Isivumelwano Munich

ngokuqondile, Isivumelwano Munich It kungenziwa ngokuthi omunye ezimbi kakhulu inqubomgomo angaphandle amaphutha-1930. Kuyinto sivumelwano zamanxusa, esadaleka njengoba ukusilela, ehlongozwayo ngu amazwe aseYurophu laseJalimane lobuNazi, ukuze azame ukugcina militancy yayo, kodwa kwaholela ekubeni ukugqashuka kwempi yezwe yesibili.

Ngemva kokuwa kanye ukwahlukanisa of the Empire, Austro-Hungarian, kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1938, amaJalimane angaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu yobuhlanga babe ensimini ka isimo esisha eCzechoslovakia, emngceleni imikhawulo esifundeni zomlando yaseBohemia Kingdom. Basuke bagxila kule Sudetenland. Ngokusho Natalia Lebedeva, isazi-mlando Russian Academy of Sciences, futhi amaphesenti amabili yeCzechoslovakia kuyinto German.

Umholi Sudeten German Konrad Henlein wasungula inhlangano Sudeten isiJalimane, eyasebenza njengodonga legatsha iQembu LamaNazi futhi ukwenza kuphela zabo ukuze bakhonze izithakazelo eJalimane. Ngu-1935, iqembu lesibili ngobukhulu ezombangazwe eCzechoslovakia. Ngemva nje Anschluss (ubunye nge Germany) wase-Austria, March 28, 1938 Henlein wahlangana Hitler eBerlin, lapho wayefundiswe ukukhulisa izidingo kuya eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia Uhulumeni, eyaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo Carlsbad. Phakathi izidingo - namalungelo alinganayo ne amaCzech namaRomany ukuzimela ukuze amaJalimane ophilayo eCzechoslovakia. Uma Uhulumeni eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia ngikulungele ukwenza ezivuna sina maqondana eziyivelakancane isiJalimane, umbuzo yokuzimela lwalungamukelekile.

Amacebo Hitler emva nokudliwa Austria isinyathelo esilandelayo kwaba ukunqoba eCzechoslovakia futhi kusungulwa kwekwetfulwa eJalimane Greater. Ngo-May 1938 yabe seyaziwa ukuthi umsebenzi eCzechoslovakia Eqinisweni impikiswano eJalimane. Ngomhla ka-May 20, uHitler ojenene bakhe iphrojekthi yesikhashana wethulwa kuhlaselwa eCzechoslovakia, codenamed Operation "Grün". Ngo somyalelo imfihlo ngemvume uHitler, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje kamuva, kwakuthiwa, ukuqala impi ngokumelene eCzechoslovakia kungakadluli 1 Okthoba.

Uhulumeni eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia babenethemba lokuthi France, ayekade angena umfelandawonye, ngabe ukophula uma kwenzeka kuhlasela German. ESoviet Union futhi kwadingeka isivumelwano eCzechoslovakia, okubonisa ukuzimisela ukubambisana France naseGreat Britain. Nokho, amasevisi ezingaba zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa abazibiwe kulo lonke crisis. U-Adolf Hitler wayeqonda ukuthi iBrithani neFrance wayengafuni impi, kodwa cishe ngeke ufune ukuhlanganisa ne-Soviet Union, uhlelo wobushiqela zazo kula mazwe wazonda kakhulu ukudlula ngisho ubushiqela kaHitler undlovukayiphikiswa.

Mhlawumbe ngaleso sikhathi ngokwayo, eCzechoslovakia, eyayintula ibutho eqinile bazokwazi ngiyigodlele ekuhlaseleni ibutho likaHitler. ESoviet Union, ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano ka-1935, sisayinwe phakathi kwala mazwe womabili, bangasiza eCzechoslovakia kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi isinyathelo esinjalo wavumelana France.

Septhemba 18 Italian za Benito uMussolini wanikeza inkulumo e Trieste, lapho ethi Italy isekela nengwadla eJalimane.

UNdunankulu waseBrithani uNeville Chamberlain, owayeyilungu lweli Inqubomgomo ukushweleza wodweshu, wayezimisele ukuthi zinjalo yini, ukuze kuvinjelwe impi. Wenza uhambo ezimbili eJalimane, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nabaholi eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia, uHitler ahlinzekwa izimo ezikahle, kodwa Fuehrer Waqhubeka enezela izidingo, bame kwelokuthi izimangalo lamaJalimane yobuhlanga ePoland futhi Hungary futhi bayosutha.

Septhemba 24, ethula inkulumo yakhe Sports Palace e Berlin, Hitler enkulumweni yakhe wanika eCzechoslovakia phambi September 28 ukunikezela le Sudetenland, kungenjalo eJalimane aya empini.

BaseCzechoslovakia baqala viva amabutho ayo. ESoviet Union imemezele ukulungela yayo basisize yeCzechoslovakia. Nokho, uMongameli Benes yeCzechoslovakia Edvar enqaba ukuya empini ngaphandle kokusekelwa amandla Western.

UNeville Chamberlain, uNdunankulu French Eduard Delade wahambela Munich ukuphendula iindingo kaHitler.

Benito uMussolini ahlinzekwa Hitler yokuxazulula inkinga: ukubamba inkomfa ne abaholi amazwe amane (UK, France, Italy, eJalimane), ngaphandle eCzechoslovakia ne-Soviet Union, ukwandisa kungenzeka ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni futhi ukubhodloza ubumbano okungenzeka hhayi esivuna eJalimane.

Umhlangano juqu, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Conference Munich, okwenzeka ngo-September 29-30 e isakhiwo "Führerbau" (eNdlini sokudumisa). Iziphakamiso abangu ngokusemthethweni ayisungula uMussolini, Nokho, njengoba kwatholakala eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, plan Italian lalungiselela Ministry of Foreign Affairs Germany. Ibutho lamaJalimane kwaba ukuze kungene Sudetenland by Okthoba 10, futhi International Commission - ukunquma ikusasa nezinye izindawo impikiswano. Ngenxa yokuphelelwa ithemba ukuvimbela kugqashuka impi futhi ufune ukuyigwema umfelandawonye eSoviet Union, uNeville Chamberlain futhi Edouard Daladier bavumelana ukuthi Sudetenland kufanele ngihambe eJalimane. In ukubuya, Hitler wathembisa ukuthi wayeyoba ayisekho aludingi izindawo eYurophu.

Ekugcineni, isinqumo sayo ehlelekileko eJalimane, eBrithani, eFrance nase-Italy ngemvume Isivumelwano Munich, ke wavinjelwa ngaphansi kwazo lapho kugqashuka impi, kodwa wadlulisela Sudetenland, eCzechoslovakia eJalimane. Uhulumeni eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia waphoqeleka ukusamukela. Nevill Chemberlen Eduardu Beneshu wathi iBrithani wayengeke angene impi inkinga Sudetenland.

Daladier futhi Chamberlain wabuyela ekhaya, lapho bebehlala khona: wahlangana isixuku ezijabule abantu dambisa ukuthi usongo lwempi selidlulile. Chamberlain waphendukela amazwi umphakathi British, ukuthi 'isibenzé ukuthula esikhathini sethu. " Kodwa amazwi akhe zafakwa ngokushesha inselele sezombangazwe esivelele uWinston Churchill, owathi Neville wakhetha phakathi impi futhi ngokuqinisekile ihlazo, "Ukhethe ihlazo, futhi empini kuyofika." Uhulumeni waseBrithani walahlekelwa ekwesekweni uhulumeni Czech kanye Czech Army, omunye kakhulu eYurophu, waveza ukuthi uWinston Churchill kanye nezinye esinye sezikhulu zezombangazwe esidumile, Entoni Iden. Izazi-mlando eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi Munich sivumelwano, waqonda njengoba i-agumenti main iwukuba ugweme empini, cishe esasizobhujiswa Europe empini yaba mibi kakhulu.

Daladier namahloni sivumelwano ekhohlisayo, kodwa Chamberlain wajabula kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokushiya Munich, waze esayinwe Hitler idokhumenti liyasiqinisekisa ukuthi UK naseJalimane uzofuna ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye ukuqinisekisa ukuthula esikhathini esizayo.

Usuku emva ukusayinwa inhlanganiso opholile iJalimane ithatha amandla ombuso the Sudetenland. Inqubomgomo njengoba Chamberlain iye ehlisa ngonyaka ozayo.

Kamuva kungxenye of Czechoslovakia futhi abangu-Poland futhi Hungary beyiba izimangalo zabo indawo. Nokuvala Isivumelwano Munich, ngoMashi 1939, iJalimane matasa ahlale eyayiyingxenye yeCzechoslovakia. Izwe abasekho. September 1, 1939 iJalimane yahlasela iPoland. kwaqala iMpi Yezwe II. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho uNeville Chamberlain waqaphela ukuthi uHitler ayikwazanga omethembayo.

Isivumelwano Munich usuphenduke into efanayo ngobuze appeasement inqubomgomo expansionist ithi wobushiqela, yize kuba wasiza ukuthenga isikhathi umbimbi ukwandisa ukulwa kwabo ukulungela ngandlela-thile.