Izici yesikhathi sesimanje waseRussia: ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Umlando Russia

Yesimanje Russia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, lasakazekela yonke imikhakha yempilo emphakathini. Somewhere wabe ngempumelelo kancane futhi endaweni ethile nge eziningi. amandla ayo wawumkhulu. UNdunankulu Stolypin wayaziwa inkulumo eziningana ezithandwayo. Omunye wabo kuthinte nje emnothweni wezwe. Once in the Duma uPyotr Abramovich ethi izwe kudingeka engamashumi amabili ukuphila okunokuthula, ukuba abe umholi wezwe izinkomba kakhulu. Ngeshwa, kusukela ngo-1914, impi yabulala labo amathemba.

Ukuthuthukiswa yeSiberia

izimfanelo ezibalulekile yesikhathi sesimanje Russian sasihlanganisa i outflow mass sabantu asebenzayo empumalanga, ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele umhlaba laseSiberia. Isimo asekelwe laba bantu (ikakhulukazi abalimi). Futhi, le nqubo nomthelela ujantshi entsha laseSiberia. Migration ukunyakaza lwabhidlika phakathi Russian-Japanese War, ngesikhathi izwe akukhona ukuthuthukiswa obunokuthula umnotho. Nokho, ngemva yokufuduka ingxabano uqalisiwe benomfutho omusha.

Izici yesikhathi sesimanje waseRussia (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20) iwukuba impumelelo nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo Stolypin futhi Krivoshein, lapho abalimi ezikhuthele ayikwazanga ukuthola yabo kahle emnothweni, njengoba ngiphuphe kusukela ekupheleni serfdom.

Izifiki wathola uhulumeni uxhaso ukuthi kungase kube ruble 400 (usayizi sincike ukubaluleka impahla). Abalimi iyiswe izimoto ezikhethekile, okuyinto zilungiselelwe beyokulwa lokukwenkhosi. Emaphandleni entsha nemizana ihlelwe isitoreji isikhala okusanhlamvu, bezitolo kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda ezibalulekile. Umnotho okusha sihluke isicelo elidala amathuluzi ukushintshwa. Isivuno kumasayithi afana kwaba acebile futhi kangcono. abalimi laseSiberia wadala yayithola okusanhlamvu okuningi yezwe. okusanhlamvu waqhubeka ukudayiswa phesheya.

ezintsha zezolimo

Izici yesikhathi sesimanje waseRussia (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20) edolobhaneni namanje lapho kuzalwa ukuhamba wokubambisana ihlelwe. Ngisho umphathi ezinhle kakhulu kwakunzima ukujwayela indawo entsha kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ukwakha ama cooperatives. Omakhelwane bayasizana uma omunye uma izinkinga. Ama-oda Elisha babengamaJuda kuphumelela kangcono kunokuthi imiphakathi zakudala.

Phakathi kuka-1906 kuya ku-1914 eSiberia, ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, washukumisa cishe 3 million 700 ayizinkulungwane abantu. Ababili kokuthathu kubo ekugcineni wahlala ezweni lawo elisha. ujantshi eSiberia, lapho eminyakeni yokuqala ukusebenza kwawo kwaba ezingenanzuzo, baqala ukuletha imali ekahle ngenxa yokufunwa. Ngobusuku obandulela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala abavela ezifundeni esempumalanga yezwe enikeziwe kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-50 lamabele 5 million amakhilogremu of ibhotela. umhlaba wokulima e Western eSiberia waqala ukugcwala futhi yingcweti, ngakho uhulumeni ukhiphe imali ukuze izwe sokufunwa ngonyaka. Ukuxhumana ngempumelelo phakathi kwezakhamizi asebenzayo futhi isimo iyona engavamile sesimanje waseRussia (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20).

Russia ngo-1913

Inani eliphakeme labamemezeli emnothweni Russian wafika ngo-1913 (kwaba ngonyaka wokugcina ukuthula isimo tsarist). Ngakho-ke, i-esibekiwe njengoba iphuzu bachuma umnotho kanye neNgonyama.

Ukuthuthukisa amazinga ophilayo kanye nokwenzeka iSilekeleli Sokwazisa abathintekayo isimo yezibalo. Ngobusuku obandulela empini labantu umbuso kwaba cishe 173 million abantu. imindeni ongumlimi nge izingane kweshumi kwakuyizinto ezivamile.

National engenayo sibalo rose 7% ezingeni emhlabeni. Phambili yayimane nje US, eJalimane, ne-United Kingdom. Esikhathini isilinganiso sokukhula komnotho (futhi 7% ngonyaka), eRussia lezwakala wokuqala emhlabeni.

Nokho, elaseRussia yanika abaholi entshonalanga e onjalo sibalo ezibalulekile njengoba umkhiqizo zomsebenzi. Wayengumngane izikhathi esingaphansi 5. Izici yesikhathi sesimanje waseRussia (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20) kuyinto ukusheshisa ijubane ukukhula, okwakusho ukuthi izindawo eziningi nje musa ukuhambisana yimpandla ezinjalo.

Kutfutfukiswa nojantshi

Njengoba ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, ezikhulayo inethiwekhi nojantshi. Ngo-1906 igatsha kusukela Orenburg ukuba Tashkent wavulwa. Lokhu kuzokwenza adambise ukuthuthwa Uzbek ukotini ngekhwalithi ephakeme kakhulu emakethe yaseYurophu, wanikeza abalulekile inzuzo osomabhizinisi kanye umbuso ngendlela yezintela yengcebo. Ngisho eminyakeni yokuqala emibili empini saba ukwakha umgwaqo eNhlonhlweni Kola. Wayehamba ngezinyawo alibangise Murmansk. Kwakuyisikhathi osendaweni ezibalulekile ice-free itheku elisogwini imingcele esenyakatho yezwe. Ngokusebenzisa ukunikezela okuqhubekayo imithombo.

Intuthu izinjini, kusungulwe onjiniyela Russian kule 1910s, kwakungewona eliphansi, njengoba nozakwabo American noma European. Kuyini sesimanje? Yiziphi izici of sesimanje waseRussia? Yiqiniso, ukukhula njalo yezokuthutha. Minyaka yonke, banda baba ngu-8%. Yesimanje kuye kwaholela iqiniso lokuthi Petrograd avela kuqala gesi ujantshi sigaba. Nokho, kungakabiphi, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa impi yombango ukusetha izwe emuva. Abaningi intuthuko nenkosi ukuze Umnotho ziye ukhohliwe noma ngokuqondile suswa ukwazi mass imizamo censors Soviet.

Ububanzi wezokuxhumana

Zonke izinkathi sesimanje Russian, okuyinto eyenzeke kuze kube ekhulwini XX, akazange kuholele ekukhuleni okusheshayo ezifana nokuthuthukiswa kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile ngenqubekela emkhakheni nezokuxhumana. Ngezinye amabhizinisi zezimboni, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, amaphephandaba, imeyili nokunye. E. Kwakukhona amadivayisi amasha. Ngo-1910, ezweni lonke-ke wathumela amathelegramu kwezigidi ezingu-200. Inani izinto yemeyili lafinyelela izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili.

Kuyini sesimanje? Yiziphi izici of sesimanje waseRussia? Wayefanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi. Emkhakheni ukuxhumana izwe liye labhekana nge sici ayo ayinhloko - i-nsimu enkulu. Ngenxa esikhulu endaweni Russia akakwazanga ukuhlinzeka ngokugcwele uqobo konke okudingekile okuxhumana kuyashesha futhi kulula phakathi kwabantu. Isibonelo impi yokulwa Japan, lapho eshalofini amasonto esengena phambi eliseMpumalanga Ekude, owawunesihloko nemiphumela ngeshwa kakhulu.

Lezo zinto zenziwa yilawa izici eziningi yesikhathi sesimanje waseRussia. Ithebula ubonisa isihluthulelo umehluko yayo.

imikhakha yezomnotho

izici Domestic yesikhathi sesimanje zezimboni kwakufanele devyatiprotsentnom ukukhula ezindaweni iningi emnothweni. Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, ukuphila okunokuthula umbuso inani amabhizinisi of ohlelweni oluhlukile kukhuphuke ngo yesithathu.

Nazi ezinye izinkomba. Phakathi kuka-1893 kuya ku-1913 sokuncibilikisa insimbi steel kukhule izikhathi 13, izimayini zamalahle - by izikhathi 4, Central ukucutshungulwa ukotini Asian - .. izikhathi 7, nokunye aye amiswa emikhakheni ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ethembisa komnotho. Kwakuwusuku yendwangu, ukhuni, ukudla, nelesimbi umkhakha. Lezi zindawo usubakhiphile inzuzo enkulu.

ERussia e ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e ukudla umkhakha utshwala ekhiqizwa kakhulu (kuphela kudliwe emakethe yasekhaya), ushukela kanye ufulawa (akhishelwe khona).

ukuthuthukiswa izifunda

Ngo ingxenye European Russia Babengaphezu kwamashumi 90% wamabhizinisi kuleli zwe. The main kwaba endaweni emaphakathi, lapho esasihlanganisa iMoscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, Kostroma futhi isifundazwe Nizhny Novgorod. Futhi lakhula ngokushesha naseSiberia. Ngo-1914, i-ukuthuthukiswa ebalulekile Kuznetsk amalahle umcengezi waqala esifundazweni saseTomsk.

esifundeni entsha kwamiswa ngenxa ukukhula kwezomnotho. Kwakuwusuku sifundazwe-Altai, okuyinto lakhula ngokushesha Novosibirsk, yabonakala sesitimela Trans-Siberian.

Monopolies futhi Trade

Ekuqaleni kwempi kuleli zwe, kwakukhona kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili we monopolies enkulu. Bayithathile indawo imikhakha efana yasebhange futhi umkhakha esindayo.

namanye amazwe futhi ezifuywayo sidonse abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Abalingani eyinhloko Russia emakethe oMhlaba, baseNgilandi naseJalimane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izwe akhishelwe khona imikhiqizo yokudla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yize Baku uwoyela ensimini, izwe azange abe uphethiloli awanele ngenxa ukukhula abukhali embonini kanye nezidingo zayo.

Economist French owaziwa Thierry E. abalwa ngakho ngaphambi kwempi, ukuthi uma hhayi inguqula-mbuso, kwase kuba kwabayishumi Maphakathi nekhulu XX Russia kungaba umholi ezomnotho aleli zwe. Ngo yokubusa kwamakhosi neminyaka yokugcina kwaba ukuthuthukiswa ezweni Agro-ezimbonini.