Slavophiles - ke ... Amathrendi ku Philosophy. Slavophilism futhi Westernism

Cishe 40-50 neminyaka XIX leminyaka emphakathini Russian ukwaba izinkomba ezimbili - Slavophilism futhi Westernism. Slavophiles baqala khona ukukhuthaza umbono ka "indlela ekhethekile waseRussia", kuyilapho abaphikisi babo, abantu baseNtshonalanga ethambekele kudingeka uhambe ezinyathelweni impucuko yaseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomphakathi, amasiko kanye zokuphila zezakhamizi.

Lapho benza migomo?

"Slavophiles" - a term ayisungula imbongi edumile Konstantin Batyushkov. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, igama elithi "Westernization" siqala isiko Russian kule 40s yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Ikakhulukazi, lingatholakala ku "Umlando" Ivana Panaeva. Isikhathi esining impela, igama elithi zaqala ukusetshenziswa emva 1840, lapho kwakukhona ikhefu nge Belinsky Aksakov.

History of the ukubukeka Slavophilism

Slavophilic Yiqiniso, akazange avele angesabi "angaqondi". Lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe iyonke inkathi zocwaningo, ngokubhala amaphepha isayensi eminingi nokushicilelwa, cwaningo yenkuthalo umlando kanye namasiko yeRussia.

Kukholakala ukuthi ekuqaleni kwalesi mkhuba zefilosofi kwaba Archimandrite Gabriel, eyaziwa nangokuthi Vasiliy Voskresensky. Ngo-1840 wakhipha umqulu e Kazan, "ifilosofi Russian", elalisendlini isendleleni barometer abasafufusa Slavophilism.

Noma kunjalo, ifilosofi Slavophiles baqala ukuvela ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngokuhamba izingxabano ngemibono ukuthi iphakame ngesisekelo ingxoxo "Philosophical Incwadi" Chaadaev. Amalungu kule ndawo kwakukhona inkolelo ka ngamunye, indlela ehlukile yentuthuko zomlando Russia nabantu isiRashiya, ngokuyisisekelo sihluke indlela Western Europe. Ngokusho Slavophiles, ungubani Russian kwasekuqaleni ukungabi ekilasini emzabalazweni emlandweni waso, ezweni kumphakathi Russian kanye nemifelandawonye, kanye eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox e-ubuKristu beqiniso yibo kuphela.

Ukuthuthukiswa Slavophil ukugeleza. Ngemcondvo losemcoka

Ngo-1840-yalolucwaningo. Slavophilic ezivamile ikakhulukazi eMoscow. I izingqondo konke angakwenza ngaleso simo bahlangana nokucwala etemibhalo Elagina, uPauline, Sverbeevyh - kulapha lapho bexhumana nabanye kanye babe nezingxoxo ezithakazelisayo baseNtshonalanga.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imisebenzi kanye imisebenzi Slavophiles zazihlushwa ngu ukucwaninga, ezinye izishoshovu babe ekubonakaleni amaphoyisa, futhi abanye baze baboshwa. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu u-Adalberto isikhathi eside abazange babe ukushicilelwa unomphela futhi ibekwe amanothi akhe futhi izihloko ikakhulu emakhasini umagazini "Moskvityanin". Ngemva ubuhlungu olungaphelele ezihlola izincwadi ngo-50s Slavophils waqala ukusakaza omagazini zabo ( "muhle yasemaphandleni", "ingxoxo Russian") kanye namaphephandaba ( "Span," Rumour ").

Russia akumelwe ufunde basebenzise izindlela kwezombangazwe Western - lokhu kwaba beqiniseka wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, le Slavophiles. Nokho, lokhu ayiwathiyi bebona kudingekile ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo yezezimboni nezohwebo, amabhange kanye nokulingana ibhizinisi, ukwethulwa imishini yanamuhla kwezolimo kanye nokwakhiwa nojantshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Slavophiles yemukele umqondo we ukuqedwa serfdom kuvela "phezulu" ngokuhlinzekwa esiyisibopho umhlaba iziza ukuze ongumlimi imiphakathi.

ukunakwa okuningi sakhokhwa inkolo ngawo Slavophiles imibono babehlobene eduze ngempela. Ngokombono wabo, lokholo lweqiniso, esahlanganisa Russia kusukela iSonto laseMpumalanga, ibeka ekhethekile, umsebenzi eliyingqayizivele umlando wabantu Russian. Lokho yenkolelo lesiko, esimisweni sezenhlalo kuzovumela ukwakha izisekelo kwangempela umphefumulo Russian.

Ngokuvamile, le Slavophiles abantu beqonda ngaphakathi romanticism olandelanayo. Isici ngabo kwaba idealization izimiso traditionalism futhi wezinzalamizi. Ngo okufanayo nalokho, Slavophiles wafuna ukuhola nezazi zokusondelana abantu abavamile, isifundo zokuphila kwansuku zonke futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kolimi namasiko.

abameleli Slavophilism

Ekhulwini XIX, abalobi abaningi, ososayensi kanye izimbongi Slavophiles wasebenza eRussia. Abamele lesi siqondiso ezidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile - Khomyakov, Aksakov, Samarin. Slavophiles abavelele abangu Chizhov, Koshelev, Belyaev, Valuev, Lamanskii, Hilferding futhi Cherkassy.

Ngokwanele eduze nale ndawo ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke babe abalobi Ostrovsky, Tiutchev, Dahl, amaLimi ne-Grigoriev.

Nge hlonipho nentshisakalo imibono Slavophilism iphathwa zezilimi ahlonishwe mlando - Bodyansky, Grigorovich, Buslaev.

Umlando ukubukeka baseNtshonalanga

Slavophilism futhi Westernism kokuba cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lesi sihloko sizocabangela le imisinga zefilosofi ayekudinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Westernism Slavophilism njengoba okuphambene - kuba isiqondiso Russian umcabango izinduna nomphakathi, futhi kwavela 40s of XIX leminyaka.

isizinda Original yenhlangano bale mkhuba kwakungamadodana eMoscow nokucwala etemibhalo. mpikiswano ngemibono esenzeka kubo, usikhumbula kahle futhi evezwe e "Odlule wami futhi imicabango," waseHerzen.

Westernized ukuthuthukiswa ukugeleza. Ngemcondvo losemcoka

Ifilosofi Slavophiles kanye baseNtshonalanga kuhluke kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, izici jikelele imibono ka baseNtshonalanga zihlanganisa kwenqatshwa categorical we izinduna serf uhlelo kwezombangazwe, umnotho kanye namasiko. Kwakumelwe esivuna yokufeza kwekuhlela kabusha izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho imodeli Western.

Abamele baseNtshonalanga babekholelwa ukuthi njalo uhlala kungenzeka ukusungulwa umbuso wobunxiwankulu-kwentando yeningi izindlela ezinokuthula, izindlela ze imfundo. Basuke kuyancomeka izinguquko olwenziwa ngu-Peter mina, futhi kubhekwe kuyisibopho kuwo ukuguqula futhi yakha nemibono yomphakathi ngendlela yokuthi amakhosi ohlanga waphoqeleka ukuba afeze kwekuhlela kabusha wobunxiwankulu.

BaseNtshonalanga babekholelwa ukuthi ilungiselelo lokunqoba backwardness wezomnotho nezenhlalakahle Russia akufanele kube ngezithukuthuku isiko zendabuko, kodwa ngenxa isipiliyoni aseYurophu, eside gone phambili. Kulokhu, abazange ukugxila umehluko phakathi West neRussia, kodwa lonke, ukuthi wayekhona ikusasa labo zamasiko nezomlando.

Ngo kusaqalwa zefilosofi ucwaningo baseNtshonalanga ikakhulukazi kuthonywa imisebenzi Schiller, Schilling futhi Hegel.

Hlukanisa baseNtshonalanga ku 40s phakathi. XIX leminyaka

Maphakathi nawo-forties kwekhulu XIX kwakukhona ukuhlukana ayisisekelo baseNtshonalanga imvelo. Kwasekusithi emva Granovsky impikiswano, futhi waseHerzen. Umphumela waba izinkomba ezimbili Westernized Amathrendi: ovulekile futhi izinguquko-yeningi.

Isizathu walala umehluko mayelana inkolo. Uma Liberals bavikela isifundiso yokungafi komphefumulo, le Democrats, esikhundleni salokho, zisekelwe isikhundla lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo futhi ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu.

Ehlukile imibono yabo mayelana nezindlela wezinguquko eRussia kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-izinguquko isimo. Ngakho, Democrats khulumela umqondo emzabalazweni wamavukelambuso ukuze uyothuthukisa ukwakhiwa zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.

Nethonya elikhulu emibonweni baseNtshonalanga kule nkathi kwaba imisebenzi Comté, Feuerbach, futhi-Saint-Simon.

Ngo kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa izinguquko nemibandela jikelele ekuthuthukisweni kosozimali Westernism baphela njengesizwe isiqondiso ezikhethekile yokucabanga komphakathi.

abameleli baseNtshonalanga

Umbuthano yasekuqaleni eMoscow baseNtshonalanga babe Granovskii, Hertzen, Korsch, Ketscher, Botkin, Ogarev Cavelin futhi t. D. Ngalowo okuxhunywana nombuthano Belinsky, owayehlala Petersburg. Iziveze baseNtshonalanga futhi umbhali unekhono Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Ngemva ngalokho okwenzeka 40s maphakathi. Annenkov yokuhlukanisa, Korsch, Cavelin, Granovsky namanye abaholi wasala ohlangothini Liberals, futhi waseHerzen, Belinsky futhi Ogarev eyeke kuya Democrats.

Ukuxhumana phakathi Slavophiles kanye baseNtshonalanga

Kubalulekile nokukhumbula ukuthi lezi namafilosofi azalelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abasunguli yawo kwakuyilawa abameleli isizukulwane esisodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho - futhi baseNtshonalanga futhi Slavophiles babevela olulodwa zenhlalo imvelo kwakugxile e eminye imibuthano.

Abalandeli kokubili eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma njalo ukuxhumana nomunye. Futhi zokuxhumana ngaso sonke isikhathi nomkhawulo ukugxekwa: bezithola emhlanganweni, kumbuthano efanayo, avame ngempela atholakala umcabango labamelene ngemibono yabo okuthile eduze iphuzu yabo umbono.

Ngokuvamile, Izingxabano eziningi eziba khona kukhona eliphakeme ezingeni kwamasiko - nabaphikisi benikana ngenhlonipho futhi umlalelisise ngaphesheya abezama agumenti obukholisayo esivuna isikhundla sabo.

Ukufana phakathi Slavophiles kanye baseNtshonalanga

Hhayi ngokubala ahlukaniswe kamuva baseNtshonalanga Democrats, kanye kokuthoma, kwesibili futhi bayasiqaphela isidingo setingucuko eRussia futhi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona ngokuthula, ngaphandle linemibhikisho nokuchitheka kwegazi. Slavophiles ngokuhunyushwa ke ngendlela yakhe, sinamathele ukubukwa olandelanayo ngaphezulu, kodwa futhi waqaphela isidingo sokushintsha.

Kukholakala ukuthi isimo sengqondo ukuze nkolo enye yezinkinga inkani kunazo zonke izingxabano ngemibono phakathi kwabalandeli mbono ohlukile. Nokho, ukungakhethi, kuyafaneleka yokuthi isici womuntu odlale kule indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho, imibono Slavophiles kwakusekelwe ikakhulu isekelwe enkolelweni ingokomoya abantu isiRashiya, isondele kakhulu kuyi-mkhosi yenkolelo futhi esiqinile nazo zonke izimfundiso zenkolo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo Slavophiles ngokwabo, iningi labo - babevela emindenini wokuziphilisa engalandelwa njalo imicikilisho of the Church. BaseNtshonalanga futhi ababakhuthazi ukuzishaya ngokweqile e indoda, nakuba amanye amalungu wamanje (sibonelo esigqamile -. P. Ya Chaadaev) zazikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi ingokomoya, ikakhulukazi, iyingxenye ye neRussia yama-Orthodox. Phakathi abameleli kokubili Amathrendi ukwethula abakholwayo kuNkulunkulu.

Kwakukhona ababengamkhulekeli basonta iyiphi yalezi Amathrendi, simo sesithathu zikaphayini esibheke. Ngokwesibonelo, V. S. Solovov emibhalweni yakhe, waphawula ukuthi isixazululo ezanelisayo nezindaba eyinhloko womuntu namanje engakaze wathola noma eMpumalanga noma eNtshonalanga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umsebenzi ndawonye kumele wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, amabutho asebenzayo lwesintu, ukulalela nomunye futhi ndawonye eduze ukuchuma nobukhulu. Soloviev wayekholelwa ukuthi baseNtshonalanga "ubumsulwa" nelithi Slavophiles "ukuhlanzeka" - lilinganiselwe futhi abantu abakwazi ukwahlulela umgomo.

Kufinyeta

BaseNtshonalanga futhi Slavophiles, uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka esiye okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko, eqinisweni, babe utopians. BaseNtshonalanga idealized indlela angaphandle yentuthuko, ubuchwepheshe European, bavame ukukhohlwa mayelana izici of sengqondo Russian nokungafani wakudala ku Psychology asentshonalanga futhi Russian. Slavophiles yena, badumisa isithombe abantu isiRashiya, ayethambekele idealize isimo, umfanekiso nkosi nasenkolweni yobu-Orthodox. Futhi labo nabanye awuboni the usongo ayenawo, futhi kuze kube muva nje yayifisa ukuba baxazulule izinkinga zezinguquko, indlela yokuphila ngokuthula. Winner kule impi engapheli ngemibono ukwaba kungenzeki, ngoba izingxabano mayelana nokushaya khona indlela ekhethiwe yentuthuko waseRussia alupheli kuze kube yilolu suku.