Unyaka 1770: Battle of Chesma. imbangela impi

Uyazi, lapho kwakukhona impi asolwandle ka Chesma? 1770 futhi manje kugujwa eRussia. Impi senzeka eBay of Cesme e-1770, July 24-26 (July 5-7), endaweni ephakathi iziqhingi saseChios umkhawulo esentshonalanga Anatolia. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kule ndawo ngaphambilini eziningi impi asolwandle phakathi Venetian Republic futhi uMbuso WaseTurkey phakathi mabutho Turkish futhi Russian. Battle wawuyingxenye Okwesibili Peloponnesian ukuvukela 1769 kanye walowo Ukuza besizukulwane seMpi ngesiGreki kobukhosi (iminyaka 1821-1829).

Namuhla Day wenkazimulo lempi Russia kugujwa ngo-July 7 - kuba usuku lokunqoba yemikhumbi Russian phezu abaseTurkey e Battle of Chesma.

prehistory

Abaningi sibalo ajwayelekile Chesme 1770. Le mpi okwenzeka kulowo nyaka. Kwake kwathi ngo-1768-m impi Russian Kwagqashuka ne-Turkey, Russia uthumele squadrons ambalwa lubhekisele oLwandle iMedithera kusukela aseBaltic. Wayefuna buyisela ukunakwa Ottoman kusukela Okokuqala Archipelago Expedition (Black Sea Fleet), eyayihlanganisa ke ka eziyisithupha kuphela yempi.

Amabili isigaba Russian elaliholwa Admiral Gregory Spiridov nesiNgisi Umeluleki engemuva Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, futhi abangu eholwa Ukubala Orlov Aleksey. Ngenxa yalokho, amatilosi abanolwazi bathole ngoxhaxha WaseTurkey okwehange ethekwini Cesme (Turkey West Coast).

Zacindezelwa France, nethonya inkinga abakhuluma isiPolish 1768 yoMbuso WaseTurkey iqale impi ngo-Russia. Kuleli qophelo, ku isiqondiso eseningizimu amasu kwasala abasesimeni esifanayo, nokuyinto kwakunjalo ekhulwini XVII. Ngaphansi koMbuso Russian azange abe lwemikhumbi neBlack futhi Azov iziLwandle, okuyinto wabusa asolwandle amabutho Izimbobo. Eqinisweni, oLwandle Olumnyama kwaba "echibini Turkish." OLwandle Azov, kweBlack Sea North eCrimea elawulwa yoMbuso WaseTurkey - la mazwe kwakungamadodana zithuthukisa impi, yalahla iRussia.

ayehlasela

Unyaka 1770 ... Chesma impi ... Kungani kwenzekile? Ngo 1768-th ekwindla, abakhwele amahhashi YaseCrimea ihlasela iRussia, waqala empini. Isitha wahlulwa kanye ancipha, kodwa usongo wahlala. Northern Black Sea isibe yaseshashalazini eziyisisekelo impi, lapho kwakukhona impi yama-Russian iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu wekulwa ne amabutho ahlomile yoMbuso wase-Ottoman Porte futhi YaseCrimea Khanate.

imisebenzi

Khumbula inombolo 1770. Chesma impi kusho. On Sea Fleet kungekho kudingeka inzuzo. Yingakho Petersburg zanquma ukubathumela kuya isigaba saseMelitha oLwandle iBaltic futhi ukusuka lapho ukwesabisa Turkey. Injongo eziyisisekelo bomkhankaso kwakuyilungelo elingakanani ukusekela kwaba nesiteleka kungenzeka kwabakhileyo yobuKristu iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan (ikakhulukazi eziqhingini zase-Aegean kanye ngesiGreki yePeloponnese) kanye usongo abaseTurkey omkhulu ovela ngemuva emotweni.

Imiphi imisebenzi kwaba ukwenza isigaba Russian? Kwadingeka ukuphula ulwandle imigqa isitha yokuxhumana eMediterranean Sea, asuse abanye amandla akhe (ngokuyinhloko imikhumbi) kusuka endaweni Black Sea impi. Lapho ekuphumeleleni kwalo isigaba kwaba ukuthatha amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu ugu eTurkey ukuvimba iDardanelles. Isimo main yayisesigodini Aegean Sea, noma, njengoba ubeka ku "Archipelago yaseGrisi." Yingakho igama "uhambo ngesiGreki."

umqondo

Long gone ngonyaka 1770. Impi ye Chesma abantu basayikhumbula. Ubani owasungula ukuthumela imikhumbi Russian ogwini Aegean, uphaphame futhi ukusekela lokhu kubhikisha sabantu Christian uhlala khona ngokumelene Ottoman? Ngokokuqala ngqá lo mbono uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa ke Intandokazi Umbusikazi uCatherine II Orlov UGrigory. Mhlawumbe, lo mbono kwaqala ukubikwa ngumholi ikusasa lo mkhankaso we-Ukubala Orlov Aleksey, umfowabo uGregory, ubani kuphela evunyiwe futhi donos noCatherine.

"Uma udinga ukuya waseConstantinople nokudedela wonke amaKristu zenzisa futhi Orthodox ejokeni kungokosizi Kuyaziwa ukuthi Orlov Aleksey wabhalela umfowabo ngezinkinga lo mkhankaso kanye impi ngokuvamile eyaziwa. Futhi ngizothi le, umbusi uPetru mina e idokhumenti wathi futhi, Mohammedan infidels, ukuze axoshe emaqeleni isihlabathi ekhaya zabo zangaphambili. Lapha ukuzishaya livela futhi, Dumisani uNkulunkulu wethu, uMninimandla onke. " Ngesikhathi kulethwa okusalungiswa uMkhandlu umkhankaso e-Empress Orlov UGrigory washayelwa isiphakamiso sakhe ngale ndlela: ". Thumela ngesimo cruise eMediterranean Sea, futhi ukusuka lapho umbhangqwana imikhumbi ukwenza isitha ukuketula"

Abanye ochwepheshe bathi impi ye Chesma e 1770 kwakubangelwa isifiso Russia ukuba exit ezimele kusukela oLwandle Olumnyama kuya expanses ka izilwandle zomhlaba. Bese angizange kudingeka izaba.

weqembu lemikhumbi

Futhi manje ukubukeka kancane sihlolisise ngonyaka 1770, impi ye-Chesma (yokulwa Russian-Turkish). weqembu lemikhumbi Russian lalinabashumayeli imikhumbi ayisishiyagalolunye yomugqa, frigate ezintathu (owodwa isibhamu 36 kanye pair of 32-isibhamu), imikhumbi asizayo 17-19 isitsha bombardirskogo "Thunder" (inganono 10).

Ukubona ngoxhaxha isitha ngoJuni 23, wayemi ngemuva esiqhingini saseChios at ihange, armada yethu entathakusa ngo-June 24 (Julayi 5) e 1770 afakiwe isiteshi Chios, ngokuthi lehlukanisa siqhingi kusukela Riviera, Anatolia, kusukela enyakatho ne ehambisana umoya soft. Mayelana nalokhu coast, ezisuka eGulf, uye ngasenyakatho Chesmensky, wema imigqa emibili usufikile armada WaseTurkey.

Kukho kwakukhona izimoto 16 (zazo eziyisithupha zaziyizinduna 90- noma 80-isibhamu, kuyilapho abanye, njengo-Russian, ifakwe amathuluzi 66), izitsha ezincane 60 futhi 6 frigate. imikhumbi-Turkish elaliholwa Hassan al-Din - uCaptain Pasha. Wayengumuntu ngesikhathi ekamu ogwini, nephini lakhe Hassan-Bey (onesibindi Algeria), owayephikisa ngokuthi kusukela imikhumbi isitha kudingeka uhlanganyele futhi ahlubule nabo emoyeni. Noma kunjalo, Corvettes wakhe akakwazanga ukulandela lo mthetho, njengoba abangu usufikile. Ngenxa yalokho, Russian noseyili babo bathatha isinyathelo empini uqobo.

Orlova amaqhinga

Ngonyaka 1770 impi ye Chesma (mpi Russian-Turkish) babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu kuwo wonke umlando okwalandela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amandla umxhwele isitha ekuqaleni wamshaya Bala Orlov. Kodwa, sithembele ngokuqinile phezu isibindi kwamabutho akhe, futhi kuNkulunkulu, wafaka welulekana nezinduna kanye nabaholi, futhi wanquma ukuhlasela ngoxhaxha Turkish. Orlov wayala Springe (izintambo, zixhunywe amahange ukuthi agcine umkhumbi endaweni) uma kufanele ihange ekulweni nesitha. Bala eyakhelwe umugqa lwempi, wahamba abaseTurkey kule oda:

• Rearguard: imikhumbi "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, skipper Roxburgh), ethi: "Ningathinti kimi" (ukaputeni Beshentsev), "Saratov" (uCaptain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, uCaptain Cruz), "I-Europe" (ukaputeni Klokachev), "Osanta ezintathu" (ukaputeni Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Three iziKhulu" (Bala Orlov Aleksey, unogada yamathebhu), "Januarius" (ukaputeni Borisov), "Rostislav" (uCaptain Lupandin).

Battle in the Chios Strait

Chesma impi (1770, July 7) uvule umlando emuva. Ukuze uqale, cabanga ekulweni Chios Strait, eyaqala ngo-June 24 (5 Julayi). lasolwandle Russian ivumile isu lokwenza waya emngceleni oseningizimu umugqa Turkish. Ngemva kwalokho, waphenduka futhi waqala ukuba ezibekwe imikhumbi isitha. Turkey imikhumbi adubula ibanga nge izintambo ezintathu (560 m) at 11: 30-11: 45. imikhumbi Russian akazange nomlilo emuva nje eduze isitha at ibanga 80 izimpi (170 m) ukulwa kubukisisa 12:00.

Ngo ezintathu Russian imikhumbi iqhinga akuphumelelanga: "St Januarius "ngenkani waphenduka, ngaphambi kokuba abe uhlelo," I-Europe "ezingabanjwanga endaweni yakhe, walimala ngenxa yalokho, Waphenduka, waphuma ohlelweni, ngokuba ngemuva" Rostislav "futhi" Abathathu iziKhulu "ngemuva emkhakheni imikiswe umkhumbi lesitha lesibili ngaphambi ayengakwenza ume umugqa, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi ke ngephutha wawashaya corvette "wokwehlayo amathathu".

Ukulimala "Europe" kuye kwasho ukuthi "St Eustace "kwaba phambili umkhumbi armada Russian. Kulomkhumbi wathunyelwa umlilo imikhumbi komugqa ezintathu-Turkish (kuhlanganise iwuhlelo yoMbuso wase-Ottoman imikhumbi, "Burj u Zafer", elaliholwa Hassan Pasha). "St Eustace "waqala sagibela iwuhlelo we armada WaseTurkey, ngaphambi kokubona umlilo. Ngemva evutha mainmast "Burj u Zafer" ngawa egumbini elingaphansi corvette "St Eustace, "usho yamila. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-10-15 kanye yasha "Burj Zafer y". Elphinstone umangalele ukuthi Russian empeleni eyize bese Spiridov nge Ukubala Orlovym Fodorom (umfowabo umholi sika) kwesokunxele "St Eustace, "ngisho phambi Melee. Ngokufanayo, wasinda kanjalo ekufeni, futhi Skipper "St Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov uqalisiwe kobuholi ukulwa ne corvette "iziKhulu Ezintathu".

14:00-Turks ukusika izindophi amahange futhi zinhlanga ngaphansi isembozo ogwini amabhethri Chesma Harbor.

Fight in the bay

amasosha abaningi babulawa e 1770 Chesma kwaliwa omunye ehlukumeza kakhulu. Juni 25-26 (July 6-7), kwakukhona nokuhilizisana endaweni Chesma Bay. Lokho-ke isi-Turkish umlilo umkhumbi wadala ezimbili uchungechunge 7- futhi 8-eqondile corvettes nezinye imikhumbi zitholakala phakathi imigqa nezwe elingasogwini.

usuku lonke Juni 25 (July 6) Imikhumbi Russian ixoshe on a weqembu lemikhumbi Turkish kanye nezikhundla ugu. izitsha ezine asizayo ayenziwa umlilo-imikhumbi. At 17:00 ibhomu-umkhumbi "Thunder" waba usufikile phambi Chesma Bay futhi waqala zokudubula ngoxhaxha Turkish. Ngezinye 00:30 wayethethelela elajoyinwa umkhumbi komugqa "Europe" futhi 1:00 - "Rostislav", esahlanganisa ngemva imikhumbi umlilo.

"Rostislav", "I-Europe" futhi bakhononda, ethi: "Ningathinti kimi," akha umugqa ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, owaqala kokulwa ne armada Turkish. Ngalesi sikhathi, "Saratov" wayekhona eceleni, kanye frigate "Afrika" futhi "Thunder" ehlaselwa ibhethri ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Gulf.

Ngezinye 01:30, noma kancane ngaphambili (ngokuvumelana Elphinstone, phakathi kobusuku) ngenxa yokushisa, ethi: "Ningathinti kimi" futhi "Thunder", omunye komugqa-Turks imikhumbi yamila umlilo ukusabalala emzimbeni noseyili evutha. The amalangabi ngokushesha kwi imikhumbi ethekwini.

Ngakho, siyaqhubeka indaba esenzakalweni esenzeka Julayi 7, 1770 Chesma impi kufanele sihlole iphuzu ngalinye. Uma yamila ngaso 02:00 emkhunjini yesibili Turkish, izitsha Russian saphela labadubuli, futhi umlilo-imikhumbi langena Gulf. Ababili babo ababebadala iphansi kwesandla sika-uCaptain Dugdale futhi Gagarin, abaseTurkey esingu. By the way, Elphinstone uthi kuphela umlilo Kushone uCaptain Dugdale, futhi umkhumbi Gagarin sika uyolwa wenqaba ukuya. Okulandelayo omunye umkhumbi, elaliholwa Mackenzie, uye wabambana isitsha esivuthayo, futhi eyodwa (ngaphansi kokulawula uLieutenant D. Ilina) - babiza 84-isibhamu corvette umugqa.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Ilyin umlilo ovuthayo, washiya kuwo esikebheni neqembu. Lo mkhumbi yamila kanye ashisiwe iningi nezinye corvettes WaseTurkey. Ngu 2:30 yamila yempi amathathu ngaphezulu.

Cishe ngaleso 04:00 imikhumbi Russian ithunyelwa isikebhe, befuna ugcine ayikahlanganiswa evutha imikhumbi emibili emikhulu. Noma kunjalo, baye bakwazi kuphela omunye wabo - "Rhodes '60 isibhamu. Kusukela 04:00 kuya 05:30 yasha yempi eziyisithupha ngaphezulu, futhi ngezinye 7 ezimpondweni - ezine synchronously. Ngu 8:00 empini Chesma Bay yaqedwa.

imiphumela izimpi

Kuyini kuhle emlandweni waleli zwe ngonyaka 1770? Chesma impi yini izinzuzo alethwe Russia? Ngemva le mpi imikhumbi Russian ungase ngokuyinhloko uphazamise ukuxhumana Turkish e-Aegean Sea futhi ukwehlukanisa iDardanelles. Zonke lezi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama baye bafeza indima ebalulekile ukusayinwa Ukuthula iSivumelwano Küçük Kaynarca Sivumelwano.

Ngesiqondiso uCatherine II, ukuba adumise ukunqoba Elikhulu ePeterhof Palace senziwa ekhumbulekayo Chesmensky Hall (iminyaka 1774-1777) bamiswa izikhumbuzo ezimbili kulo mcimbi: Chesme pilaster e Tsarskoye Selo (1778) kanye Chesmensky lesikhumbuzo e Gatchina (1775) wamisa Chesme Palace (iminyaka 1774-1777) futhi isonto Chesma St. Ioanna Predtechi (iminyaka 1777-1780) Petersburg.

Chesma impi immortalized 1770 yabalingisi zegolide nezesiliva izindondo, okuyinto ayenziwa ngomyalo uMbusikazi uCatherine I. Bala Orlovu Alekseyu wavunyelwa ukunamathisela proimenovanie amagama, njengoba bathi: "Chesma".

igama

Kuyaziwa ukuthi igama "Chesma" egqoka armada ezingaguquki of Russian imikhumbi yezempi ezaziwayo. Ngu oda uNicholas II kwaba ukuqamba Cesme ndawo, okuyinto manje emzaneni we Chelyabinsk esifundeni.

Futhi eGulf of Anadyr khona Scesma izimpawulo - okuthiwa uhambo aso Clipper "Rider" ngo-1876.

UMongameli Russian Vladimir Putin in 2012, ngo-July, uphawu izichibiyelo zomthetho "On the nemigubho Russia kanye Izinsuku Military eNkazimulweni." Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona Victory yemikhumbi Russian phezu Turkish e Battle of Chesma, okuyinto kugujwa ngo-July 7.

imibiko

Izazi-mlando namanje ukutadisha ngonyaka 1770: Chesma impi, imbangela okuyinto aziwayo kakade, Russia uyakhazinyuliswa womhlaba wonke. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Spiridov kubikwe uMongameli eKolishi Admiralty Petersburg Bala Chernyshov: "Makabongwe uNkulunkulu futhi nodumo weqembu lemikhumbi Zonke-Russian! Kusukela 25 th-26 th isitha imikhumbi ehlaselwa, aphihliza, aphihliza engenamuntu, ashiswa, waminza, futhi wavuma ezulwini yaphendulwa umlotha, washiya indawo yisihlamba esibi, futhi bona baqala ukulawula lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi kwethu Queen wethu ".

A. G. Orlov lolungenamaphutsa wezwakalisa imizwa liphefumulelwe yokunqoba Cesme, encwadini ayibhalele umfowabo: "Sawubona, mnumzane, mfowethu! Ngizokutshela okuncane mayelana uhambo lwethu: lapho lehlela umlilo noma kuphi, ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba ushiye Morea. Ukuze vorogov nge ngoxhaxha gone, beza kuye, futhi walwa ebanjwe, abhubhisa, wawahlula, babhujiswe futhi ithunyelwa phansi futhi incinerated. "