelela amadoda ayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa kuphela. I amabutho ukungalingani kakhulu, futhi 29 Meyi, waseConstantinople sathathwa. Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma, kwaba yesibili e isikali nhlekelele emlandweni emhlabeni lobuKristu, elaba isizathu ukuthi njengoba isikhungo Orthodox emhlabeni uye wathuthela eMoscow, wamukela isimo Okwesithathu eRoma.

Ngemva ukuthunjwa emzini-Turks zibulawa iningi lezakhamuzi zalo, futhi labo angase ebugqilini futhi ithunyelwa zezigqila. Wafa ngalolo suku, futhi uMbusi yena - wayesanda ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, Constantine XI. Ebanga Usizi, kodwa ngezindlela eziningi isiphetho ezifundisayo umlawuli WaseByzantium Luka Notar.

Ethembele esivulekile ukuhlambalaza kwesitha sayo, kwaba umsekeli sokunikela ngokuzithandela edolobheni, okuyiwona washeshe wakhokha inkokhelo. Lapho inhlokodolobha lase lithengwe abaseTurkey ke e nendodana yakhe esencane futhi kakhulu ezinhle-ukubukeka wabona yena Mehmed II. Harem wabafana kwaba ubuthakathaka bakhe, futhi Sultan wanquma ekupheleni. Emva kokuthola kwenqatshwa ubuyophazamiseka uyise, naye akazange aqophisane, futhi eyalele ukuba kubulawe ngokushesha yawo wonke umkhaya.

Inhlokodolobha entsha umbuso

Ngokushesha ngemva bamba waseConstantinople ngu Mehmed II abamvumelanga kusukela Adrianople, inhloko-dolobha yombuso wakhe, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo izinga inflow sabantu Turkish. A Emaphethelweni edolobha - Galata, okuyinto ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi saka kuleli koloni Genoese baba ilawulwe ekuphathweni Sultan sika futhi ngokushesha ugcwale nabaseTurkey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Mehmed II, nezancinza, okuyinto ubukade ku-dolobha wathuthela eConstantinople nazo zonke isigodlo sakhe eziningi.

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokubusa WaseTurkey, main Christian shrine idolobha - Hagia Sophia - sashintshwa saba lamaSulumane. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi endaweni matasa zazisekhona nabaningi abantu ababeyizakhamuzi lobuKristu, waba nenkinga engathi sína umbuzo komnikazi ukuphila kwabo inkolo.

Sultan ubuhlobo kwabeZizwe

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Mehmed II kunqubomgomo yakhe yasekhaya wawuqondiswa izimiso of ukubekezelelana, futhi ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe ngezinye izikhathi kwabezizwe uzizwa okuningi akhululeke kuka emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, lapho isikhathi sihamba cala ephikisayo zenkolo. Okubuhlungu nakakhulu esiyitholayo amaJuda - zababaleki ababevela kuwo amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ababalekela iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki nezinkantolo e abaningi efika ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey.

Ukwengamela imiphakathi eminingi yobuKristu Empire Sultan igunya ayimisile hlobo lwezinkawu, okuyinto wehla emlandweni njengoba inzalamizi Gennady II Scholarios. enkolweni ahlonishwayo isikhathi akhe wayengenakukwazi nombhali imisebenzi eminingi theological and zefilosofi, futhi esivumelwaneni ngazo ukukhokhela ubudlelwane phakathi iziphathimandla Muslim nemiphakathi Orthodox okugcinwa kusebenza kuze 1923. Ngakho, inzalamizi Gennadiy Sholary futhi Mehmet II bakwazi ukuvimbela ngenakugwemeka ezimweni ezinjalo nomkhuba wokuchitha igazi ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo.

uhambo entsha

Ngemva ezindabeni zangaphakathi esezinzile, Mehmed II uMnqobi baqhubeka inqubomgomo yayo ekhohlisayo. Kuyo yonke le minyaka eyishumi ezayo kuze kube sezinyaweni zakhe wawa Trebizond Empire, okuyinto wayengumuntu wokuqala ikoloni WaseByzantium, Serbia, eBosnia Athens Duchy, ubukhulu Marey nezinye izifundazwe eziningi ngaphambili ezimele.

Ngo-1475, ngaphansi kwendawo yoMbuso WaseTurkey embozwe Krymskoe Hanstvo nekomkhulu lalo - emzini Kaffa, le Feodosiya zamanje. Kuyinto ngaphambi kuphangwa zabo ngenxa yomonakalo eside emazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu, wangena yoMbuso WaseTurkey futhi kakhulu ekuqiniseni kwezempi angase kwavula indlela imikhankaso emisha sokunqotshwa Mehmed II.

Ukufa akusho engeza enkazimulweni

Omunye emazweni ambalwa wakwazi ukumelana kombusi, kwaba Republic of Venice. Ayikwazi ukunqoba kwakhe kwezempi, Mehmed ungene ngemvume 1479 isivumelwano ngesisekelo okuyinto baseVenice wathola ilungelo ukuhweba khulula ngaphakathi koMbuso WaseTurkey. Lokhu kakhulu likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa izandla zakhe ngoba esinye isinyathelo, futhi 1480 amabutho akhe wenza ukuthunjwa zeningizimu ye-Italy. Kodwa isiphetho abakholelwa ukuthi, lo mkhankaso kwaba wokugcina emphilweni umnqobi. Wafa ngokuzumayo phakathi empini, kodwa hhayi enkundleni yempi, futhi zakhe etendeni lakhe.

Kukholakala ukuthi Mehmed II, yindodana kabani kusukela inkosikazi yesikhulu esasingaphansi lobuKristu indlalifa yezithembiso, waba isisulu uzungu. Kukholakala ukuthi sokubusa eholwa Bayezid (mayelana sekuvele okukhulunywe ngaye esihlokweni) wakwazi ukuthola udokotela kayise siqu ukuba amnike umthamo eyingozi-opium, ngenxa afa kuwo. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba yokungcwaba indodana Mehmed II senzeka sayo esihlalweni sobukhosi njengombusi waleli elilandelayo yoMbuso wase-Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II.

Kufinyeta iBhodi Mehmet II, izazi-mlando liyavuma ukuthi wakwazi kakhulu ukushintsha isimo sengqondo amakhanda European zombuso ukuze umbuso wakhe ngokuphoqa ke ukuqaphela alinganayo phakathi amandla ehola kwenkathi. njengoba ethatha indawo yakhe emlandweni wezwe, kanye evelele kunazo nomholi wezempi futhi sikahulumeni.

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka alandela, ababusi washintsha isimo adalwe kuye, kodwa ngesisekelo inqubomgomo yabo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle babe izimiso ezabekwa Sultan Mehmed II. Chief phakathi kwawo kwakukhona ukunwetshwa, ngokuhlanganiswa ukubekezelelana ngokwenkolo isihlobo maqondana abantu benqoba.