Iyini igazi, wonke umuntu uyazi. Siyibona uma sikalimaza isikhumba, isibonelo, uma sinqunywe noma sinqatshiwe. Siyazi ukuthi likhulu futhi libomvu. Kodwa igazi lihlanganisa ini? Lokhu akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo. Kodwa nokho ukubunjwa kwalo kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyindilinga. Akuyona nje umshini obomvu. Umbala awunikezwa yi-plasma, kodwa yizinhlayiya ezifanelwe kuwo. Ake sibone ukuthi igazi lethu liyini.
Igazi lihilelani?
Umthamo wonke wegazi emzimbeni womuntu ungahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezimbili. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuhlukaniswa akuhambisani. Ingxenye yokuqala yi-peripheral, okungukuthi, egeleza emithanjeni, emithanjeni kanye namapillari, okwesibili - igazi elisezigumbini kanye nama-tissue okwenza igazi. Ngokwemvelo, ihamba njalo emzimbeni, ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa kusemthethweni. Igazi lomuntu liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili - i-plasma nezinhlayiya ezifakwe kulo. Lawa angama-erythrocytes, ama-leukocytes nama-platelets. Zihlukana komunye nomunye hhayi ngesakhiwo kuphela, kodwa nasemisebenzini eyenziwa emzimbeni. Kunezinhlayiya eziningi, ezinye zingaphansi. Ngaphandle kwezingxenye zefomu, ama-antibodies ahlukahlukene kanye nezinye izinhlayiya zitholakala egazini lomuntu. Ngokuvamile, igazi aliyinyumba. Kodwa ngezinqubo ze-pathological ze-infectious nature, ingathola amabhaktheriya namagciwane. Ngakho-ke, igazi lithini, futhi yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko? Lo mbuzo usetshenziswe isikhathi eside, futhi isayensi inemininingwane eqondile. Kumuntu omdala, ivolumu ye-plasma ngokwayo isukela kuma-50 kuya kuma-60%, futhi izingxenye zefomu - kusuka ku-40 kuya ku-50% wegazi eliphelele. Kubalulekile ukwazi? Yiqiniso, ukwazi amaphesenti amangqamuzana egazi abomvu noma ama- leukocyte egazini, unganika ukuhlolwa kwesimo sempilo yabantu. Isilinganiso sezinhlayiya ezifakwe emthamo wegazi obizwa ngokuthi i-hematocrit number. Ngokuvamile, ayigxili kuzo zonke izingxenye, kodwa ku-erythrocytes kuphela. Lesi sibonakaliso sinqunywa nge-tube egqamile elinezibuko lapho kutholakala khona igazi futhi kugxilwe i-centrifuged. Kulesi simo, izingxenye ezisindayo zehla phansi, futhi i-plasma, ngokuphambene nalokho, iphakama phezulu. Igazi, njengokungathi, lihlukanisa. Emva kwalokho, ochwepheshe be-laboratory bangabala kuphela ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ethintekayo yilo noma ingxenye. Ezokwelapha, ukuhlaziywa okunjalo kuye kwasakazeka. Njengamanje, zenziwe kuma- analyzers othomathikhi .
I-plasma yegazi
I-plasma iyinxenye engokwemvelo yegazi lapho kunamaseli amiswe khona, amaprotheni namanye ama-compounds. Kuzo zihanjiswa ezithombeni nasezicukwaneni. Iyini i- plasma yegazi? Cishe u-85% ngamanzi. Ama-15% asele ayenzizinto eziphilayo nezinomsoco. Futhi eplasma yegazi kukhona amagesi. Lokhu-ke, i-carbon dioxide ne-oxygen. Izinto ezingenziwanga izinto zibalelwa ku-3-4%. Lezi zinhlayiya (PO 4 3- , HCO 3- , SO 4 2- ) kanye nezications (Mg 2+ , K + , Na + ). Udaba lwe-organic (cishe u-10%) luhlukaniswe nge-nitrogen (i-cholesterol, i-glucose, i-lactate, i-phospholipids) nezinto eziqukethe i-nitrogen (amino acid, amaprotheni, urea). Futhi ku-plasma yegazi kutholakala izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo: ama-enzyme, ama-hormone namavithamini. Babala cishe ngo-1%. Kusukela ekubukeni kwe-histology, i-plasma ayiyona into engaphezu kwe-intercellular fluid.
Ama-erythrocytes
Ngakho-ke, igazi lomuntu lithini? Ngaphezu kwe-plasma, iqukethe izinhlayiya ezifanayo. Amaseli aphuzi egazi, noma i-erythrocyte, mhlawumbe iqembu eliningi kunazo zonke lezi zakhi. Ama-erythrocytes asesimweni esivuthiwe asinayo i-nucleus. Ngefomu bafana nama-diski biconcave. Inkathi yokuphila kwabo yizinsuku ezingu-120, emva kwalokho zibhujiswa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngepeni nesibindi. Emangqamuzana egazi abomvu aqukethe iphrotheni ebalulekile - i-hemoglobin. Idlala indima ebalulekile kwinqubo yokushintshanisa igesi. Kulezi zinhlayiya, umoya we-oxygen ne- carbon dioxide ziyathuthwa . Yiprotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-hemoglobin eyenza igazi libomvu.
Platelets
Igazi lomuntu lithini ngaphandle kwe-plasma namaseli abomvu egazi? Iqukethe amaplatelets. Zibaluleke kakhulu. Lezi zingqamuzana ezincane ezinama-denuclearized ezine- micrometer ezi-2-4 kuphela zidlala indima eqinile ekutheni i-thrombosis ne-homeostasis. Amaplatelet ahlotshaniswa. Bajikeleza ngokukhululekile egazini legazi. Kodwa isici sabo esiyingqayizivele yikhono lokuphendula ngokuzwakalayo ukulimala kwamathambo. Lona umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko. Uma belimaza izindonga zesitsha segazi, bona, lapho behlangene, "bavuselela" umonakalo, benza i-clot enamandla kakhulu, engavumeli ukugeleza kwegazi. Ama-platelet akhiwa ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kwamaproseshi abo amakhulu amakhulu ama-megakaryocytes. Bangaphakathi emnothweni wethambo. Ingqikithi eyodwa yama-megakaryocyte yakha ama-platelet ayizinkulungwane ezingu-10. Lena inombolo enkulu kakhulu. Ubude bokuphila kwamaplatelet yizinsuku ezingu-9. Yiqiniso, zingaphila futhi zingaphansi, ngoba zifa ngesikhathi zivale umonakalo esitsheni segazi. Amaplatelet amadala ahlakazeka ngepeni ngesikhathi se-phagocytosis nasesibindi esebenzisa amaseli we-Kupffer.
Ama-leukocytes
Amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe, noma ama-leukocyte, angamalungu esistimu yomzimba womzimba. Lona yizinhlayiyana kuphela zalabo abayingxenye yegazi, okungahamba emanzini bese kungena ezicukwaneni. Leli khono linomthelela ekugcwalisekeni komsebenzi walo oyinhloko - ukuvikelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ama-leukocytes abhubhisa amaprotheni ama-pathogenic namanye ama-compounds. Bamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni amasosha omzimba, okhiqiza amangqamuzana e-T akwazi ukubona amagciwane, amaprotheni angaphandle kanye nezinye izinto. Ama-lymphocyte nawo akhiqiza amangqamuzana B enza ama-antibodies nama-macrophages adla amangqamuzana ama-pathogenic amakhulu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukubunjwa kwegazi uma kutholakala izifo. Yile namba ekhulayo yama-leukocyte ekhombisa ukuvuvukala okuqhubekayo.
Amalungu we-hematopoiesis
Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuhlaziya ukubunjwa nokusebenza kwegazi, kusele ukuthola ukuthi izinhlayiya zayo eziyinhloko zakhaphi. Sinempilo emfushane, ngakho-ke udinga ukuyivuselela njalo. Ukuvuselelwa ngokwemvelo kwezingxenye zegazi kusekelwe ezinkambisweni zokubhujiswa kwamaseli endala futhi, ngokufanele, ukwakheka kwamaseli amasha. Lokhu kwenzeka ezingxenyeni ze-hematopoiesis. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulawa ngumnkantsha wamathambo womuntu. Itholakala emathambo ama-tubular nama-pelvic eside. Igazi lihlungwa ngo-spleen nesibindi. Kulezi zitho, ukulawulwa kwe-immunological nakho kwenziwa.