The French Revolution (1848-1849 biennium)

Akekho senzakalo esingokomlando ayikwazi kucatshangelwe ngaphandle umongo zimise kwenkathi. Lokho-French Yenguquko 1848-1849 is ongenakuzihlukanisa kuya izenzakalo zinqunywa kwemizwa kwekhulu XIX.

Somersault XIX leminyaka

Kuze kube sekupheleni lizwe XVIIII ekhulwini wahlala i ohlanga ngokuphelele, efanekiselwa Bourbon lwamakhosi. Nokho, French Yenguquko 1789 kwaba imbangela yokuwa isimiso sezombusazwe evamile futhi ekukhishweni King Louis XVI. Ngo 1792 lizwe kwathiwa i-republic.

Kodwa nakho lokuqala lwentando yeningi akuphumelelanga. Ukuwa yokubusa kwamakhosi ophoqelelwe kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu munye emelene Republic Okokuqala. The Inkampani uye waqinisa emhlabeni sibalo onekhono lokukholisa Napoleon Bonaparte wathi umbusi 1804 nokwanda kwalo iphela eYurophu ngo ukuhluleka. Ukunqotshwa eRussia, kanye eLeipzig Waterloo abuqede lokhu adventure. Bonaparte wadingiselwa St Helena, nezwe lakhe uqalile Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Bourbon (1814 -. 1830 GG).

inqubomgomo mva uhulumeni kanye nemizamo yayo ukuze ubuyele oludala ophoqelelwe ingxenye wobunxiwankulu umphakathi ukudlubulunda. I-July Revolution eFrance ngo-1830 wagumbuqela engathandwa Charles X alethwe esihlalweni sobukhosi umzala wakhe okude Louis-Philippe. Riots Paris owayezinikele okuyizigidi kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi kwaholela izibhelu eJalimane nasePoland.

Zonke lezi zenzakalo izixhumanisi kwelinye iketango kubonakala kwemvelo nzima umphakathi kuleli zwe. Ngalo mqondo, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa eFrance ngo-1848 - iyathinteka. Wavele baqhubeka inqubo engelapheki ezenzeka ngekhulu XIX.

ukucindezelwa onxiwankulu

Zonke ukwehluleka Louis Philippe sobukhosi ayefana ngokwemvelo. "Inkosi-wobunxiwankulu", owafika amandla ku negagasi zengqondo ovulekile emphakathini, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaningi sisuka inqubomgomo okwakulindelwe kuye. Lesi ngiso sizatfu sekufa inguquko eFrance.

Wahlala isimo esibuhlungu kanye ilungelo lokuvota, okuyiwona yena washikashikeka selokhu ukuwa Bastille. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isibalo sabantu nge leli lungelo wakhula, inombolo yabo ingeqi 1% abantu sebebonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfuneko iye kwetfulwa, owawuthi kwefrakshini amavoti kukhanselwe. Manje, lokho okushiwo Umvoti wayezimisele maqondana izimali yabo futhi sikhokhe nezintela endaweni yomcebo. Le nqubo kakhulu buthaka isikhundla onxiwankulu ngobala baye balahlekelwa ithuba lokuba balwele amalungelo abo ephalamende bese ukuphuca abantu bangabi nalo ithemba owanikhipha July Revolution eFrance.

Omunye ukuziphatha nobuntu le nkosi kwaba-kuya inqubomgomo angaphandle of the Alliance oNgcwele, okuhlanganisa Russia, Prussia futhi-Austria-Hungary. Zonke lezi uthi babe monarchies eliphelele, futhi umfelandawonye Wagqugquzela izithakazelo yezikhulu, nje okuncane ukuba namandla.

Inkohlakalo Julayi ohlanga

umzimba Legislative isimo uqobo kufanele ahlale ukuzimela umqhele. Nokho, umkhuba, lesi simiso woniwa njalo. Monarch ukhushuliwe amasekela ongqongqoshe nabalandeli babo. Omunye izinhlamvu bhá we ukulahlwa kwalokhu Fransua eGizo. Waba uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, futhi ikhanda kamuva uhulumeni kanye ngenkuthalo yalwela izithakazelo wenkosi umzimba omkhulu amandla.

EGizo ivalwa Republican, zazibhekwa usongo main oda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, protege Louis-Philippe igcinwe siqotho ibhizinisi uhulumeni, ukubethemba oda ekulu isimo (isib ekwakhiweni nojantshi). amandla khulisa nenkohlakalo "yabo" okwakusobala - izimbangela eziyinhloko Revolution eFrance.

izinqubomgomo okunjalo abe nomthelela omubi empilweni sabasebenzi, eqinisweni ophucwa ithuba ukuba ngilidlulisele inhloko yezwe. Populism nkosi iminyaka yokuqala abathuntubezwe ukungqubuzana kwezakhi engezansi labantu, kodwa ekupheleni wokubusa kwakhe kakade abathandanga. Ikakhulu, i-cindezela wamnika isidlaliso engathandeki "inkosi-ipheya" (nkosi eminyakeni engaphezu futhi tuchnel ngaphezulu).

amadili abashisekeli bezinguquko

isiqalo sakhe ngokushesha inguquko eFrance ubophekile ukuba isiyalezo Fransua eGizo, ukuvinjelwa Umhlangano olandelayo kuphikiswa. Usuku Freethinkers wesikhathi wathatha ngesimo amadili, okuyinto eyaba olunye lwezimpawu kwenkathi. Njengoba kuleli zwe wawubekelwe imingcele inkululeko yokuhlangana, kabusha abasekeli yokhetho babuthana amatafula zemikhosi. Okunjalo amadili abashisekeli bezinguquko wathatha uhlamvu mass, futhi ukuvinjelwa Kolunye lwazo wavusa wonke umphakathi wedolobha. Iphutha kwaba uhulumeni kanye usongo ukusebenzisa amandla uma yokungalaleli.

Ngosuku lomkhosi ongavumelekile (February 22, 1848) Izinkulungwane baseParis wema ngothango ezitaladini. EGizo ukuzama ukuhlakaza isixuku ababhikishi usebenzisa National Guard kuhlulekile: ibutho wenqaba nomlilo phezu kwabantu, futhi amanye amaphoyisa nabo bonke emaceleni nge ababhikishi.

Ukudela futhi renunciation

Lokhu kushintsha kwezinto ophoqelelwe Louis Philippe ukwamukela ukwesula kahulumeni ngosuku olulandelayo, February 23. Kwanqunywa ukuthi izikhonzi ezintsha bazohlangana eGizo Abasekeli izinguquko. Kwakubonakala sengathi ukusilela yathinteka phakathi kukahulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Kepha kwathi ngalobo kwakukhona ngozi enyantisa igazi. Unogada ukuqaphile kwakhiwe Wezangaphakathi, isixuku sabantu esingu.

Murder ushintshe iziqubulo. Manje, kusukela Louis Philippe yafuna renunciation. Ningathandi elinga ukhanda, February 24 nkosi asiyeke. Isinqumo sokugcina azazisa esikhundleni sakhe umzukulu wakhe. Abavukeli wayengafuni ukubona esihlalweni sobukhosi iNkosi olandelayo futhi ngosuku olulandelayo agqekeze Chamber of amaphini, lapho isinqumo mayelana nohide amandla. Khona-ke kwanqunywa ukumemezela lizwe i-republic. French Revolution anqoba.

kabusha

Ezinsukwini zokuqala of akhe uhulumeni wesikhashana kwaba ukuxazulula ingxabano emphakathini. Isidingo esiyinhloko amavukelambuso kwaba ukwethulwa suffrage jikelele. Zamaphini wakhetha ukunika ilungelo lokuvota kuso sonke isibalo sabantu besilisa yezwe ifinyelele ubudala 21. Lokhu kabusha kwaba igxathu ngempela phambili. nkululeko ayikwazanga ukuziqhayisa yiliphi izwe emhlabeni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo sabasebenzi abayifuna imisebenzi etholakalayo futhi abaholelwa kahle. Kuze kube yimanje, ukusungulwa workshop kazwelonke lapho wonke umuntu kungaba ukuthola umsebenzi. Kokuqala Charge 2 franc ngelanga zokuhamba nezisebenzi, kodwa izindleko workshop ukusiza Uhulumeni ngeke akwazi. Kwathi kuqambe kufika ihlobo imixhaso sebehlala futhi ushintsho kamuva sahoxiswa ngokuphelele. Kunalokho, amashabhu okunikelwe abangasebenzi ukuba azihlanganise nebutho lezempi, noma ukukhulisa umnotho wesifundazwe.

Ngokushesha, iziyaluyalu Kwagqashuka. Paris laligcwele ngothango futhi. Uhulumeni ayisekho ukulawula isimo futhi wanquma ukuthumela amasosha enhlokodolobha. Kwacaca ukuthi French Revolution ayikapheli, kodwa Ukuphinda lubuhlungu kakhulu. Nokucindezela kubhikisha abasebenzi ', eyayiholwa Jikelele Cavaignac, kuholele izinkulungwane abalimala. Igazi emigwaqweni Paris ophoqelelwe kobuholi lizwe ngesikhathi ukumisa kabusha.

Ukhetho 1848

Naphezu izenzakalo ehlobo, wokhetho lobumengameli zisekhona ozoba. Ukuvota kwenzeka ngo-December 10 futhi ngokuhambisana imiphumela ukunqoba kwakhe engalindelekile-75% ukusekelwa iwine Lui Napoleon.

Isibalo indodana yomfowabo ka-Emperor edume wajabulela uzwela umphakathi. Ngisho ngesikhathi kubusa Louis Philippe, le emigre wangaphambili bazama ukuyibamba ngamandla kuleli zwe. Ngo-1840, lapho sase sifika Boulogne; ohlangothini lakhe ibingamashumi izikhulu eziningi ebutho lenqaba. Nokho, i-umgabadeli kuhlulekile waboshwa ibutho zendawo lakhe lathethwa khona.

Ngokuphambene inhlonipho okuqinile kukho konke izinhlobo Abavukeli Louis Napoleon wathola udilikajele kuphela ejele. Nokho, akazange anqandwe ngokweminyaka ku amalungelo abo: ukubhala ngokukhululeka futhi ukukhiqiza izihloko, ngavakashelwa.

Isikhundla umbuso isiboshwa wamvumela ukuba azuze ukusekela ngemva kokugumbuqelwa ohlanga. Iningi amavoti Walibumbela ngokuncibilikisa ingeyamakhosi abavamile futhi abasebenzi, phakathi lapho igama Napoleon wajabulela nenhlonipho okwandile izinkumbulo zezikhathi umbuso.

Ithonya Lako Europe

Europe abakwazi ukuhlala kude lo mkhuba owandayo owanikhipha omunye revolution France. Okokuqala ukunganeliseki lasakazekela Austro-Hungarian Empire, eyaqala hhayi kuphela izinkinga sezombusazwe kohlelo, kodwa kube khona ukungezwani phakathi kwezizwe eziningi, abanobunye isimo enkulu.

Ukungqubuzana kwenzeka ngo eziningana izifundazwe kazwelonke yaseHungary, waseLombardy Venice. Izimfuneko zifana: ukuzimela, ukusungulwa kwenkululeko civil, ukubhujiswa izinsalela feudalism.

Njengoba kwaba nombhikisho wobunxiwankulu eFrance wanikeza ithemba izigaba ukukhononda sabantu e-United German. Izenzakalo litshwayo amaJalimane ababesafuna ukuyibuka ababhikishi ezweni disparate hlanganani. impumelelo Intermediate kwaba ukubiza ephalamende jikelele - Frankfurt ePhalamende kanye ukuqedwa ukucwaninga.

Noma kunjalo, imibhikisho European bevinjelwa, wafika engelutho, kodwa ngaphandle kwekutfola imiphumela ingabonakali. Inguquko wobunxiwankulu eFrance waphinda waphumelela ezingaphezu kuka akuphumelelanga imizamo omakhelwane. Kwamanye amazwe (isib UK futhi Russia) akukho kokuphikiswa okunzima ukuba amandla engazange abe khona, nakuba izizathu inhloso ngoba Ukunganeliseki kubantu abasengozini ulahlekile yonke indawo.

Imiphumela e-France

Revolution eFrance, etafuleni ukuthi ihlanganisa amashumi eminyaka kwekhulu XIX, kuhlulekile ukudala izimo ukuba isimiso sezombangazwe esitebeleni. Ngokuza amandla Lui Bonapart iminyaka eminingi we wakhe, wakwazi ukubamba umbuso futhi wathi umbusi. State ukwenze eyodwa iluphu ngaphezulu ukuthuthukiswa yayo bese yibuyela emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Nokho, iminyaka kwemibuso yabhujiswa. Experience in 1848 uye wavumela isizwe ngemva kokunqotshwa empini nge Prussia ukubuyela ohlelweni republic.