Bobani Sarmatians futhi lokho ababekwenza?

Sarmatians - iqembu izizwe Iranian ukuthi ayezulazula emaqeleni yesimanje Ukraine, eRussia kanye Kazakhstan eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Laba bantu, bavele ngaphambi BC VI leminyaka. e., futhi BC IV leminyaka. e. cishe wanyamalala ngemuva ayehlasela Huns. It lahlukaniswa laba amaqembu amaningana: Iazyges, Alans futhi Roxolani.

Isitifiketi Sarmatians

Iningi lonke ulwazi ezibhaliwe mayelana Sarmatians lahlala Incwadi yesine, "umlando", eyabhalwa lasendulo esingumGreki uHerodotus. Kuyo, uchaza ISCYTHIA ezweni esenyakatho yeBlack Sea lapho amaGreki kulo amakoloni ezikude kakhulu, kuhlanganise Olbia. UHerodotus echaza ngobani Sarmatians, wasebenzisa igama elithi "Sauromats". Esikhathini "Umlando" lithi babehlala Tanais (ie Don) ogwini loLwandle Azov.

abacwaningi yamuva Okuningi baye bazama ukuphendula umbuzo, Bobani Sarmatians futhi bavelaphi lezi abayimizulane. Namuhla, izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa kakhokho asemaqeleni kwaba Yuzhnyy Ural. ukunwetshwa wabo waqala ungene ngesiwombe sesibili 2 Millennium BC. e. isizathu sakhe kwaba ukuvela uhlobo olusha amasosha - ukukhwezwa yabacibishelayo. Ngemva kokwazi kahle imihambuma ngokudubula baba thusa bhicongo ezizweni ezingomakhelwane.

abantu abahluphayo

Asemaqeleni njalo balwa nomunye. Imbangela yale ngozi, njengoba umthetho, ulambile noma umzabalazo amadlelo amasha. Imfundiso ichaza impi eqhubekayo le Sarmatians abangekho. Abantu owazalwa emaqeleni Ural kancane kancane zathuthela ngasentshonalanga ngaphansi kwengcindezi omakhelwane nolaka Asian. Endaweni elisha labantu abayimizulane walinda ziningi futhi bakhululeke kusukwa mncintiswano.

IMisa kwabokufika okuphindaphindiwe like indlela Eurasia ayizinkulungwane eziningana iminyaka. Bobani Sarmatians? Ngamafuphi, lokhu kungenye igagasi kufuduka ezinjalo. isiphetho sabo sasifana ukuthi ngaphambili zabo nabalandeli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu abayimizulane wanyamalala phakathi engumakhelwane abantu umzimba futhi balahlekelwa impahla yabo identichnot. Yingakho namuhla Sarmatians - kungenye mkhuba osekukade ezingokomlando ezivela kuyo ezisekhona Imininingwane kusele izingxenyana nje futhi kuyakhandla search ukuthola okukuzo.

izici yobuhlanga

Isithombe asemaqeleni lasendulo ngezindlela eziningi sekusaziwa yithi sibonga ulwazi ethnographic. Bobani Sarmatians ubani okhokho babo? Bavela abantu kanye ezivamile Indo-European. Kancane kancane, kusukela kulo mphakathi ngamnyama iqembu-Iranian ukukhuluma futhi kumiswa igatsha esenyakatho umSkithe ngaphakathi. Ukuze yayingaphansi Sarmatians. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla, kungenzeka ukuchaza indawo elalihlala Sarmatians kumephu yobuhlanga ezintaba zase-Eurasia. Izihlobo zabo abaseduze kakhulu amaSkithe. Okunye omakhelwane Indo-European abayimizulane babe Cimmerians.

Sarmatians neze uyayenza isizwe esisodwa. Ayehlukaniswe ngezizwe eziningana. Amagama abo zaziwa imithombo lasendulo lapho amagama asemaqeleni ephefumulelwe yokuhlonipha ukwesaba ukuthula ixazululwe omakhelwane. Thina Sarmatians babengenalo ulimi ebhaliwe, futhi ngakho-mlando akudingeki ubufakazi ngqo, kodwa bayaqiniseka ukuthi esizweni ngasinye kwadingeka lwesigodi lalo.

izifundo neziLimi ziye zasiza ukuchaza isikhathi kanye isiphetho abantu asemaqeleni. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya ngezilimi ezahlukene akwazi ukuthola ukuthi ngobani Sarmatians futhi ubani siyinzalo yabo. Sikhuluma le-Ossetic omdabu yesimanje. kwavela Laba bantu kusukela iqembu Sarmatian, ngubani ukulondoloza ubuzwe babo, kokuba iyiswe eCaucasus. isiko labo liye lasinda futhi savela ngesikhathi ezinye izizwe ezihlobene ezisele emaqeleni ajwayelekile uyabanda engakhanyi noma ziyoncibilika phakathi komakhelwane. Igalelo lokugcina kulezi lokhu Sarmatian ngobuningi washaywa ekhulwini IV yi Huns. New Oriental izindimbane afika eYurophu, futhi hhayi kuphela yesulwe asemaqeleni ubudala, kodwa futhi aqeda sina koMbuso WaseRoma, eyagcina ngiyaquleka.

Iazyges

izizwe eziningi Western Sarmatian babe Iazyges. Babehlala sifinyelela engezansi Dnieper, lapho bebehlala khona: waphoqeleka ukuba kusukela empumalanga Black Sea esifundeni emva ukufika Roxolani. Okunye omakhelwane Iazyges babe izizwe ezihlukahlukene yaseGetsemane, kuhlanganise Dniester tyragetae. Futhi Umncele La Tene isiko Bastarnae. Ezinye ingxenye Iazyges ngesikhathi Izindawo yakhe ifinyelele somfula iDanube. Kube Sarmats siyohlanganiswa ePhontu, okuyinto ke ubusa edume Evpatr Mithridates, futhi alwa eRoma. Besabela kuleso simemo, amabutho eminyakeni 78-76. BC. e. okuhleliwe uchungechunge mikhankaso ingajezisa kuya emazweni asenyakatho iDanube, lapho abantu abayimizulane baphile.

Engxenyeni yokuqala ye-BC mina leminyaka. e. ukuphakama kwalo safinyelela namaDacia umbuso elise eziyiRomania. Kuyinto lokhu, kanye namaRoma izibambe okwengeziwe ukunwetshwa Iazyges. Nge kangaka ababephikisana omakhelwane ngokwabo, Sarmatians ekugcineni wayeka ukuhamba kwayo ngasentshonalanga.

Roksolany

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, Roksolany Iazyges wagibela esithendeni, ngaleyo ndlela aphoqeleke ukuba udlulele entshonalanga. Yaba enye isizwe Sarmatian owayehlala enyakatho Tanais (Don). Wangena umfelandawonye YaseCrimea amaSkithe bona anqoba yonke enyakatho Black Sea esifundeni. umbusi Roxolani kwaba omunye ambalwa owaziwa ngokuqinisekile amakhosi Sarmatian Gata. Yena baduma ngenxa yokuthi waqala ukunqoba YaseCrimea amaSkithe Sarmatians okuyinto phambi wahlala ubudlelwane ahlangene. Ukukhetha izitha entsha, Gata asekelwe abakhileyo yesiGreki Kherson. Imbobo wahlupheka kanzima kusukela Ukuvikelwa umSkithe futhi Sarmatian baye bafuna. igama Gata ezishiwo idokhumenti ngesiGreki iminyaka 179 BC. e., lapho wavuma ukuba yisiboniso isivumelwano phakathi Ponte futhi Kherson.

Isayensi yanamuhla uyazi igama lenye inkosi Roxolani. Umholi Tazy (Tasy) abuse mayelana 110 BC. e., lapho Sarmatians kushintsha inqubumgomo yayo, e umfelandawonye amaSkithe ngokumelene noMbuso Bosporus. Army aholwa umlawuli Difanta wahlulwa abayimizulane. Mayelana nempi emibhalweni yakhe, kubika mlando esidumile uStrabo.

Ngo phakathi BC mina leminyaka. e. Yaqala kuthuthwa Roxolani, ukwehla engasindi Bastarnae. Bathuthela ku entshonalanga asemaqeleni we River Dnieper, futhi displacing Iazyges behlobene emazweni awo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, roksolonam kwadingeka ukuba siphumele ngaphansi ukumelana Aorses futhi Alans. Ngenxa yalokho lezi Sarmatians ahlala emaqeleni ezindawo phakathi somfula iDanube futhi Dnieper. Ezinye amaqembu lathinta ngisho ZaseCarpathos. Ingxenye Roxolani walibhekisa eningizimu, ephumula e Wallachia. Lapha zingenakunqobeka phesheya abayimizulane waba umngcele ka ngaphansi koMbuso WaseRoma. Ngaphansi yokucindezela leli qembu Sarmatian nge izindawo evamile Starring namaDacia. Imibhalo aseRoma akhuluma ngokuvakasha icala lapho '62 izinkulungwane amasosha ehlasela omakhelwane enyakatho esifundazweni yasebukhosini Moesia. Lezi namaDacia, Roxolans becindezela, ekugcineni wathola imvume yokuhlala ngaphakathi dominions wamaRoma. Sarmatians, hhayi ukukwazi wasithatha izifundazwe Roman, nokho njalo ahlushwa nabo kuphangwa yabo yaba mibi kakhulu.

Umnotho kanye indlela yokuphila

Mayelana ngobani Sarmatians, sizikhandle yahlulelwe ngokubheka epulazini labo. Laba bantu babephila emaqeleni, bese lokho kwaholela ekuphileni ayimizulane. Ngesisekelo emnothweni Sarmatian kwaba zizalela izinkomo. Ezolimo zingenye samanje, kodwa aluhileli ubunzima obunjengalobu, ikakhulukazi eduze nemifula emikhulu.

Cimmerians, amaSkithe Sarmatians - bonke laba bantu ukuba indlela yabo yokuphila owawufana nomunye. Esikhundleni izindlu ababenakho ematendeni nezinqola. Ukudla yokuthula yayiba yinyama nobisi, okwakunginika ungabona imihlambi emikhulu. Popular dish kwaba ihhashi inyama. Imizila yokufuduka ezithile zonyaka - omunye umniningwane ebonisa ngokucacile ubani Sarmatians. Umlando emaqeleni Ukraine, eRussia kanye Kazakhstan exhunywe nabantu amasayithi eminingi eyatholakala. Summer Sarmatians wahlala emathafeni futhi hambisa ebusika ogwini loLwandle Azov. Izingubo zabo ejwayelekile zazenziwe soft lesikhumba amabhuzu, amabhulukwe amade, futhi wazizwa izigqoko.

isiko lempi

Njenganoma iyiphi enye Sarmatians ayimizulane akazange bamele ukuphila ngaphandle amahhashi. Lezi zilwane hhayi kuphela wasiza epulazini, kodwa zazidingeka empini. Abesilisa ukufundisa abafana ukugibela ngesikhathi esemncane kakhulu. Bonke esekhulile amaqhawe onekhono futhi aqine. Leli qiniso kuqinisekiswa yokuthi emathuneni kwezingane eziningi, abavubukuli bathola isikhali. Military amasiko asemaqeleni baye kungamakhulu eminyaka isetshenziswa.

Bobani Sarmatians njengoba amasosha? Izikhali zawo kwakuba lwalugobile umnsalo esifushane, umgodla ogcwele imicibisholo, yensimbi inkemba, eyaziwa ngokuthi akinak. Ngaphansi evame ukusetshenziswa pikes, imikhonto impi izimbazo. Futhi, kunobufakazi izazi-mlando zasendulo mayelana ukuthandwa abayimizulane izitilobho futhi lasso. Zempi kuhlanganisiwe izigqoko kanye zempi sezinkomo rawhide futhi aluka izihlangu.

Cimmerians, amaSkithe Sarmatians nezinye izizwe asemaqeleni basendulo babesebenzisa angalwi basebenzisa lezi zindlela ezifanayo. Ukuhlasela kwaba ngokuhlasela iqembu elikhulu zamahhashi at gallop ngokugcwele abangu ngamabhomu isitha nge umcibisholo. amaqhawe onekhono ngokukhethekile Roksolana. Sarmats Izinkemba usayizi ezahlukene giant. Babekwazi ugcine izandla ezimbili kuphela.

umphakathi

Izazi-mlando zasendulo zokuma kwendawo, ngubani wazama ukuchaza ngobani Sarmatians, waveza ukuthi laba bantu kwakungezona isikhungo lobugqila. Bonke abantu baye ayenenkululeko siqu. abaholi asemaqeleni baye akhethwe amaqhawe lodumo kakhulu. Ngenxa yesimo kusele izingxenyana nje ze wemithombo yesayensi yanamuhla owazi amagama ambalwa zala makhosi.

isitebhisi Social abantu Sarmatian, elisemnyango ababusi phezulu, kwakungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi ngendlela efanayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa izindunduma wathola abavubukuli. Amathuna - umthombo ngokolwazi ngobani Sarmatians futhi ababehlala kuwo. Early Sarmatian yokungcwaba izindunduma babempofu futhi iyunifomu. Nokho, ekupheleni BC V leminyaka. e. kwakukhona amathuna ocebile lapho nangcwatshwa kanye lowo muntu igolide nezinye izinto zokunethezeka. Enjalo izithole ochwepheshe ukubonisa babhekane nezinga elikhulu kancane kancane nezenhlalakahle Sarmatians. Amangcwaba Izicukuthwane tribal kukhona luhluke evamile, okusho ukuthi ngisho ayimizulane nokhahlo ekugcineni athuthukile elite lalo.

Abesifazane kanye Inkolo

Imininingwane ukwazi Ikakhulukazi ukuthi abalobi ngesiGreki kwesokunxele abesifazane Sarmatian. Ngakho, uHerodotus kuqhathaniswa nabo nge Amazons. Nomad Female ezingelwa ngehhashi ngisho ezimpini izimpi njengoba amadoda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi indima ebalulekile emphakathini kudlalwa Sarmatian nompristikazi ungqimba. Asemaqeleni okuthile abantu basemadolobheni abangavamile babe amaqaba, bakhuleka umlilo futhi ilanga. Ekuqaleni nkathi yethu, phakathi kwazo umbusi okusha Zoroastrian ukusakaza.

Sarmatians bakholwa ukuphila ngemva kokufa, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayenesibopho eziningi disparate ngendlela yesiko lesonto. Amanye akhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya animism nokukhulekela izilwane. Konke lokhu ulwazi ososayensi yesimanje mayelana Stepnyak uqhubeke ukwelekelela futhi sithuthukise njengoba kutholakala izinto ezintsha bemivubukulo. Umbuzo ngubani Sarmatians, futhi benzani, neze ivaliwe. Ochwepheshe manje uqhubeke ukuthola nemininingwane ethakazelisayo abakhileyo emaqeleni eKazakhstan, eRussia nase-Ukraine lasendulo.

Alana

abantu sarmatian angase Alani vertex ubizwa ngokuthi inkathi ye Late mina-IV cc. Ekuqaleni nkathi yethu ukuthi bavelaphi emaqeleni empumalanga kuze kufike elwandle Azov ne eCaucasus. Eminyakeni 73-74. Alans azama, kodwa ahluleka ayokuhlula eParte sezidlulele ke, kwenzekani ibanga elide ngebhayisikili empumalanga yoLwandle iCaspian. Ngo 123, imihambuma ehlaselwa kakade yifa wamaRoma. ayehlasela sabo singafaneleki enyakatho-mpumalanga izifundazwe Asian ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Lesi sikhathi Sarmatian waphula umkhuzi uFlavius Arrian. Ngo-133, amaphoyisa eseqedile ukusesha okuphindaphindiwe. Alans ehlasela indawo yakwa-Armenia yesimanje kanye Azerbaijan.

Ukuvela Sarmatians entsha e emaqeleni Eastern Europe kwabangelwa elinye igagasi kufuduka iqoqo kwamaqembu ezinhlanga. Abantu Iranian kuthiwa emuva kusuka emaqeleni Asian, kanye endleleni Huns esesabekayo. Ekhulwini IV ngoba sazo sasingamashumi Ukufuduka Okukhulu, esilimaza kakhulu hhayi kuphela Alans, kodwa futhi ezinye izizwe eziningi, kuhlanganise iqembu German.

Ngemva ukuqala Huns iningi Alans ziyoncibilika phakathi kwabo kanye nezinye-Turks (Khazars, iVolga Bulgars, Utigurs). Abanye eqenjini yokugcina Sarmatians esezinzile eCaucasus. Izizukulwane zabo zathola yesimanje - le-Ossetic omdabu, esilulimi lwaso sasiwulimi zokugcina ngandlela-thile exhunywe ne okwandile iqembu lokuqala Sarmatian.

Ezinye izifunda Alans ugcwale ezikude Central eCaucasus, lapho kuqala zihleliwe abameleli Koban isiko bemivubukulo we seSimbi. Ekhulwini VI basinda ayehlasela Altai-Turks and izingozi. Cishe 650 eminyakeni Alans abekade eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari kusukela Khazar Khanate. Simelele ndawo enkulukazi phakathi Dagestan futhi Kuban wawubizwa ngokuthi. Alan izikhulu baganiselana lwamakhosi ebusayo Georgia. isimo Sarmatian eCaucasus, kwakukhona amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngaphezulu. umlando Alans yaphela ngemva kwezikhathi amaMongol ahlasele ekhulwini XIII. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, igama labo ayitholakali zemihla ephakathi.