Amandla ayi ... Amandla angenzeka futhi anekhenti. Iyini amandla e-physics?

Amandla yilokho okwenza impilo ingenzeki kuphela emhlabeni wethu, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. Nokho, kungaba okungafani kakhulu. Ngakho, ukushisa, umsindo, ukukhanya, ugesi, ama-microwaves, ama-khalori amelela izinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla. Kuzo zonke izinqubo ezenzeka eduze kwethu, lokhu kuyadingeka. Amandla amaningi emhlabeni athola konke kusukela eSun, kodwa kunezinye izinhlobo zayo. Ilanga liyidlulisela eplanethi yethu njengokungathi lizokhiqiza izigidi ezingu-100 eziteshini zamandla ezinamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Kuyini amandla?

Kulo mqondo owashiwo ngu-Albert Einstein, ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha namandla kufundiswa. Lo ososayensi omkhulu wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi ikhono linye lento liphenduka elinye. Kutholakale, ukuthi amandla yiyona nto ebaluleke kunazo zonke zokuba khona kwemizimba, kanti indaba iyesibili.

Amandla -, ngokubanzi, ikhono lokwenza uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi. Nguye omelela umqondo wamandla, okwazi ukuhamba umzimba noma ukuwunika izindawo ezintsha. Igama elithi "amandla" lisho ukuthini? I-physics yisayensi eyisisekelo, lapho ososayensi abaningi bama-epochs ahlukene namazwe abazinikela impilo yabo. U-Aristotle wasebenzisa igama elithi "amandla" ukubhekisela emisebenzini yabantu. Ekuhunyushweni okuvela olimini lwesiGreki, "amandla" "umsebenzi", "amandla", "isenzo", "amandla". Isikhathi sokuqala leli gama libonakala embonweni wesosayensi-isiGreki ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Physics".

Ngomqondo ovame ukuvunyelwa ukuthi leli gama lasetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa yi-physicist isiNgisi uThomas Jung. Lesi senzakalo esibalulekile senzeke ku-1807 ekude. Emashumini amahlanu ekhulwini le-XIX. Umshini wesiNgisi uWilliam Thomson wasebenzisa okokuqala umqondo we "kinetic energy", futhi ngonyaka ka-1853 isazi sezinkanyezi saseScotland uWilliam Rankin sazisa igama elithi "amandla angenzeka".

Namuhla, lokhu kukhululeka kwezinto kutholakala kuzo zonke izigaba ze-physics. Kungumlinganiso owodwa wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokunyakaza nokusebenzisana kwendaba. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyisilinganiso sokuguqulwa kwesimo esisodwa sibe sesinye.

Izinyathelo nezimpawu

Inani lamandla lilinganiselwa kuma-joules (J). Leli yunithi ekhethekile, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lombane, lingaba nezinhlamvu ezihlukene, isibonelo:

• W isisindo samandla ohlelweni.
• Q iyashisa.
• U kungenzeka.

Izinhlobo zamandla

Emvelweni, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamandla. Okuyinhloko yilokhu:

• Imishini;
• I-electromagnetic;
• Umbane;
• I-Chemical;
• Ukushisa;
• Nuclear (atomic).

Kunezinye izinhlobo zamandla: ukukhanya, umsindo, magnetic. Eminyakeni yamuva, inamba elandayo yezazi ze-physics ithambekele ekucabangeni kokukhona kwamandla okuthiwa "amnyama". Ngayinye yezinhlobo ezibalwe ngaphambilini zalesi sici inezici zayo siqu. Isibonelo, amandla omsindo angadluliselwa ngamagagasi. Zibangela ekudumeni kwamagceke ezindlebeni zabantu nasezilwaneni, ngenxa yokuthi ungazwa umsindo. Esikhathini sokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ahlukene, amandla adingekayo ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi obalulekile wazo zonke izilwane. Noma yikuphi uphethiloli, ukudla, amabhethri, amabhethri yi-storehouse yalesi sandla.

Isikhanyiso sethu sinikeza i-Earth amandla ngesimo samagagasi e-electromagnetic. Kuphela ngale ndlela kungakunqoba ama-expanses e-Cosmos. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe besimanje, njengama-panels we-solar, singayisebenzisa ngomphumela omkhulu. Ukungezelela kwamandla angasetshenzisiwe kuqoqwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokugcina amandla. Ngokuhambisana nezinhlobo zamandla angenhla, iziphethu ezishisayo, imifula, amathrafikhi nama-ebbs olwandle, i-biofuel ivame ukusetshenziswa.

Amandla kagesi

Loluhlobo lwamandla lufundwa esigabeni se-physics, okuthiwa "Imishini." Ikhethwe yincwadi E. Ukulinganisa kwayo kuqhutshwa kuma-joules (J). Iyini le mandla? I-physics ye-mechanics ihlola ukunyakaza kwemizimba kanye nokuxhumana kwabo komunye nomunye noma ngamasimu angaphandle. Kulokhu, amandla ngenxa yokunyakaza kwemizimba kuthiwa yi-kinetic energy (ekhonjiswe ngu-Ek), futhi amandla ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwemizimba noma amasimu angaphandle abizwa ngokuthi amandla angaphumelela (En). Isamba sokunyakaza kanye nokusebenzisana yilezizonke zamandla kagesi esistimu.

Kunomthetho jikelele wokubala izinhlobo zombili. Ukuze unqume inani lamandla, balala umsebenzi odingekayo ukudlulisela umzimba kusuka esimweni se-zero kulesi sizwe. Kulokhu, umsebenzi omningi, amandla omzimba azoba nawo kuleli zwe.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezinhlamvu ezahlukene

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokwabelana ngamandla. Ngokwezibonakaliso ezihlukahlukene, ihlukaniswe ngokuthi: yangaphandle (i-kinetic neyikhona) kanye yangaphakathi (imishini, ezishisayo, i-electromagnetic, nyukliya, inamandla). I-electromagnetic energy, ibuye ihlukaniswe ibe magnetic and kagesi, futhi amandla enyukliya ahlukaniswe ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka nokuqinile.

I-Kinetic

Noma yiziphi izidumbu ezihambayo zihlukaniswa ukutholakala kwamandla kinetic. Ngokuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukushayela. Amandla omzimba ohambayo alahlekile uma wehla. Ngakho, ngesivinini esisheshayo, amandla amakhulu kinetic.

Lapho umzimba ohambayo uthinta into engenakuphikisa, lesi samuva sidluliselwa engxenyeni ye-kinetic, eholela ekunyakeni. I-kinetic energy formula kanje:

• E _kuya = Mv. ^2: 2,
  Lapho m isisindo somzimba, v yisisindo sokunyakaza komzimba.

Ngamazwi, leli fomula lingaboniswa ngalendlela elandelayo: amandla kinetic yento ayilingana nengxenye yomkhiqizo wayo ubukhulu ngesikwele sendawo yayo.

Kungenzeka

Lolu hlobo lwamandla lunemizimba ekhona ensimini ethile. Ngakho-ke, i-magnetic ivela lapho into ingaphansi kwethonya le-magnetic field. Yonke imizimba emhlabeni inamandla amakhulu.

Kuncike ezintweni zezinto zokutadisha, zingaba nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla angase abe khona. Ngakho-ke, izidumbu ezinwebekayo nezigxile ezikwazi ukwelula zikwazi amandla okuqina noma ukungezwani. Noma yimuphi umzimba owela ngaphambili owayekade uhamba, ulahlekelwa okungenzeka futhi uthola i-kinetic. Kulokhu, ubukhulu balezi zilwane ezimbili kuzolingana. Emkhakheni wokuvuthwa weplanethi yethu, i-potential formula formula ingaba nefomu elilandelayo:

• E _n = mhg,
  Lapho m ubukhulu bomzimba; H ukuphakama kwesisindo somzimba womzimba ngaphezu kwezinga lezinga; Ukusheshisa kweG - ukuvuthwa komzimba.

Ngamazwi, leli fomula lingabonakaliswa ngalendlela elandelayo: amandla angakhona wezinto asebenzisana noMhlaba alingana nomkhiqizo wesisindo salo, ukusheshisa kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokuphakama kwalo.

Lesi silinganiso se-scalar siyisici se-energy reserve yezinto ezibonakalayo (umzimba) esitholakala enkambeni yamandla enamandla futhi uzothola amandla kinetic ngenxa yomsebenzi wamandla omhlaba. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wokuxhumanisa, okusho igama ku-Lagrangian yesistimu (umsebenzi we-Lagrange we-dynamical system). Lolu hlelo luchaza ukusebenzisana kwabo.

Amandla angenzeka afanelana ne-zero ngokumiswa okuthile kwemizimba ekhona esikhaleni. Ukuzikhethela kokumiswa kunqunywa ukuthi kube lula ukubala okunye futhi kubizwa ngokuthi "ukujwayelekile kwamandla angahle."

Umthetho wokulondoloza amandla

Esinye sezinto ezisemqoka kakhulu ze-physics nguMthetho wokulondoloza amandla. Ngokuvumelana nayo, amandla awavuki noma kuphi futhi ayanyamalala noma kuphi. Iqhubeka idlula kusuka kwesinye isimo kuya kwesinye. Ngamanye amazwi, ukushintsha kwamandla kuphela kwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, amandla amakhemikhali webhethri ye-flashlight aguqulwa abe yombane, futhi avela kuwo - abe ngukukhanya nokushisa. Izinto ezihlukahlukene zasendlini zivula ugesi zibe ukukhanya, ukushisa noma umsindo. Ngokuvamile, umphumela wokuphela kokushisa ukushisa nokukhanya. Emva kwalokho, amandla angena esikhaleni esiseduze.

Umthetho wamandla ungachaza izinto eziningi zomzimba. Ososayensi bathi inani eliphelele kulo lonke indawo alishintshi njalo. Akekho ongakha amandla entsha noma abulale. Ukuthuthukisa enye yezinhlobo zayo, abantu basebenzisa amandla kagesi, amanzi awela, i-athomu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, enye yefomu layo iphenduka enye.

Ngo-1918, ososayensi bakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla yisisusa semiphumela yesikhathi sokuhumusha sesikhathi sokuhumusha - ukubaluleka kwamandla e-conjugate. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla agcinwa ngoba imithetho ye-physics ayifani ngezikhathi ezihlukene.

Izici zamandla

Amandla yikhono lomzimba ukwenza umsebenzi. Kuhlelo oluvaliwe lwezinto zomzimba, lugcinwa sonke isikhathi (uma nje uhlelo luvaliwe) futhi lumelela olunye lwezingxenye ezintathu zokuhlanganisa ezithinta ukuphakama ngesikhathi sokunyakaza. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: amandla, ukushesha, ukukhula. Isingeniso somqondo we "amandla" kunconywa uma isimiso somzimba sihambisana nesikhathi.

Amandla angaphakathi emzimbeni

Yingqikithi yamandla okusebenzisana kwamangqamuzana kanye nama-thermal motion of the molecules ezakhayo. Awukwazi ukulinganiswa ngokuqondile, ngoba kuwumsebenzi owodwa we-state wesistimu. Njalo, uma uhlelo lusesimeni esinikeziwe, amandla alo angaphakathi anenani laso langaphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umlando wesikhona. Ukushintsha kwamandla angaphakathi ngesikhathi sokuguquka kwesinye isimo somzimba kuya kwesinye njalo kulingana nomehluko phakathi kwamagugu akho ekugcineni nasekuqaleni.

Amandla angaphakathi wegesi

Ngaphezu kokuqina kwamandla, amandla anayo amagesi. Kuyinto amandla e-kinetic we-thermal (chaotic) motion of the particles of the system, ezihlanganisa ama-athomu, ama-molecule, ama-electron, kanye ne-nuclei. Amandla angaphakathi wegesi ekahle (imodeli ye-gesi) yi-sum of the energy kinetic yezinhlayiya zayo. Lokhu kubheka inani lezinyathelo zenkululeko, okungukuthi inani lezinto ezizimele ezizimele ezikhomba isikhundla se-molecule esesikhala.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla

Njalo ngonyaka, isintu sidla amandla amaningi. Ngokuvamile, amafutha ashisa amalahle, amafutha negesi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla adingekayo ukukhanyisa nokushisa amakhaya ethu, izimoto zokusebenza kanye nezinqubo ezahlukene. Bhekisela kwimithombo engeke ivuselelwe.

Ngeshwa, kuphela ingxenye encane yamandla esuswa eplanethi yethu ngosizo lwemithombo evuselelekayo, njengamanzi, umoya ne-Sun. Kuze kube manje, ukwabelana kwabo emkhakheni wamandla ku-5% kuphela. Abanye abantu abangamaphesenti angu-3 bathola ngesimo samandla enyukliya akhiqizwa ezitshalweni zamandla enyukliya.

Imithombo engeke ivuselelwe inezinqolobane ezilandelayo (ku-joules):

• Amandla enyukliya - 2 x 10 ²⁴ ;
• Amandla kagesi namafutha - 2 x 10 ²³ ;
• Ngaphakathi ukushisa komhlaba - 5 x 10 ²⁰ .

Inani lonyaka lemithombo evuselelekayo yomhlaba:

• I-Sun ye-Sun i-2 x 10 ²⁴ ;
• Umoya - 6 x 10 ²¹ ;
• Imifula - 6.5 x 10 ¹⁹ ;
• Amanqamu olwandle - 2.5 x 10 ²³ .

Kuphela kokuguqulwa okwesikhashana okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo engenamandla evuselelekayo yeMhlaba ukuze kuvuselelwe, isintu sinethuba lokuphila okude futhi okujabulisayo emhlabeni wethu. Ukuhumusha ukuthuthuka okuthuthukile, ososayensi emhlabeni jikelele bayaqhubeka nokutadisha ngokucophelela izindawo ezihlukahlukene zamandla.