Ukwakhiwa - Iyini?

Ukwakhiwa - nomqondo wefilosofi, okusho inqubo ezihambayo nokushintsha lutho. Lokhu kungaba ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - futhi ukunyamalala ekuhlehleni. It is lokuba yingxenye unomphela kuqhathaniswa.

Leli gama ifilosofi, kuye ngokuthi isiphi isigaba sokuthuthuka, noma izikole kanye izinkomba, ekuzuzeni negative, ithoni omuhle. Ibhekwa Imfanelo ka ndaba futhi uqhathanisa ukuzinza, kugcineke futhi nokungaguquguquki we koMuntu Ophakeme. Kulesi sihloko sizozama ukuhlola izici ezihlukahlukene lo mqondo.

Kusukela futhi imvelaphi

Ukwakhiwa - igama eYurophu okokuqala ngo nefilosofi lasendulo. Kwakusho inqubo ushintsho kanye kumiswa.

zefilosofi Yemvelo lichazwa ngokuthi cwaningo kwetinhlavu izinto, ukuvela kwabo, ukuthuthukiswa nasekubhujisweni. Ngakho echazwa ezithile isimiso esisodwa kuqala, okuyinto kuyehluka futhi ehlanganiswe lwezinhlobo ezahlukene khona.

Heraclitus waqale wamphikisa kumiswa emhlabeni wokuba, okuyinto umi phakade "ekubeni," ukuthi luyaphi ( "panta rei") futhi engazinzile - Izimpawu (isimiso inviolable, umthetho kanye okungenani). Lesi sakamuva ichaza izimiso kumiswa futhi ukholelwa umkhawulo wakhe. Uma Parmenides babekholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka oncibilikayo khona-ke Heraclitus isimo okuphambene.

Plato Aristotle nabalandeli babo

UPlato ekuthuthukisweni njalo futhi ushintsho izinto ezibonakalayo. Imibono - okuphakade, bayizisulu sokuthuthukiswa izenzakalo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Aristotle wayengusosayensi abaphikisi kaPlato no eziningi imiqondo nalokhu kwesibili, uyasetshenziswa lo mqondo enkulumweni Pallet.

Ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa ababhekene izinto, eqaphela essence yayo, a imizimba ifomu waphendukela ithuba ibe yinto engokoqobo. Ophakeme ngendlela Aristotle ngokuthi entelechy, okusikisela ukuthi lolu hlobo amandla.

Ngo yomuntu, lokhu kungumthetho kumiswa umphefumulo wakhe, okuyinto ngokwayo ithuthukisa futhi ilawula umzimba. Abasunguli we esikoleni Neo-kaPlato - Plotinus, Proclus nabanye - wabona ukusungulwa isimiso cosmic ukuthi has kokubili ukuphila nengqondo. Bambiza-Universal Soul, futhi wakholwa umthombo wakho konke ukunyakaza.

NamaStoyiku ngokuthi ibutho lapho yonke buyashintsha, pneuma. Kubonakala kubantu bawo konke okukhona.

Ephakathi

kuyifilosofi yobuKristu, futhi, wayelwazi zokusebenzisa lesi simiso. Kodwa kumiswa - okungukuthi, ngokoMthetho scholastics ephakathi, ukuthuthukiswa, umgomo umkhawulo futhi umthombo wawo uNkulunkulu. Foma Akvinsky ithuthukiswe le umqondo imfundiso yokuziphendukela isinyathelo futhi potency.

Kunezizathu yangaphakathi ukuze kwakhiwe. Basibulala esenzweni. Ukwakhiwa - a ubunye potency eqhubekayo. Ngo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi babe incazelo "imfashini" Aristotelian kanye Neo-kaPlato. esetshenziswa Basuke, isibonelo, Nikolaya Kuzanskogo futhi Giordano Bruno.

Ifilosofi New Age

Ukwakheka isayensi ngomqondo wesimanje izwi indlela yayo ngenkathi uGalileo, Newton kanye Bacon kancane unyakaziswe uyamethemba yokuthi konke siyahamba. ucwaningo Classic futhi isimiso of Determinism uye waholela ekusungulweni of a imodeli mechanical yonke. Umbono wokuthi umhlaba njalo siguqulwe, washintsha kutsha, uhlala ongqondongqondo ethandwa German.

Nakuba isiFulentshi futhi British zabo nozakwabo yonke wacabanga into efana clockwork omkhulu, Leibniz, umalusi, Schelling bekubona ekubeni. Lokhu okwenzekayo ubunjalo equlekile kuya okunengqondo. Umkhawulo lokhu kumiswa ubabonisa ngokungenamkhawulo, ngakho umoya ziyahlukahluka ngokungenamkhawulo.

zefilosofi kakhulu elinezinkathazo kwenkathi kanye umbuzo ubuhlobo wokuba futhi ukucabanga. Phela, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi ukuthi ikhona ubunjalo imiphi imithetho noma cha. Kant wayekholelwa ukuthi sonke thina ngokwethu abaletha umqondo kumiswa phakathi kolwazi lwethu, njengoba kuyintando ngokwayo kungagcini Ukwanelisa inkanuko yethu.

Ingqondo buphikisana, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kukhona igebe, okuyinto ayikwazi ukunqoba phakathi nenhlalakahle futhi ukucabanga. Siphinde iyehluleka ukuqonda kangakanani ngempela izinto futhi njengoba benza kanjalo.

Hegel

Ngenxa yalesi nefilosofi zakudala German kumiswa izigaba kuhambisane nemithetho logic, kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa - a ukunyakaza umoya, imibono, futhi "ukuthunyelwa" yabo. Hegel ichaza lokhu dialectic eside wokuphila futhi 'lutho ". Lezi okuyizinto ezimbili ungakwazi iyangena nomunye sibonga kusungulwe.

Kodwa lobu bunye engazinzile noma, njengoba isazi sefilosofi uthi, "ukubuyisa." Lapho abanye into "iba" usho kuphela esifisa ukuba, futhi alikho kulesi umqondo. Kodwa kusukela ngo-inqubo usuqalile kakade, bese-ke uhlobo kuyinto.

Ngakho, ukwakheka, ngombono Hegel limelela ukunyakaza nokweqisa. Libuye iqiniso eyinhloko. Ngempela, ngaphandle kwalo ekubeni, futhi "ngekho" Awunawo ngokucacile futhi ukumela nalutho elingenalo ukugcwaliswa Abstraction. Konke lokhu sazi, ezichazwe encwadini yakhe "Science of Logic". Kwaba kukhona ukuthi Hegel wenza kumiswa izigaba dialectical.

Inqubekela, noma engaziwa

Amafilosofi yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye eziningi - Marxism, ezinhle, nokunye, nokwaziwa waqonda lapho bekhuluma "intuthuko". nababamele wagomela ngokuthi kuyinqubo lapho aphuma okudala kuya kokusha, kusukela ephansi kuya ephakeme, ukusuka kokulula kuya kokulukhuni. Kumiswa izakhi ahlukene kohlelo, ngaleyo ndlela, kungokwemvelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, a baxgeki lokhu buka, ezifana Nietzsche futhi Schopenhauer umangalele ukuthi abasekeli umqondo ukuthuthukiswa udumo nemvelo nezwe imithetho kanye nezinhloso ukuthi abekho. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ayo, okungezona yemigqa. It has no imithetho. Asazi ukuthi kungaholela.

kwemvelo

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuthuthukiswa kanye nenqubekela phambili njengoba kumiswa ngamabomu bekulokhu ethandwa kakhulu. Wazamukela usekelo umqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izazi-mlando nezingqapheli ososayensi bezenhlalo waqala cabanga ukusungulwa isimo njengoba inqubo okuholela ukwakheka kanye kumiswa uhlelo olusha kwezenhlalo, ekuguquleni uhlobo wezempi kahulumeni udlame lwezepolitiki ukudala kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita.

Izigaba elandelayo yale ukuthuthukiswa ngokuyinhloko ukwehlukana ekuphathweni izitho ezivela lonke umphakathi bese uhlukanisa ngo esikhundleni tribal indawo, kanye ukuvela izikhungo igunya lomphakathi. Ukuba umuntu kule Ukudidiyela uhlelo uthathwa njengomgcini ukuvela kohlobo olusha lokuphila ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

nefilosofi Modern futhi indoda

Kule nkathi yethu, umqondo kumiswa is avame ukusetshenziswa indlela. Libuye ethandwa enkulumweni izinqubo sociocultural. Igama elithi ifilosofi yesimanje ngezindlela ezingafani "ukuba emhlabeni", singasho, kuyinto yinye ukuthuthukiswa. Leli qiniso, okuholela ukuthuthukiswa, kwenza izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa, kuyinto Dynamics yabo. Ukwakheka uhlamvu global. Ihlanganisa hhayi kuphela imvelo kodwa futhi umphakathi.

Ukuba umphakathi nalo mbono-ke buhlobene eduze kumiswa indoda njengoba ezingokwengqondo, ezingokomoya futhi ehlakaniphile ubunjalo ekhethekile. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo alinikwa zale mibuzo izimpendulo ezilula, futhi kuseyingxenye isihloko cwaningo nocwaningo. Phela, uma sikwazi ukuchazela ukuthuthukiswa eziphilayo nemvelo yomuntu, inqubo ukwakha ingqondo yakhe ukuba ilandele, futhi nakakhulu ukuba alethe abathile njalo, kunzima kakhulu ngaye.

Yikuphi abadlale indima enkulu ekutheni sibe? Labor, nolimi, njengoba ngangicabanga Engels? Imidlalo efana Huizinga ayekholelwa kanjalo? Taboo kanye namahlelo njengoba Freud wayeqiniseka? Ikhono ukuxhumana bese udlulise izithombe izinhlamvu? Isiko, lapho ngekhodi amandla isakhiwo? Futhi, mhlawumbe, zonke lezi zici ziye zaholela yokuthi antroposotsiogenez, owathatha iminyaka engu-angaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu, ngidalé umuntu zanamuhla imvelo yakhe nomphakathi.