Ngubani oprichnik? Yiphi indima izikhonzi tsarist?

igama elithi "oprichnina" Cishe wonke umuntu ajwayelekile. Ngokujwayelekile ohambisana nesifanekiso izwi yizikhathi zosizi sokuba itholane phezulu ku-internet Ivana Groznogo, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka izikhulu amakhosi asendulo futhi boyars. Ngubani oprichnik? Lena ndoda eyayengamele phakathi kwababusi kwezinhloko zamaviyo oprichnina noma onogada, adalwe yinkosi u-Ivan IV e kohlaka izinguquko zezombusazwe ka 1565.

History of the oprichnina

Ukhathele uthando samandla nangobudlova we boyars Izicukuthwane kwesikhulu, owaba co-umbusi uzibona umbusi, Februwari 3 1565 ngonyaka Ivan Grozny isikhipha umyalo ethula kabusha. Lalibizwa ngokuthi oprichnina. Yasungulelwa yokweba nezitha inkosi wonke incazelo nomphumela. Kusukela manje, izwe lonke ukuthi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: i-oprichnina futhi umkhandlu wesifunda (ezindaweni ezingekho kuleli oprichnina). Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa emazweni North-Eastern, lapho inombolo encane boyars-patrimonial igxile. Oprichnina eyathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa, kodwa inkumbulo yakhe kuyinto fresh namanje.

abahlanganyeli okuqondile kabusha

Ngubani oprichnik? Okokuqala, it is ukukhonza umbusi, owayesesimweni kwababusi bempi we oprichnina. Bangase ummeleli uquqaba ezahlukene. izikhonzi Tsarist esifungelwe Ivanu Groznomu sokwethembeka. Nokho, sazilahla umndeni wakhe futhi wasinika isithembiso hhayi ukuxhumana Zemstvo.

Oprichnik izici kufakwe sici - isembatho ayoni Ngokufana Monk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwadingeka izimpawu ezikhethekile - i umshanelo isithombe bese lenja sika. Yayimelela nokuzimisela ngokuqinile ashanele vygryzt umbuso. Ngakho, umuntu ayengathola khona ukuthola ukuthi ngobani labo oprichnik. Ngemva kwalokho, leli gama yilona abantu baba okuhlukumezayo.

Ingqikithi yalo imisebenzi nonogada

Kwamazwe united unala yenkosi ekhombisa yonke inzalo ka-izikhulu amakhosi asendulo, Ivanu Groznomu kwakubonakala osolisayo. Bonke bangabangasokile bayiswe kwenye indawo ukuze la mazwe amasha kanye onqenqemeni iningi isimo. Ngokusho inkosi, kukhona amambuka ayikwazanga singamelela noma imuphi sobukhosi ingozi. On the wangaphambili umhlaba Holdings abantu abangenayo ixazululwe abaninimhlaba encane nabakhulu.

Oprichnik usuku lalinabashumayeli incithakalo ukuxoshwa Izicukuthwane ubudala. Ivan Grozny walibiza ngokuthi "siyixazulule abafo." Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi lapho eshushiswa yinkosi okunganambitheki oprichnina wabuthelwa acishe abe yisigamu isimo. Ingxenye esele kwaba endaweni efanayo futhi ngokuthi "zemshchina". Wabusela khona Boyar Duma.

Yiqiniso, zonke lezi imisebenzi abangu waphikiswa asebenzayo. Abantu abaningi enamandla akayithandanga Inqubomgomo Russian of yinye futhi ukuqedwa kwenkululeko ubudala. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye enkulu amacala iqalwa nezitha izinguquko nonogada eyayenziwe ehlisela amabhuleki noma sichithwe. Laba bantu babehlangene kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi ePoland. amambuka abaningi ukuba kudlule ulwazi izitha, futhi le nkosi, kwakudingeka idatha kule.

Izibopho nonogada

Ukuvuza kolwazi uhulumeni okubalulekile okwethulwa kumbusi i songo ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke Oprichnik kuhlanganisiwe ukuvikelwa u-Ivan IV. Ukudalwa ngowokuqala eqinisweni kwakusho amasevisi Russian ezokuphepha. Zonke zokuhambisana esifungelwe ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba bakhonze njengamaphayona izinja ukuvikela umbusi wabo namandla. Ubani nasezincekwini sika ungacabanga, kokuba bazijwayeze imisebenzi ubuntu owaziwa: Malyuta Skuratov, u-Aleksey Basmanova wohlanga olukhulu, Prince Afanasiya Vyazemskogo.

protagonists

Malyuta Skuratov - isidlaliso, igama ababekhona kwakukhona no Gregory nonogada Lukyanovich Skuratov-Belsky. Ngenxa ekuhambisaneni imiyalelo yenkosi phakathi ushintsho ezweni ngokushesha okukhulu wazibonakalisa phakathi usondelene nalo kakhulu ku-internet Ivana Groznogo. Abantu seyaziwa ngokuthi villain eyinhloko isikhathi. Lokhu kwenzeke ikakhulukazi ngenxa izenzakalo Januwari 1570. Novgorod kusolakala lokuvukela umbuso esihambisana naye mayelana nalesi Malyuta waqala ukuhola kwemibhikisho edolobheni, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izakhamuzi zibulawa izinkulungwane. Ubani nasezincekwini kungabuye emelelwa, wasizwa lesi sisho ethandwa: "Ungabi yinkosi ngakho esabekayo Malyuta yakhe". It Skuratov waba umculi esebenzayo kuzo zonke izindaba zomphakathi.

The main noMphefumleli oprichnina kwaba u-Aleksey Basmanov. Waba figure uhola kuwo, zokulandela zonke iziqondiso + wenkosi. Basmanov shi sebethule Metropolitan noFiliphu, bamxosha lombhishobhi nge umshanelo.

Umeluleki Direct enkosini omunye nonogada main kwaba Prince Athanasius Vyazemsky. Wayenenqolobane ukuqiniseka egcwele ku-internet Ivana Groznogo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ekupheleni le Novgorod pogrom Vyazemskij njengoba Basmanov, wabekwa icala lokwenqaba inhlangano izinhlelo ukudluliselwa Novgorod futhi Pskov Lithuania.

Ngakho, oprichnik ziwukulinganisela Ivana Groznogo, ilungu kabusha wasebukhosini 1565 futhi obhekele oqondile imihlahlandlela kahulumeni ukuxoshwa kanye iwukudambisa amambuka enkosini. Lokhu ilungu "izinkulungwane ekhethiwe", "abantu EnguMbusi". Oprichniki abakhulu bavela kwezakhi nomphakathi. Futhi ngokuletha kwesifungo siqu sokwethembeka enkosini isimo esibonisa Order, bese udala imfundo enobunye.