Ukudingiswa Karachai abantu - emlandweni. Inhlekelele ye Karachai abantu

Minyaka yonke, abakhileyo Karachay-Cherkessia republic kugujwa usuku olukhethekile ─ Meyi 3, uSuku Revival Karachay abantu. Lokhu ekhaya iholidi isethwe ezisenkumbulweni yokuthola inkululeko kanye nokubuya izinkulungwane zabantu adingiswa esuka North eCaucasus abayizisulu izinqubomgomo lobugebengu Stalin, kamuva waqaphela njengoba kohlanga. Ubufakazi nowalabo ababephila ngalezo zikhathi kwezenzakalo ezibuhlungu zangalolo leyo minyaka akuzona ubufakazi kuphela isimo sawo esiyinqaba, kodwa futhi kuyisixwayiso izizukulwane ezizayo.

Ukuthwebula of eCaucasus futhi ukusebenza kwawo amabutho emelene ngempela namaSoviet

Phakathi no-July 1942 amayunithi German esinenjini wakwazi nokuqalisa intuthuko enamandla, futhi front ezibanzi, embozwe cishe 500 amakhilomitha, bagijima baya ukubikela eCaucasus. Advance ngokushesha kangangokuthi kakade 21 Agasti ifulegi laseJalimane lobuNazi wendiza phezulu Elbrus, bahlala khona kuze kube sekupheleni-February 1943, kuze abahlaseli abangu yini nixoshe amasosha aseSoviet. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amaJalimane matasa nayo yonke indawo le Karachai Autonomous Region.

Ukufika namaJalimane ukusungulwa oda entsha anikeza ugqozi zishukumisa isinyathelo kuleyo ngxenye labantu ukuthi kwaba nobutha kokubusa kweSoviet futhi wayelindele ithuba abhujiswe. Sibambe isimo evumayo, laba bantu baye bahlangana ndawonye kumavukelambuso futhi ngenkuthalo babambisane amaJalimane. Omunye wabo ayakha lokho okuthiwa amakomiti Karachai kazwelonke, ogama msebenzi kwaba ukulondoloza umbuso umsebenzi emhlabathini.

Inombolo ephelele nabakhileyo esifundeni, laba bantu babe Ingxenyana encane yalawo, ikakhulukazi ngoba iningi labantu besilisa kwaba phambili, kodwa umthwalo ukukhashelwa wanikezwa sonke isizwe. Umphumela yomcimbi yayithi kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa Karachai abantu, okuyinto eyaba phakade ikhasi okuyihlazo emlandweni wezwe.

Abantu baye bahlupheka ngenxa nedlanzana amambuka

ukudingiswa ngenkani Karachai liphakathi amacala amaningi kombuso wobushiqela elisungulwe umashiqela wezwe wezimpi ezalandela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngisho naphakathi ayebambisene nabo eduze njengoba ngokucacile ngokungenasizathu yabangela ukusabela okuhlukahlukene ezaziwayo. Ikakhulukazi, AI Mikoyan, owayeneminyaka ngaleso sikhathi ilungu Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, wakhumbula ukuthi kwakubonakala zingenakubekwa cala kungazwakali akhashelwa we abantu ofika phakathi kwabo bangamaKhomanisi eziningi, abameleli nezazi amaSoviet nasemakamu abantukazana ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe zonke labantu besilisa luphumelele empini, futhi kanye nazo zonke balwa amaFascist. Ukukhaphela lusobishini kuphela iqembu elincane Renegades. Nokho, uStalin yayilukhuni futhi ephikelela wakhe.

Ukudingiswa Karachai abantu kwenziwa ngezigaba eziningana. Kwaba isiqalo umyalelo ku 15 April 1943, yakhiwa Office eU.SSR Lomshushisi, kanye NKVD. Eyabonakala ngokushesha ngemva yenkululeko-January 1943 amabutho aseSoviet Karachai libhalwa umyalo kuthuthwa ngenkani e le Kirghiz SSR naseKazakhstan abantu 573 ababengamalungu eqembu le imindeni labo namaJalimane. Ukuthumela bonke ababengaphansi izihlobo zabo, kuhlanganise nezinsana kanye ebuthakathaka abadala.

Ngokushesha inani deportees sehliselwe 472, njengoba amalungu kumavukelambuso 67 abangu owayezinikele neziphathimandla zendawo. Nokho, njengoba izenzakalo kamuva kwabonisa, kwaba kuphela hambisa ze, eyayinekheli eziningi ububi, ngoba ngo-Okthoba ngawo lowo nyaka wakhipha isimemezelo we KaHulumeni of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR ngesisekelo okuyinto ukuthuthelwa ophoqelelwe (ukudingiswa) abangu ngaphansi wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, Karachai, ngenani 62 843 abantu.

Ukuze ukuphelela, siphawula ukuthi, ngokusho idatha atholakalayo, 53,7% wabo kwakuyizingane ezingaphansi; 28,3% ─ abesifazane% ─ amadoda 18 kuphela, iningi labo impi abagugile noma abakhubazekile, ngoba ezinye ngalesi sikhathi ayelwa egibele ngaphambili, ukuvikela amandla afana nalawo wenza abangenamakhaya futhi uzoba ukuhlupheka Amazing nemindeni yabo.

Ngesimiso efanayo Okthoba 12, 1943 esasibekelwe ukuqedwa Karachai Autonomous Region, futhi zonke okuqondene insimu yakhe lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona i-angomakhelwane izinhlangano yombuso kanye kuncike ukuhambisa "imikhakha bokuthi abasebenzi» ─ kona lokushiwo nakwetfulwa lokhu kuyadabukisa ongasoze walibaleka, idokhumenti.

Qala indlela lusizi

Ukuthuthela Karachai abantu, futhi ukusho okuhlukile ─ ewaxosha amakhulu eminyaka owakhiwe ezweni, ikhiqiza i ijubane yanda futhi kwenziwa esikhathini kusuka 2 kuya 5 Novemba 1943. Ukuze ukushayela ku izinqola ukuzilwela namaxhegu, abesifazane nezingane, yabelwe "amandla ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza" ezihilela NKVD ka 53 eziyinkulungwane. Man amayunithi lempi (lokhu idatha ezisemthethweni). Ngesibhamu, baxoshwa emizini yabo noma abantu abangenacala futhi uyiswa endaweni sokuhamba. It zivunyelwe ukuba zithathe kuphela supply encane okudla nezingubo ngokuphazima kweso. Zonke ezinye impahla, aluthola phakathi neminyaka eminingi, le deportees zaphoqeleka ukuba zishiye ukuba isiphetho sabo.

Zonke izakhamuzi ezaqedwa Karachai Autonomous Region ithunyelwe izindawo ezintsha yokuhlala e amazinga 34, ngalinye elikwazi angazamukela kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane 2. Abantu futhi lalinabashumayeli-avareji yamaphesende izimoto 40. Njengoba kamuva owakhumbula kubahlanganyeli izenzakalo imoto ngayinye etholakala abantu abangaba ngu-50, okwathi ngokuhamba nezinsuku ezingu-20 baphoqeleka, siminyanise izimo enyinyekile futhi zingcolile, nqabela, ukulamba futhi zibulawa yizifo. Mayelana ubunzima ngembobo kufakazelwa yiqiniso ukuthi phakathi nohambo, ngokusho kwemibiko esemthethweni, abantu 654 bafa.

Lapho befika kule ndawo, wonke Karachai esezinzile ngamaqembu amancane 480 zokuhlala, eyeluliweyo ku insimu enkulu esisuka kuze elaliphansi kwamagquma Pamir. Lokhu kubonisa lotawulungisa ukuthi kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa Karachai eU.SSR waphishekela umgomo wokukhuthaza nokwenziwa ephelele phakathi kwezizwe futhi ukunyamalala beyiqembu yobuhlanga ezimele.

Izimo deportees

Ngo-March 1944, i-NKVD wadalwa okuthiwa yoMnyango wezokuHlaliswa ekhethekile ─ ngale ndlela nabizelwa kuleli asemthethweni lendawo yokuhlala labo okwathi uba yisisulu kombuso akunabuntu waxoshwa izwe labo futhi ngenkani wathumela izinkulungwane amakhilomitha away. Ilungelo labaqeqeshi lesi sakhiwo kade 489 Usigaxamabhande ekhethekile eKazakhstan nase 96 eKyrgyzstan.

Ngokwe-oda, elikhiphe Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi L. P. Beriya, zonke deportees kwadingeka ukuba kuncike imithetho ekhethekile. Bona sebekubeke sinqatshiwe ngaphandle imvume ekhethekile esisayinwe Usigaxamabhande, ukushiya imizana kulawulwa Usigaxamabhande we NKVD. Ukuhluleka ukwenza njalo ukuthi akhiwa ukubaleka ejele begodu kanzima ngoba isikhathi esiyiminyaka engu-20.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi ezingamaPutukezi bayalwa zingakapheli izinsuku ezintathu ukwazisa abasebenzi Usigaxamabhande ngokufa namalungu azo omkhaya, noma ukuzalwa kwezingane. Babephinde babizwe ubikele phezu amahlumela, hhayi kuphela uzibophezele, kodwa futhi oluzayo. Kungenjalo, abenzi bokubi babhekane kushushiswe njengoba ababehamba yobugebengu.

Naphezu imibiko izinduna nemizana olukhethekile ukubekwa ngempumelelo imindeni abangenamakhaya ezindaweni ezintsha nokuzimbandakanya kwabo emphakathini ukuphila zokusebenza esifundeni, eqinisweni, kuphela ingxenye encane kubo kwadingeka izimo zokuphila ucishe kuyabekezeleleka. Kwenqwaba isikhathi eside bancishwa umpheme baqoqene emijondolo ngokuxhamazela wangqongqoza ndawonye udoti impahla, ngisho e-dugouts.

Inhlekelele Bekunjalo amandla lezifiki entsha. Ofakazi lezo zenzakalo wakhumbula ukuthi, elingenalo iyiphi supply ezimisiwe, bahlale elambile. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi ngokubeka professional kakhulu ukukhathala abantu badla izikhumba izimpande, ikhekhe, izimbabazane, amazambane morzly, alfalfa ngisho isikhumba izicathulo ezigugile. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuvumelana idatha esemthethweni zakhishwa eminyakeni yokwakha kabusha, inani lokuhlongakala hlangana abantu bebe besezweni lakubo safinyelela 23.6% esikhathini sokuqala.

nokuhlupheka okukhulu elihlobene ne kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa Karachai abantu, ngokwengxenye lula iqhaza ezinhle futhi usizo omakhelwane ─ isiRashiya, isi-Kazakh, Kyrgyz, kanye nabamele bezinye izizwe, isakhuluma ubuntu babo esingokwemvelo, naphezu kwakho konke ukulingwa lempi. Ikakhulukazi asebenzayo kwaba inqubo rapprochement ne Kazakhs abokufika, ogama inkumbulo kwaba kusekusha ngezinto ezishaqisayo Holodomor ukuthi nakho 30s ekuseni.

Ingcindezelo ngokumelene ezinye izizwe zase-USSR

Karachai angagcini izisulu dlova uStalin. Ayikho edabukisayo kancane kwaba isiphetho nabanye abantu bomdabu eNorth Caucasus, futhi nabo, nezinhlanga abahlala kwezinye izingxenye zezwe. Ngokusho kwemibiko seningi abacwaningi baye baphoqeleka kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa abameleli bezizwe 10, phakathi lapho, ngaphandle Karachai, langena YaseCrimea AmaTatar, ingush, le Kalmyks, Finns, Ingrian Finns, baseKorea, Meskhetian abaseTurkey, Balkars, Chechens futhi iVolga amaJalimane.

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke badingiselwa abantu baphinde ezindaweni abekade amabanga amade uma liya esezindaweni zawo lokuhlala esiyingqophamlando, futhi wangena engavamile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezihambisana ne ingozi ngoba isimo ekuphileni. Isici esivamile olwenziwa nokuxoshwa ngokuvumela lokucabanga okuyingxenye mass ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, isikhathi sabo uStalin, kuyinto zabo okungezona zokwahlulela nemvelo futhi izehlakalo asihole ezinkulukazi ezihambayo uquqaba okuqondene besizwe esithile. Siphawula ekudluliseleni ukuthi emlandweni wase-USSR sihlanganisa kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa eziningi namaqembu omphakathi kanye zobuzwe nezenkolo ezifana Cossacks, kulaks, nokunye. D.

I besahlulelo kwabantu bakubo

Izinkinga ezihlobene kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa abantu abathile, babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ezingeni party abaphezulu kanye nobuholi isimo ezweni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi babengeke okuqalwe Izidumbu OGPU, NKVD, futhi kamuva, isinqumo sabo kwaba ngaphandle kwekhono inkantolo. Kukholakala ukuthi phakathi nempi, kanye esikhathini okwalandela indima ebalulekile ukuqaliswa relocations ngempoqo wonke amaqembu ezinhlanga kudlalwa inhloko yabangamashumi Commissariat Wezangaphakathi L. P. Beriya. Kangaka waze wanikela ngeNdodana Stalin imemorandamu, aqukethe izinto ezihlobene yokucindezelwa okwalandela.

Ngokusho kwemibiko, ngesikhathi kokufa kukaStalin ngo-1953, kwakunezithunywa cishe 3 million deportees bazo zonke izizwe eziqukethwe nemizana ekhethekile. I Wezangaphakathi we umnyango we-USSR 51 sidalwe ukuzivocavoca ukulawula izifiki ngosizo Usigaxamabhande 2916, ezisebenza ezindaweni zabo. Vimbela basinda kungenzeka futhi ucinge ababaleki 31 wahlanganyela division nokusebenza-okuphenya.

Indlela ende eya ekhaya

Buyela abantu Karachay ezweni lawo, njengoba kwelakubo senzeka ngezigaba eziningana. Uphawu lokuqala isibonelo sezinto ezizayo abenguMesiya ezikhishwe unyaka owodwa ngemva kokufa kukaStalin esinqumweni uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni akhawunti amahhovisi ekhethekile nemizana Usigaxamabhande sika abantwana abazalwa ngo imindeni deportees kamuva ngo-1937. Okungukuthi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umbuso umthetho wesikhathi sokubuya ekhaya, akazange asifake isicelo labo yobudala ingeqi iminyaka engu-16.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesisekelo oda efanayo abafana namantombazane amadala kuka yobudala ebekiwe wathola unelungelo lokushiya edolobheni izwe yokwemukela ezikhungweni zemfundo. Endabeni ngokokubhalwa kwabo, nabo inkanyezi nge accounting MIA.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo endleleni ukubuyela ekhaya kwezizwe eziningi badingiselwa ngokungemthetho senziwa nguHulumende iSoviet Union ngo-1956. Umfutho kwaba inkulumo N. S. Hruschova ngesikhathi XX iCongress of the CPSU, lapho wagxeka lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa kukaStalin zobuntu futhi uchitha phakathi nenqubo yakhe umthetho yokucindezelwa mass.

Ngokusho esinqumweni 16 Julayi, ku settlement imikhawulo ekhethekile kwasuswa evicted phakathi kwempi, ingush, Chechens futhi Karachai, kanye nawo wonke amalungu nemindeni yabo. Abamele ezinye izizwe becindezela ngaphansi kwalesi simemezelo kwakungafanele ezimboziwe bakwazi ukubuyela ithathe isikhathi esithile ukuba amakhaya zabo zangaphambili. Kamuva, zonke izindlela zokucindezela abangu ezaqedwa maqondana amaJalimane ngokobuhlanga iVolga esifundeni. Kuphela ngo-1964 uhulumeni wakhipha isimemezelo ezazibekwe wona ukumangalela umuntu izikhathi eziningi ngaphandle kwesizathu ngokuphelele iyathinteka namaNazi, futhi wayiqeda nyá imikhawulo inkululeko.

Debunk "namaqhawe"

Esikhathini esifanayo kwakube nokusitheka eyodwa ngaphezulu, ejwayelekile kakhulu kuleyo dokhumenti sikhathi. Ayeyisinqumo kahulumeni ukuqedwa Isinqumo Mashi 8, 1944, esisayinwe M. I. Kalininym, lapho "wonke-union umdala" yayimelelwe ukuba ukhishwa imiklomelo sikahulumeni esiphakeme 714 amaphoyisa nezikhulu empi ezazihamba zihlukaniswa ngokwabo ekwenzeni "izabelo ezikhethekile".

Ngaphansi lawa magama ezingacacile ibeke ukuhileleka kwabo kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa abesifazane abangakwazi ukuzilwela nasebekhulile. Izinhlu "Amaqhawe" kwaba mathupha Beria. Uma sicabangela ushintsho elibukhali Yiqiniso beqembu, kubangelwa vulamehlo kwakukhona kusukela ngisesiteji ka XX Party Congress, Bamukwa imiklomelo wangaphambilini atholiwe. I Initiator of lesi senzo kwaba, ngamazwi akhe, ilungu Politburo A. I. Mikoyan.

Usuku Revival Karachay abantu

Imibhalo MVD declassified kule minyaka yokwakha kabusha, kuyacaca ukuthi ngesikhathi lesi sinqumo inombolo deportees kwehle kakhulu ngenxa ukususwa kusukela irejista ngesikhathi esedlule iminyaka emibili, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16, abafundi, kanye namaqembu athile nebantfu labakhubatekile. Ngakho, ngo-July 1956, nenkululeko wathola abantu 30100.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isimemezelo ku ukuxoshwa Karachai wadedelwa ngo-July 1956, ukubuya yokugcina kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe kwenkathi ende izinhlobo ngaphezulu ukubambezeleka. Kuphela kusukela ngo-May 3 ngonyaka ozayo, trainload wokuqala wabo weza ekhaya. Lolu suku ubhekwa Suku Revival Karachay abantu. Enyangeni ezayo ngenxa nemizana ekhethekile lonke becindezela wabuya. Ngokusho MIA, inombolo yabo zaba abantu 81405.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1957 uhulumeni wakhipha isinqumo phezu sokubuyiselwa yokuzimela kazwelonke Karachai, kodwa hhayi njengoba isihloko ukuzimela Federation, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambi kokuxoshwa, futhi uxhumano endaweni yayo Circassian inkampani okuhlangene isitokwe nokudala kanjalo Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. Ngo okufanayo isakhiwo ngokwendawo zokuphatha kuthiwa ngaphezu kwalokho kuhlanganisiwe Kluhorsky, Ust Dzhkgutinsky Zelenchuk futhi izifunda, kanye ingxenye enkulu endaweni Psebayskogo futhi endaweni suburban Kislovodska.

Endleleni eya nokuvuselelwa ngokugcwele

I abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi lokhu nazo zonke umthetho okwalandela yokuqeda umbuso ekhethekile yeziboshwa lezizwe becindezela, behlanganiswe umkhuba ovamile ─ abazi ngisho aqukethe iseluleko ezikude ukugxekwa inqubomgomo nokuxoshwa mass. Kuyo yonke imibhalo ke wawuthi Ukuthuthela wonke abantu babizwa ngokuthi "izimo impi isikhathi," futhi okwamanje isidingo sokuhlala kwabantu ezindaweni ezikhethekile wanyamalala.

Umbuzo ka wokuvuselelwa ngokwendalo Karachai abantu, njengoba wonke amanye izisulu nokuxoshwa mass, akazange ifike. Baqhubeka bonke baya kubhekwe izilwane ezidla ezinye izizwe kuxolelwe sibonga ubuntu uhulumeni wamaSoviet.

Ngakho, kukhona usabhekene umzabalazo ukuze kulungiswe ephelele zonke izizwe abayizisulu kobushiqela uStalin. Phakathi okuthiwa Khrushchev ncibilika, lapho eyomphakathi, izinto eziningi steel, wasungula Ububi obenziwe ngu Stalin kanye nabasizi bakhe, wayephezu, kanye ubuholi beqembu waqhamuka ukuthulisa izono wangaphambili. funani ubulungisa kwakungenakwenzeka kule mvelo. Isimo sashintsha kuphela ukuqala yokwakha kabusha kuka akephuzi ukusizakala abamele abantu becindezela ngaphambili.

ubulungiswa

Ngesicelo yabo in the 80s sekwephuzile ngesikhathi CPSU Central Committee Commission, isimemezelo okusalungiswa usumisiwe ku nokuvuselelwa egcwele zonke izizwe ngaphansi kweSoviet Union, ngaphansi neminyaka sekudingiselweni Stalinism ophoqelelwe. Ngo-1989, le dokhumenti ibuyekeziwe futhi evunywe the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Kuyo kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa Karachai abantu, kanye nabamele nezinye izizwe ezingu ngokucijile ngecala futhi kwachazwa ngokuthi isenzo esingekho emthethweni kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu.

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wabona ukukhanya ngesinqumo wase-USSR Council of Ministers, uhulumeni usula zonke izinqumo odlule ezazinemithetho becindezela abantu eminingi abahlala ezweni lethu, futhi ukumemezela ophoqelelwe kuthuthwa kohlanga yabo. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we efanayo bayalelwe ukuthi cabangela omunye nomunye umzamo ukuyaluza ngokumelene nokuvuselelwa abantu becindezela njengoba izenzo ezingekho emthethweni futhi abenzi bokubi ukuba ubulungisa.

Ngo-1997, umthetho ekhethekile lwekhanda Karachay-Cherkessia republic yasungulwa 3 Meyi ─ Day iholide of Revival Karachay abantu. Kusinda intela ukuze bonke labo iminyaka 14 yaphoqeleka ukuba sikhuthazelele zonke ubunzima athunjiwe, futhi labo abazange baphile baze babone usuku lokukhululwa kanye nokubuya emakhaya. Ngu isiko, it kugcwele ezihlukahlukene imicimbi yomphakathi, ezifana ukusebenza ezigcawugcawu, amakhonsathi, ezemidlalo Equestrian kanye ngezimoto izinhlanga.