Iyini umbuso weklasi? Umqondo, izici nezibonelo

Lapho echaza isimiso sezombangazwe kanye nezikhungo zamandla aseYurophu eNkathini Ephakathi, sivame ukuhlangana nomqondo we "class class". Leli fomu likahulumeni laliyisici seFrance, iRussia, iJalimane, njll. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuthi "ubukhosi bombuso" bunjani, cabangela izici zayo kanye nokuzibonakalisa kwawo ngezibonelo zamazwe asendulo.

Incazelo yemqondo

Ubukhosi buyindlela kahulumeni lapho amandla amakhulu asemandleni omuntu oyedwa futhi azuze njengefa. Ngokwesiko, ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo eziningana: ngokuphelele, i-feudal yokuqala, i-patrimonial, i-estate-representative, ingokwasezulwini. Ngakho, uyini umbuso weklasi? Lona uhlobo lukahulumeni, oluvame emandleni eNtshonalanga Yurophu eNkathini Ephakathi. Kubonakala ngokubamba iqhaza kwabameli bezindawo ezahlukene (noma eyodwa) ekubuseni kwezwe. Lezi zidumbu zingenza imisebenzi yezomthetho nezeluleki.

Isici

1. Amandla amancane enkosi.
2. Isigaba sabantu besifunda sibe yiziqhingi.
3. I-centralization of management.
4. Ukuba khona kwabantu abakhuthele kwezombangazwe ezifundeni ezahlukene.
5. Ukuchithwa kwemisebenzi yomphathi kahulumeni phakathi kweNkosi kanye nomzimba omele.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi umbuso weklasi ungubani, umuntu kufanele abheke izici zawo ezihlokweni zamazwe asendulo.

Ukubusa ubukhosi eNgilandi

Lolu hlobo lukahulumeni lwasungulwa eNgilandi ngekhulu le-13. Ngaphambi kwalokho ngaleso sikhathi iziqhingi ze-feudal zase zenzeke ezweni. Ingxenye yomphakathi yayinezinhlamvu zamabhononi. Indima ebalulekile empilweni yezomnotho yaseNgilandi yaqala ukudlala abahlonishwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhundla zabo zaqiniswa yi-gentry ne-elite yedolobha. Ngaphansi kukaJohn the Landless, iziqhingi ze-feudal zaqala ukulwa nombuso ophakeme. Kakade ema-60-ies. I-XIII leminyaka. Yaba yimpi yombango. Umphumela walo mzabalazo wukudalwa ngo-1295 we "Model" iPhalamende. Kwakuhlanganisa amakhosi amakhulu angokwenkolo namazwe angaphandle. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwenkosi-mali, imisebenzi yephalamende laseNgisi yayihlanganisa ekunqumeni inani lentela nokulawula izikhulu eziphakeme kakhulu. Kamuva lo mzimba wathola ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza ekwamukelweni kwemithetho. Ngekhulu le-XIV. Ngaphansi kuka-Edward III, iphalamende lahlukaniswa ngamagumbi amabili: imiphakathi namakhosi. Owokuqala wawuhlanganisa ama-knights kanye nama-philistines, owesibili - kusuka kumabhononi noma ontanga (esikhathini esizayo).

Yakha umbuso eFrance

Umzimba wokuqala wezwe omelelekile wezwe wasungulwa ngesikhathi sikaFilip IV. Kusukela ngo-1484, sekuye kwaziwa ngokuthi yi-General States. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo mzimba wawusebudlelwane obuseduze namandla obukhosi futhi empeleni wabonisa izithakazelo zawo. Ekubunjweni kwe-General States, zonke izizinda ezintathu zaseFrance (abefundisi, ubuhle kanye "nesithathu") zazimelelwe. Inkosi, njengokubusa, isebenzisa i-General States ukusekela ezimweni ezahlukene. Waze wabuza imibono yezindawo eziphathelene nemithetho, nakuba ayengafuni imvume noma imvume yalomzimba. I-General States ingasebenza futhi kummeleli wegunya eliphezulu kakhulu ngezicelo noma imibhikisho. Abahlali bamaqembu ahlukene bahlangana futhi baxoxisana ngalezi zinkinga ngokuhlukile. Lokhu akuzange kubandakanye ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamaqembu omphakathi. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIII. Esifundazweni (sendawo) sisho ukuqala ukuhlangana eFrance. Indima enkulu phakathi kwabo ngekhulu le-XV. Udlale iPhalamende laseParis.

Ukubusa ubukhosi eRussia

E-Russia, lolu hlobo lukahulumeni luvela ngo-1569, lapho u-Ivan the Terrible ebiza uMkhandlu wokuqala. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwakheka kwemizimba emele kulo mbuso kunezici zayo ezikhethekile. Ngokungafani nemibuso yaseYurophu, eRussia uZemsky Sobors ayizange ibeke amandla e-tsar. Leli gunya lalibandakanya i-Boyar Duma, uMkhandlu Ongcwelisiwe kanye nabameli abakhethwe phakathi kwabakwa-burgher kanye nezikhulu. Izitho zenkosi yobukhosi eRussia zahlanganiswa ngumyalelo okhethekile we-tsar. U-Zemsky Sobors wabizwa ukuba akhulume ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zezwe. Benza izinqumo emkhakheni wenqubomgomo yangaphandle neyentela, futhi bakhetha inhloko yombuso. Ngakho, uB. Godunov, V. Shuisky noM. Romanov bangena esihlalweni esibizweni sikaZemsky Sobor.

Kusukela ema-30-ye-XVI leminyaka. E-Russia kwakukhona uhlelo lwe-oda. Iningi lalo lwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan the Terrible. Ama-oda ayeyiziphathimandla zombili zokwahlulela nezokuphatha futhi adalwe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.

Umbuso wamaKatolika eJalimane

Umbuso omkhulu omelelekayo omele eJalimane yiReichstag. Ngokungafani nezikhungo ezifanayo eNgilandi naseFrance, yayihlanganisa kuphela "izinkambiso zempi," ezingenakuba ngumkhulumeli wezinhloso zabantu bonke. I-Reichstag yakhiwa ngekhulu le-14. Futhi yayihlanganisa ama-curiae amathathu: izikhulu zasebukhosini, izikhethi, imizi yezizwe. Indima yokuqala idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kombuso. I-Curia yemidolobha yasebukhosini yayingenayo ivoti eqondile kunoma yiziphi izinkinga. Umsebenzi wakhe wawungaphansi komgomo wezikhulu.

I-Reichstag yamiswa umbusi kabili ngonyaka. Abameli be-curiae abahlukahlukene babuthana futhi benza izinqumo ngokwahlukana. I-Reichstag ayinayo imisebenzi eqondile. Lo mzimba kanye nombusi uxoxisane nenqubomgomo yangaphandle, izinkambiso zempi, zezimali noma zendawo. Noma kunjalo, ithonya lakhe ezindabeni zombuso lalilinganiselwe.

Iziphetho

Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqonde ukuthi ubukhosi besigaba, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ukusebenza kwayo ngezibonelo zamazwe ahlukene. Kulezi zizwe ezicatshangwayo, izidumbu zamandla ezimele zakhiwe ngekhulu le-13 kuya ku-15. Njengomthetho, babenabamele bonke amakilasi. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokwamukelwa kwanoma yiziphi izinqumo igama eliyinhloko lalingabalandeli nabafundisi.