20 iCongress of the Party nokubaluleka kwalo. Nikity Hruscheva umbiko "Ngo Nehlelo Personality kanye Imiphumela yayo"

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev uhlala omunye izibalo Ayindida kakhulu futhi impikiswano emlandweni Russian. Kulapho-ke kwenzeka okuthiwa "ncibilika" ebuhlotsheni nezwe isicebi, kodwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo, izwe elenga ibhalansi sokusongela kwempi yenuzi. Weza amandla, ngokuba nasemseni Stalin, kodwa ngemva kokufa zokugcina kuthelwe ngodaka kusukela ekhanda kuye ozwaneni, kokuba ufunde umbiko ihlelo ubuntu nemiphumela yaso.

I. V Stalin, noma ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi "ubuntu zomphakathi"

Ekucubunguleni udaba ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okutshengisa umthelela ulwazi umphumela ongashadile ukuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi nangaphandle isimo, nawu umbuzo, yini lo muntu? Kuleli zwe lanamuhla kunenkolelo yokuthi oyedwa Awukwazi ukushintsha ukuthuthukiswa lonke lelo zwe futhi nomphakathi wonkana. Nokho, uma amanye amafomu akhona kwamandla kuba nokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi uma lowo muntu enamakhono izici okusezingeni eliphezulu volitional ukuthi uyivumele ukukhuthaza imiqondo yabo, okungukuthi, "Namathela Umucu wako."

Kusukela 20s, ngasekhanda likahulumeni waseSoviet wabhekana ubuntu namandla - I. V uStalin. Wakwazi ubambe imizamo yayo kabusha kahle kakhulu ukwakheka kombuso wobushiqela. Wonke amandla kule cala ezandleni ubuholi beqembu, futhi ubuholi kwaba "ngaphansi hood" kusukela Stalin yena. Ukuze engaba ngu-30 Soviet ukulawula isikhathi ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka ngokuphelele ukushintsha sphere ezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalo yezwe. Kumelwe kuvunywe, ayenakho eziningi. Kodwa lokhu okuningi wayengeyena nje amaqiniso omuhle. Sekube ezimbi, izenzo zobudlova esiyinqaba, okuyinto okunzima izaba.

UNikita Khrushchev ngokuhlela zonke lezi zici ezimbi womsebenzi wayo wezepolitiki eneka konke: futhi "bangaphandle" "lakhe," ukuze esidlule uyajabula kakhulu futhi zashaya izandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eSoviet Union ke liye laba nethonya elimazayo ngaphakathi ezweni.

Njengoba ukufa Stalin Sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60. Kulokhu kwanele ngempela ukunquma indawo yayo emlandweni wezwe njengoba isikhulu sikahulumeni. Isikhathi kugcina out ezihlukahlukene "udoti oluyiqiniso" futhi uhlala ebaluleke kakhulu - umnikelo.

Namuhla, kunamabandla mlando bhala mayelana nokunqoba nomnikelo Stalin ekupheleni ukuthuthukiswa futhi ukuphakama, wabulawa umlilo ngenxa yempi yombango, isimo Russian. Ngakho, manje yiso kanye isikhathi ukuhlola Stalin real njengoba ubuntu zomphakathi. Uma ukhumbule uPetru mina, ukuthi kwakwenzeka uma ubugebengu hhayi ezincane, kodwa umlando waleli zwe he is a hero kazwelonke, vyvevshim Russia ezingeni emhlabeni. Impela, eminyakeni, uStalin kwase futhi ube iqhawe, kodwa kufanele uye kwabanye kube nini nanini.

kohlanga

20 iCongress of the party kwaba omunye wesikhathi esifishane izenzakalo ezimbalwa komlando ngamazwe nomthelela omkhulu kwezepolitiki ngemibono kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi - namandla, futhi izakhamuzi ezivamile. Kuye kwashintsha ayisisekelo isimo ngobukhulu - i-USSR. Kodwa lokho kwakwenzeka kwesisekelo salo mbiko zomlando?

Izwe wayesabusa ngokugcwele Imininingwane. Isimo kungaba angenele ngisho ezindabeni zabantu noma yisiphi isakhamuzi. Futhi ngisho ngosesikhundleni ezisesidlangalaleni, kungabalula ekuthuleni zokuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi, kanye nomkhaya wakhe.

Phakathi Yombango, futhi-yalolucwaningo 20 ka XX leminyaka, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet wabhubhisa yonke engaba yamasiko umphakathi kanye athuthukile. Ngaleyo minyaka kwakukhona ukuqothulwa kwesizwe okungokoqobo isiko isimo Russian. Izikhulu libhujisiwe njengoba ekilasini. Abefundisi ivalwa - shot, walengiswa, washaywa wabulawa, amashumi, ngamakhulu nangezinkulungwane ezweni lonke. Enterprise, njengoba isici izimfanelo lomuntu, u baqothulwe ihlumela - onxiwankulu futhi abalimi ocebile kwathiwa ngezibhakela, etha- the abantu 'ingcebo. " Banikwa yibhece jabulile ngemandla sabasebenzi. share sengonyama ngokuhlukumeza okunamandla bokusungula, ayeba umbuso isiRashiya, "ngomkhumbi" ENtshonalanga. abalobi Russian futhi ososayensi bathole ezweni lawo yesibili "kukhona" phesheya, kude ukwesaba abomvu. Stalin, njengoba esinye sezikhulu phezulu uhulumeni omusha, u ayehileleke kulo, ngakho XX iCongress of the CPSU kutshengisa ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi kwenzekani ezweni.

I-Epoch ka Stalin, "Stalinism"

Umphumela ngentuthuko angenhla isilinganiso jikelele umphakathi. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela ngokuya impahla, kodwa amasiko nendlela yokucabanga. Ukuphikiswa ekupheleni 30s akazange bathini - ke nje wayengekho lapho. Zonke izakhamuzi waxosha inhloko ngokunemba indlela ekhethiwe yentuthuko LamaKhomanisi. Izakhamuzi ngokwabo ukubulala nanoma ikuphi ukungabaza ngokuthi ukuba semthethweni senzo. Kube khona umthetho engabhaliwe etafuleni ukuphakamisa a ubhontshisi "ngoba Stalin", futhi bonke bamlandela. Amahlaya kwakuyingozi sikwazi ukubikezela okuthile ungakwazi "thatha", kwaba nzima. Mayelana nalokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi alethe incwadi anecdote ngalabo zinsuku:

"Hlala, amathathu ikhamera.

- Kungani ukubeka?

- Joke watshela. Futhi?

- ngilalele lo anecdote.

- Iqabane, futhi uwena lapha?

- Ukuze nevilaphayo Ingabe kule nkampani, ngezwa anecdote. Ngibuyele ekhaya futhi wacabanga: ukubika noma cha ukubika. Lazy, angabikwa. Futhi ongeyena lazy kakhulu. "

Yiqiniso, i anecdote. Kodwa njengoba besho, yingxenye encane kuphela ihlaya kuzo zonke ihlaya khona. Nakuba izigidi zabantu emakamu. Uma kungenjalo zonke, cishe yonke imindeni ilahlekelwe othile kusuka emalungeni awo. Kodwa akekho angitshelanga muntu ngakho. Kwakuyingozi umlomo wakhe waphinda. 20 iCongress of the party kwaba ukuphonsa iphuzu elilodwa elivela ngazo, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa likhona ithuba lokuxoxa yezenzo ezingalungile, ikakhulukazi uStalin.

On lowombono wawungaba nje omkhulu wokwakha uStalin - ezolimo, umkhakha lakhula ngokushesha kakhulu. Yonke indawo hung amaphosta zijabule yezakhamuzi Soviet namakholi ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo ukusebenza.

Kusukela lonke izwe zeSoviet Union sasithe bahlukaniswe - nokuvinjelwa ulwazi, umsakazo angaphandle labantu hhayi uthephwe ngenxa yokuntuleka yakhe ka-esifushane wave imisakazo. Zonke ezinye abezindaba angaphansi emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo inkulumo-ze zigcwele.

Ukugxekwa Stalinism ayizange kwathushuka - ke ukuba ubekhuluma kubo ngoJohane, kodwa owokuqala owaqala ke, wayengekho Khrushchev, kwaba Beria, kodwa akuzwakalanga lutho. Nikita yakhe "ukushaya".

"Pospelov Commission"

Nikita eside balungiselela le Congress. isithakazelo sakhe kancane ukuba iningi ajenda kanye nemibiko yokungcwaba ozakwabo. Yayithanda umbuzo owodwa kuphela - umbiko ubuntu lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa kaStalin. Ukuze wenze lokhu, Khrushchev wachitha umsebenzi okuningi wokulungiselela. Okokuqala, athonya bonke abaphathi isidingo nokuhlola ubugebengu "umholi." Kulandelwa iqembu elikhethekile seliphelile esungulwe, kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe "Commission Pospelov."

Ikhomishana ziqondiswe impikiswano nokuvuselelwa izakhamuzi yicala ngokungemthetho wase-USSR uStalin kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Omunye wofakazi ebaluleke kakhulu lezo zenzakalo eboshwe Boris Rhodes. Ngaphansi Stalin, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye umphenyi ezindabeni ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi e-MGB, futhi waba phakathi abadlali phezulu izinqubo eziphathelene le "zezombusazwe", okuyinto eyenzeka 40s. Amazwi akhe waqinisekisa ukwesaba kukaStalin ngokumelene labantu bakubo futhi, ikakhulukazi, abasebenzi party kanye nabasebenzi bakahulumeni. Futhi wacela ukuba umthwalo generalissimo, kodwa noma kunjalo azikho ezinye izibalo zezombusazwe. Khrushchev uma eyayidingeka. Nakuba ayengumuntu kahle ukuthi zonke izikhulu zezinhlangano abaphezulu kanye nabaholi republic inyunyana banesibopho umcimbi, abekho ngaphansi Stalin. Phela, nabo basuke babe kokwenza "imikhawulo" futhi wadlulisela icala umholi we kokuthola "imikhawulo" entsha yokuboshwa njalo.

Ukulungiselela XX Congress

Ukulungiselela umbiko Khrushchev ngesikhathi XX iCongress of the CPSU akazange athathe indawo ngokushelela. Uma kushiswa impikiswano wezilinganiso ka Stalin yena. Molotov bethembekile obengumholi, wagomela ngokuthi "naphezu kwempatho konke, uStalin iyona continuer imbangela kukaLenin kweqiniso", wathola ukwesekwa kusukela Voroshilov futhi Kaganovich. Saburov futhi Mikoyan, kunalokho, wabekwa icala yokubukwa anti-lamaKhomanisi futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, isinyathelo. umbono Khrushchev kwahluka. Wayekholelwa ukuthi Stalin awuzange uthembeke ndawonye, kodwa zonke zomsebenzi wayo zazenziwa zasendle, zobuqaba. Akayena kaMarx, amangalelwe Khrushchev, All Saints, okungukuthi ku indoda, kwababhubhisa bonke sivumelane nazo unqotshwe.

"Pospelov Commission" uye walungisa umbiko isifinyezo ngenyanga kubhekwe Stalin osithathayo isinyathelo ngenxa 1935-1940 GG. Kukhona ezinkulukazi ezithombeni zabo unya. Yonke idatha iye isipele imibhalo ezigciniwe, ngakho sajabula ezingaphezu kuka iyakholweka. Ikakhulukazi, izibalo ekhonjiwe ezingaphezu kuka-1.5 million. Kuboshwe 1937-38., Abangaba yizinkulungwane 700 babo baye esingu! Kukhona futhi inikeza izibalo phezu kokubhujiswa kwalesi Party kanye nobuholi obuphethe Soviet. Yonke into ngesineke ngqo sub-ayithemu libonise isithombe esiphelele isimo kuleli zwe mayelana ababoshiwe, ukucindezelwa nokubulawa.

Februwari 9, 1956, t. E. Isonto ngaphambi kokuqala kwengqungquthela, umbiko udilivwe KaHulumeni leKomiti Central. Leli hholo ishaqekile yilokho ayekuzwa, futhi kwaphakama umbuzo mayelana isidingo sokufunda ezinjalo. 20 Party Congress thinta kafushane phezu edlule yokuba matasa kukaStalin, Nokho, kwacaca ukuthi, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile wagxilisa kuye.

Ngosuku olwandulela umhlangano, isb. E. Februwari 13, kwanqunywa ukuba ubambe umhlangano wangasese, okuzokwenza ukuletha umbiko Khrushchev. Kuphela 18 kombhalo yokukhuluma lalungiselela Pospelov futhi Aristov, kodwa Nikita Sergeyevich Kodwa akazange azamukele ngokugcwele, ngakho waqala zokubuyekeza. Ngosuku olulandelayo, Khrushchev wasebiza owayebhala ngomshini futhi wabizela inguqulo yakhe kombiko. Le nguqulo kwaba nenye ulwazi, "Pospelov Commission" futhi ngezizathu zomuntu siqu futhi ukucabanga Khrushchev.

20 Party Congress

Usuku iCongress 14,02 - 02.25.1956. Kwamasonto angaba mabili lidlule kwalesi senzakalo esingokomlando, usanda kwenza mlando ngosuku lwakhe lokugcina - Februwari 25. Kulapho Khrushchev ukufunda inkulumo yakhe imfihlo abadumile. Kodwa ake zonke ukuze. Izinkundla 20 Party Congress kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili ukungalingani.

Eyokuqala lalinabashumayeli imihlangano yomphakathi 19. Le ngxenye akuhlukile lonke lwengqungquthela yeqembu aphethwe. Njengomthetho, umbiko isikhulumi ngasinye embonga imisebenzi LamaKhomanisi, wabe eselandela umbiko. Mangisho, yonke le mibiko okuhle isigqi kanye reflection of the Dynamics omuhle kakhulu imisebenzi emkhakheni iqembu ezindaweni. Kwakubonakala sengathi iqembu isebenza lemukelekako. Nokho, eqinisweni, kusukela ngo-1952 kwaba ebonakalayo ukwehluleka sína futhi amaphutha.

Ngo nokungakhethi, kumele ukuthi, ngaphezu ukumdumisa party futhi obengumholi Iosifa Stalina, ezinye izikhulumi uzwakalise ukugxekwa. Ikakhulukazi, u-Anastas Mikoyan wanikeza ukuhlolwa engakhi kukaStalin "iDemo Course" nezincwadi, ukhanyisa umlando Elikhulu Okthoba Revolution nempi yombango eyalandela futhi umlando likahulumeni waseSoviet. Mangisho, amazwi anjengokuthi awesekwa congresses, futhi akukho isimanga yokuthi Mikoyan asitholanga ukwesekwa phakathi kwalabo abakhona. Akwaziwa Pankratova academician Sibonisa yokuthi ka falsification yomlando.

Iseshini Kuvaliwe kanye "umbiko oyimfihlo" Khrushchev

Ingxenye yesibili engqungqutheleni wazibonakalisa kwesibhamu sokuthuthukiswa eU.SSR futhi nomphakathi wamaSoviet. Sithe izingxenye ezimbili Congress akwenele - ngempela. Ingxenye yokuqala izinsuku ezingu-11 futhi kusaba noma zincane akwenzekanga. Ingxenye yesibili okwenzeka ngosuku lokugcina ingqungquthela. UNikita Khrushchev ukufunda "umbiko oyimfihlo" elethula ihholo esimweni stupor futhi ukushaqeka ngokujulile. Yena ziyadalulwa inganekwane ubuntu lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa kukaStalin , bambeka imbangela eyinhloko kuphela uyaca repressions nezinye ubugebengu eminyakeni sokuhlala kwakhe emandleni, isb. E. Ngoba zonke eminyakeni engu-30. Akumangalisi, kwanqunywa ukuba ikhiphe ne mpikiswano nengxoxo umbiko - ehholo kwakukhona ukuthula elibulalayo embikweni, futhi ngemva kwakhe kwakungekho ihlombe, okuyinto kwakuvamile ukuba izenzakalo ezinjalo.

Thembeke bazi kahle ukuthi yini Khrushchev etshela abebehambele, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi banikezwa ithuba. umbhalo Okuprintiwe wehlele kithi, it is ukuhlelwa, nomsindo amakhasethi aqoshiwe okwamanje ngesikhathi ingakamiswa ezitholakele. Kodwa uma ucabangela Improvisation Eqinisweni, lo mbiko "Ngo Nehlelo Personality kanye Imiphumela yayo" zingahluka kusuka umbhalo, elaqala nesisindo inkomba yakho.

Umphumela futhi impendulo yomphakathi kuya "umbiko oyimfihlo"

Kuhlola umtselela yokukhuluma Khrushchev sika kulowo mhlangano 20 kunzima kakhulu. Abantu bavame ukucabanga ukuthi "akhishwa" komunye kakhulu kwenye. Kuze Februwari 25, 1956, uStalin khona "uphawu", ngisho umcabango yokwehluleka kwakhe kwezombangazwe kodwa kungafiki, ngisho kanjalo okwengeziwe zonya kungenzeka benziwa kubo. Konke lokhu watshela 20 Party Congress. ukubaluleka kwalo ngokomlando kwaba ezingalindelekile. Cishe, ngisho Khrushchev nakancane ukuthi ngeke ukusebenza kwakhe.

Labantu lahlukaniswa embikweni kokuhlaziywa zibe izingxenye ezimbili - owodwa isinyathelo "ngoba", wanikela ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kule isiqondiso, ingxenye yesibili ithathé isinyathelo ngqo ngokumelene a baxgeki ngumholi we sonke isikhathi kanye nezizwe.

IKomiti Central yaqala ukuthola izincwadi namanothi, lapho kuhlongozwa ukuba baqhubeke nomsebenzi debunking le "inganekwane uStalin." Kwakukhona iziphakamiso ehlukile ilungu ngalinye party ukukhuluma, mayelana nalolu daba.

Njengoba uquqaba ezwa ngalokhu umbiko? Into wukuthi ngokushesha njengoba iphelile Congress lama-20 LamaKhomanisi, waqala emikhulu umkhankaso ukwenza abantu bazo zonke izigaba nombhalo yokukhuluma Khrushchev sika.

Ngemva kwalokho, kwakukhona imibuzo mayelana semthethweni ekutholeni isidumbu Stalin eduze Lenin. Kwakukhona iziphakamiso ukuze kulungiswe Abavukeli lukhuni, Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rakovsky. Ngaphandle kwabo, kwakukhona izinkulungwane eziningi okunikelwayo ukubuya kwegama ezinhle izakhamuzi zaseSoviet yalahla.

Izenzakalo kwegazi e Tbilisi

Ezinye zikhathi zazibuhlungu izenzakalo ekhatsi Tbilisi, eye eyaqanjwa 20 Party Congress. 1956 kwaletha usizi kubantu Georgian. Nikita Sergeyevich kwadingeka ukuba siqonde lokho kungaholela kuye amazwi zokunganaki. Georgia kwaba lenkaba kaStalin. Phakathi sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu amandla, khona igunya ngenxa yokuthi yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi demigod futhi baba nonkulunkulu bezinto ezingabonakali. By the way, kuze kube yilolu suku kuye e Georgia kuyinto lokufaneleka ethile. umbiko Imfihlo yayifundwa ekupheleni Februwari 1956, futhi ngo-March waqala izibhelu mass.

Khrushchev ayikwazanga ukuthumela Georgia wazibonela abagqugquzeli, abangathanda ukwazi zonke "kwesokudla" ukuchaza futhi wazise umphakathi. Kodwa Khrushchev wayengenandaba ke - wathumela amabutho ingajezisa. Umphumela - eliningi achithekile. Futhi kuze kube namuhla nakwa Georgia Khrushchev wakhumbula igama ezimbi.

Ukubaluleka komlando

umbiko Khrushchev sika unemiphumela okuxubile. Okokuqala, kwaba ukuqala yeningi kuhulumeni - uvinjelwe ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu ukwesaba emzabalazweni party. Kodwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni akafuni ukunikeza abantu eziningi nenkululeko senzo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abantu abasha, njengoba ingxenye okuqhubekayo iningi umphakathi, baqonde izenzakalo ezombusazwe, ehlukile. Yena okholwa ukuthi ngenkathi emaketangeni esidlule, ifikile inkululeko yangempela.

Kodwa kwakuyiphutha. Khrushchev wayefuna ukubuyela konke emuva, ukubambezela yonke inqubo de-Stalinization, kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu, futhi manje yena okwadingeka bazivumelanise ngayo izenzakalo zamanje, kuhloselwe intando yeningi.

Ubuholi eceleni nawo ayikashintshi - luhlala okufanayo, kodwa usafuna ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni basola emikhulu Stalin futhi Beria, kanjalo eneka imisebenzi yabo ukukhanya priglyadnom ngaphezulu.

isinqumo Congress on the ukukhuthazwa jikelele "umbiko oyimfihlo" Khrushchev kwaholela ushintsho olukhulu, kodwa ngisho abaholi abaphezulu abazange baqonde ukuthi imiphumela lokhu kuzoholela. Ngenxa yalokho we inqubo kubhujiswa lesi simiso isimo jikelele ukulingana emphakathini.

"Ukuncibilika"

Engxenyeni yesibili yawo-50 - maphakathi 60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XX wangena umlando kazwelonke njengoba inkathi Khrushchev ncibilika. Lesi isikhathi turning eSoviet Union kusukela kobushiqela kokuthile intando yeningi efana. Lithuthukile ubudlelwane nomhlaba wonke isicebi, i- "yensimbi kwesihenqo" luye lwaba permeable ngaphezulu. Ngaphansi Khrushchev, lo international intsha umkhosi eMoscow.

Ukushushiswa abasebenzi party ayisenziwa, abaningi kulabo abalahlwa ngaphansi Stalin abangu avuselelwe. A nokuvuselelwa kwesikhashana abangu ngaphansi abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona ukulungisiswa lapho kubhekiselwe kubantu bakulelo amambuka, okuhlanganisa Chechens, ingush, amaJalimane nabanye abaningi.

Abantu abangafundile babebhekwa ebugqilini "ebugqilini yepulazi collective" lancipha isonto sizihlalele. Abantu walithatha wekusasa, okuyinto eye yaba nethonya omuhle jikelele emnothweni. Kulo lonke izwe laqala ukwakhiwa asebenzayo izindawo zokuhlala. Kuze kube namuhla, akekho eRussia nakwamanye amazwe ayengaphansi Union komuzi, lapho kukhona okungenani omunye "Khrushchev".

20 Party Congress laliyisenzakalo hhayi kuphela vnutrisovetskogo isikali, kodwa futhi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuze isethulo ngalesi Congress, Khrushchev nje okuningi - izenzakalo Hungarian, ukubhuqwa e Tbilisi futhi Novocherkassk, ukukhulekela West, iqhaza lakhe siqu asebenzayo izenzo zokucindezela phakathi nokubusa Stalin, isimo sengqondo boorish neyisayo maqondana nezazi. Eminyakeni yokwakha kabusha, kukhona ngisho isiphakamiso rebury Nikita Sergeyevich esinqeni odongeni Kremlin. Yebo, noma kanjani, waba sibalo emhlabeni ngenxa omunye inkulumo edumile. Kufana ngemva Fulton inkulumo Churchill sika, yamemezela ekuqaleni "iMpi Yomshoshaphansi," futhi kweso waba unendima eyinhloko ezombusazwe ezweni.