Paul 1: inqubomgomo kanye namazwe angaphandle, nokubusa

Umlando 1 UPawulu waqala ngokukhuluma iqiniso ngempela ukuthi iNdlovukazi Elizaveta Petrovna, indodakazi komshado sikaPeter Omkhulu futhi uCatherine Okokuqala (okuyinto ekuqaleni kuthiwa kungenzeka babengabokuqala Baltic ongumlimi), kungabi anezingane, abamenyiwe esikhathini esizayo uBaba Pavel Russia. Bazalwa emzini German laseKiel, KP Ulrih Golshteyn-Gottorp, iNkosana wathola ekubhapathizweni igama likaPetru. Lokhu nane (ngesikhathi isimemo), le nsizwa yayingumuntu indodana yomfowabo ka-Elizabethe ayenelungelo lokuqhubeka kokubili isiSwidi kanye sobukhosi Russian.

Ubani wasezala uPawulu mina - imfihlakalo

Tsar uPawulu 1, njengabo bonke abantu, ngeke ukwazi ukukhetha abazali babo. Unina esizayo efika kuqala eRussia evela Prussia eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-15, ngokulandela isincomo noFrederick II, ukuba ibe ngumakoti wakhe amathuba Duke Ulrich. Kube ethola igama Orthodox Ekaterina (Alekseevna), yashada e 1745 futhi kamuva yaba yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba kuphela wabeletha indodana, uPaul. Umlando ushiye umbono ihlukaniswe mayelana uyise okungenzeka uPawulu Yokuqala. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi uCatherine wazonda umyeni wakhe, ngakho ubuyise udumo lover Sergei Saltykov uCatherine. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi uyise wayengumGreki namanje Ulrich (Peter III), njengoba kukhona wafana esobala kanye portrait, kodwa futhi uyazi ukungathandi Catherine eqinile ngendodana yakhe, okungenzeka zibe aphume inzondo ngaye uyise. UPawulu akazange acabange ukuthi uthanda unina, futhi, zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe. Paul luhlolo kwezakhi izinsalela baye akukenziwa, ngakho ngokunembile ukusungula ubuyise we Tsar Russian akunakwenzeka.

Ukuzalwa lugujwe kuzona ngonyaka

Ngokuzayo uMbusi uPawulu 1 eseyingane bancishwa abazali ababonisa ngayo uthando olukhulu futhi ngizinaka, njengoba ugogo wakhe u-Elizabeth, ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, wathatha indodana Catherine ezandleni ukunakekelwa abahlengikazi kanye nothisha. Eseyingane eside elindelwe ezizosiza izwe lonke, ngoba ngemva uPetru autocrats Omkhulu Russian baye baba nezinkinga nge phambili amandla ngenxa yokuntuleka abazolandela esikhundleni. Imikhosi kanye iziqhumane ngokuzalwa kwayo eRussia kwaqhubeka unyaka.

Isisulu sokuqala uzungu esigodlweni

Elizabeth wabuya sibonga Catherine zokuba umntwana isamba esikhulu kakhulu - ruble ayizigidi 100, kodwa umama yabonisa indodana yakhe ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha nje ukuzalwa kwakhe. Ngenxa yokuntuleka umama eseduze nobuwula ngentshiseko kakhulu kwabasebenzi bayo, uPawulu 1, inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle kungekho okunengqondo ezahlukene esikhathini esizayo, ngakhulela izwele kakhulu, okubuhlungu futhi izinzwa-wracking. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-8 ubudala (ngo-1862), isikhulu abasha balahlekelwa kuyise, yena waqala ukubusa ngo-1861 ngemva kokufa Elizabeth, ubulawe onyakeni kamuva e-uzungu esigodlweni.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-amathathu ngaphambi igunya lomthetho

Tsar uPawulu 1 kwaba isikhathi yayo imfundo esezingeni elifanele kakhulu, okuyinto iminyaka eminingi akakwazanga bakwenze. Eminyakeni emine, ngisho ngaphansi Elizabeth, wafundiswa ukufunda nokubhala, wabe yingcweti izilimi eziningana ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ulwazi mathematics, isicelo wesayensi, kanye nomlando. Phakathi othisha lakhe ibingamashumi F. Behteev, S. Poroshin, Panin, kanye nemithetho isitimela yakhe Metropolitan ikusasa moskovskiy Platon. Ubuzibulo uPawulu kwadingeka kakade 1862 wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza esihlalweni sobukhosi, kodwa unina, esikhundleni Regency, wafinyelela amandla ngosizo onogada, wamemezela yena uCatherine II futhi imithetho engu-34.

Paul 1 The Emperor useke washada kabili. Isikhathi sokuqala - eminyakeni 19 Augustin-noWilhelmina (Natalia Alekseevna), owafa ingane ebeletha. Ngokwesibili - ngonyaka we kufa umkakhe wokuqala (njengoba ukuphikelela Catherine) USophia ucabanga ngaleli phuzu-Augusta-Louise vyurtemberskoy inkosazana (Maria Feodorovna), okuzokwenza uzale izingane eziyishumi, uPawulu. Izingane zayo ezindala ukuze nokufanayo efanayo kuye - bazothatha nemfundo ebusa ugogo, futhi akuvamile ukuba ngibabone. Ngaphezu abantwana abazalwa emshadweni esontweni, uPawulu Simon wayeyindodana uthando ayenalo ekuqaleni - maid udumo Sofi Ushakovoy nendodakazi L. Bagart.

Unina wayefuna ukuphuca kuye sakhe sobukhosi

1 Pavel Romanov esihlalweni sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-42, ngemva kokufa kukanina (Catherine ubulawe yisifo sohlangothi) ngoNovemba 1796. Ngalesi sikhathi wayenendlu iqoqo zengqondo nemikhuba kuchazwa ngekusasa lakhe ikusasa Russia kuze 1801. iminyaka eyishumi nantathu ngaphambi kokufa Catherine, e 1783, liye kuyehla kube sezingeni eliphansi ubuhlobo bakhe nonina (kwakuthiwa ayekufuna ukuphuca kuye ka ilungelo lakhe sobukhosi) kanye Pavlovsk waqala ukwakha umfuziselo ayo isimo idivayisi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-30, ukuphikelela Catherine, naye bazijwayeze yena ngemisebenzi uVoltaire, Hume, Lakho, njll Ngenxa ngombono wakhe kwaba okulandelayo :. Esifundazweni kufanele kube "injabulo wonke umuntu kanye nazo zonke," kodwa kuphela uma monarchical uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni.

Coalition nge-Europe phakathi nokubusa

Ngesikhathi esifanayo e Gatchina, iqedwe ngesikhathi amacala, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo eyingoduso ekuqeqesheni Battalion ezempi. Uthando lwakhe imbangela emkhakheni wokuqeqeshelwa impi futhi ngokwengxenye ziyonquma ukuthi kuyoba angaphandle Politika pavla 1. yamafa iba ngempela obunokuthula, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi uCatherine Omkhulu, kodwa maloposledovatelnoy. UPawulu eqala walwa emelene France wamavukelambuso (iqhaza Suvorova A. V), kanye Britain, Turkey, Austria, njll, Bese waphula isivumelwano Austria futhi wahoxisa amabutho esuka eYurophu. Imizamo ukuya uhambo kanye eBrithani naseNetherlands nabo babekhona akuphumelelanga.

1 Lencwadzi iphuma kuPawula bavikela Order of Malta

Kwake kwathi ngo-1799 Bonaparte eFrance, bagxila ezandleni zakhe zonke amandla amathuba ukusabalala inguquko egqwalile, waqala ukubheka umbimbi nezinye izifundazwe. Ngathola kubo, kuhlanganise nalapho bebhekene Umbusi waseRussia. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho kwakuxoxwa iFrance ne navies sokusebenzisana kuhlanganiswe. Foreign Politika pavla 1 esikhathini ngasekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe kwakuhlangene kumiswa sokugcina mfelandawonye wokulwa eBrithani, uye baba nolaka kakhulu ukuba baziphathe olwandle (ehlaselwa Malta, lapho uPawulu Master Omkhulu Order of Malta). Ngakho, ngo-1800 phakathi Russia nase emazweni amaningana aseYurophu kwaba umfelandawonye ezaholela kumelene nenqubomgomo England yokungathathi hlangothi ahlomile.

Nakancane amaphrojekthi wezempi

Paul 1, inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle ukuthi akuqondakali njalo ngisho by nethimba lakhe, wafuna ubuhlungu Britain nezinto ezibonakalayo yayo Indian ngaleso sikhathi. Wathumela uhambo oluya e-Asia Ephakathi kusukela Don amasosha (abantu mayelana 22,500), bese usetha umsebenzi kade endaweni Indus iGanges, futhi " 'izinto ngesiNgisi lapho, ngaphandle kokuthinta alabo abaphikisa British. Ngu ngesikhathi zazingekho ngisho ibalazwe indawo, ngakho umkhankaso e-India inqanyuliwe ku 1801, ngemva kokufa kukaPawulu, futhi amasosha wabuya emaqeleni eduze Astrakhan, lapho sebefike kakade.

Ukubusa uPawulu 1 kuphawulwa lokuthi kule minyaka emihlanu ensimini ka Russia kungekho Ukuhlasela abangabokufika kwenziwe, kodwa futhi izinzuzo Awenzanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-emperor, ukunakekela izithakazelo Knights saseMelitha, cishe udonse izwe ku ezingqubuzana ngokuqondile amandla esiqine asolwandle wesikhathi - England. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-British kwaba izitha zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu, kuyilapho uzwela olukhulu wabazwela Prussia, ucabangela inhlangano yempi futhi abahlala kulawo mazwe enhle yayo (okuyinto akumangalisi inikezwe kwaqala).

Ukunciphisa umlilo debt umphakathi

Domestic Politika pavla 1 yayihloselwe uzama ukwenza ngcono izimpilo futhi kuthuthukise oda ekubeni ngokoqobo Russian. Ikakhulukazi, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi yengcebo kungokwalabo izwe, hhayi kuye uqobo, njengelive lelitimele. Ngakho wenza ukuze ancibilike zemali yesiliva usetha ezinye Sasebusika futhi eshisa ingxenye yale mali iphepha ruble kwezigidi ezimbili ukunciphisa izikweletu zomphakathi. Wayengumuntu avuleke kakhudlwana ukuba abantu kuka amandulela, futhi abalandeli ngokuthumela ocingweni kusukela ebhokisini esigodlweni ukudlulisa izicelo zabo ezazilethwa ziqondiswe kuye, okuvame wawa caricatures yenkosi uqobo, futhi lampoons.

emcimbini Strange izidumbu

wokubusa kaPawulu kwaphawulwa 1 kanye nekuhlelwa kabusha wezempi, lapho wethula uhlobo olulodwa, iziqondiso, bemunye ahlomile, bekholelwa ukuthi esikhathini yebutho likanina kwakungu hhayi empini, nje isixuku. Ngokuvamile, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi okuningi kwalokho ekwenzayo uPawulu wayibonisa, akwenza naphezu unina oshonile. Kwakukhona ngisho nangaphezu kwalabo abangamashumi Izenzakalo eziyinqaba. Ngokwesibonelo, athatha izintambo, wathatha ethuneni izinsalela uyise wabulawa uPetru III. Khona-ke emlotheni sokoronoval kayise isidumbu sikamama, zibeke umqhele phezulu kwebhokisi lomuntu kayise, kuyilapho nomkakhe uMaria Fyodorovna wafaka elinye umqhele Catherine efile. Ngemva kwalokho, le amabhokisi amabili ziphuthunyiswe le uPetru noPawulu Cathedral, mbulali uPetru III, Bala Orlov, ethwele lomngcwabo wakhe phambi umqhele yasebukhosini. Izinsalela sangcwatshwa, okubonisa usuku lokungcwatshwa.

Paul 1, ngesikhathi okubusa kwakhe waba owesikhashana, ngenxa yokuntuleka ukuqonda izinto ezinjalo yazuza eziningi. Futhi emisha ayisungula kuye ezindaweni ezahlukene akuzange kumenze ukusekelwa imvelo. UMbusi yafuna yonke imisebenzi yakhe. indaba aziwa ngayo, uma wamnika isihloko isikhulu elihlelekile ngowokuqala yedwa ongathwali izinhlamvu lakhe lempi. Ngemva Ezimweni ezinjalo, nokuyala amasosha aqala izoba namandla. Ama-oda Hard wazama ukuyifundisa uPawulu lezakhamuzi, kuvinjelwe kokugqoka izitayela ezithile zokugqoka nekhathazayo bafake izinto isampula German othize ngosayizi inikezwe collar.

inqubomgomo Domestic 1 UPawulu wathinta nemfundo, okuyinto, njengoba kulindeleke, ukuthi waba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni isimo isiRashiya. Ngemva ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sombusi wamenqabela ukwenza imisho florid, ukuhleleka kuka ukuxhumana ngokubhala ngokucacile kakhulu futhi nje. Yena ehlisela ithonya French emphakathini Russian eyayinalo amabhuku ngalolu limi (the wamavukelambuso, njengoba ayekholelwa), yayikwenqabela ngisho ukudlala amakhadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, kwanqunywa ukuba uvule izikole eziningi nasemakolishi, ukubuyisela University of Dorpat, vula Academy Medico-Steel Petersburg. Phakathi abangane bakhe babefana nezingane ubuntu udangele, efana Arakcheev, futhi G. Derzhavin, A. Suvorov, N. Saltykov, Speransky nabanye.

Njengoba inkosi yakwa-abalimi wasiza

Nokho, uPawulu 1, ngesikhathi okubusa kwakhe - 1796-1801, kwaba engathandwa ezingaphezu kuka ethandwa phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Ukunakekela abalimi, okuyinto ecabange kufanele abondla zonke ezinye amakilasi emphakathini, wethula serfdom wezinsuku ezintathu futhi wakhulula abafuyi ukusebenza ngeSonto. Ngale ndlela wazizwela ngokwakhe ulaka lo kulendawo, isibonelo, eRussia, futhi ukunganeliseki abalimi ku Ukraine, lapho serfdom ngesikhathi kwakungeyona, kodwa yena wabonakala izinsuku ezintathu. Abanikazi bomhlaba bebengeneme ukuvinjelwa kanye ehlukile ongumlimi imikhaya ngesikhathi ukudayiswa, ukuvinjelwa kabi isikhathi eside, ukususwa imisebenzi kusukela kubantukazana ukugcina amahhashi impi nokuyidayisa ngentengo encishisiwe lesinkwa usawoti esitokisini isimo. Paul 1, inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle okuyinto akuhambisani, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphambilini abalimi ukulalela bonke abaninimhlaba ngaphansi sesaba ukujeziswa.

Ukwephula amalungelo yezikhulu

autocrat Russian unyakaziswa phakathi enqabelo nezimvume kungenzeka ezibangele ukubulala okwalandela Paul 1. Wavala yonke indlu ukuphrinta yangasese, ukuthi kwakungekho ithuba basakaza imiqondo French Revolution, kodwa wawunika yokukhosela kuya French izicukuthwane esiphakeme ezifana ne-Prince of Conde, noma esikhathini esizayo Ludwig lesishiyagalombili . Yena uvinjelwe kuhlawuliswa ngoba kwamadoda asebukhosini, kodwa owethulwa ukuba bazithobe ruble amabili ungumphefumulo intela ukuze kugcinwe ezingeni likahulumeni wasekhaya.

Esifushane wokubusa uPawulu 1 kuhlanganisa izenzakalo ezifana ukuvinjelwa ukwesula izicukuthwane, owakhonza esingaphansi konyaka, kuvinjelwe supply collective izicelo zabo ezazilethwa kwamadoda asebukhosini, ukuqedwa inhlangano izikhulu ezifundazweni, kumangala ngokumelene ezicukuthwaneni, ngubani kugwenywe inkonzo. UMbusi uvumelekile abalimi isimo ezilotshwe zakhamuzi zazenza ingcosana futhi abathengisi, okwabangela Ukunganeliseki lakamuva.

Empeleni eyasungulwa inja zizalela eRussia

Miphi imisebenzi ngisho ezenziwe emlandweni 1 UPawulu, inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle kuyinto - kungcono bomele isikali kugucuka? I-Russian Tsar avunyelwe ukwakhiwa emathempelini Old Engakholwa ukholo (yonke indawo), uthethelele nabasePoland, owaba nengxenye kwavukelwa Kosciuszko, waqala ukuthenga phesheya, izinhlobo ezintsha izinja imvu, ekusungulweni, eqinisweni, inja. Kubalulekile futhi umthetho ngokulandelana, okuyinto ngaphandle kungenzeka sokwenyuka esihlalweni sobukhosi abesifazane futhi umisa inqubo Regency.

Nokho, nazo zonke izinto ezinhle, umbusi kwaba engathandwa phakathi kubantu wadala preconditions ukuze imizamo ephindaphindiwe ekuphileni kwakhe. Paul 1 Ukubulawa esenziwa zikhulu regiments eziningana ngoMashi 1801. Kukholakala ukuthi ugobe lo mbusi exhaswe nguhulumeni waseBrithani, okuyinto wayengafuni Russia ukuqinisa esifundeni Maltese. Ukuzibandakanya izenzo yamadodana akhe ayizange kungase kutholakale, kodwa ngekhulu le-19, abanye ukulinganiselwa ekutadisheni eRussia phakathi nokubusa kombusi kwangena.