Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe: izinyathelo empini

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, izinyathelo ukuthi esizoyicabangela kulesi sihloko - ingenye nokuvivinywa okunzima kakhulu zomlando ukuthi nokho ngehlelwe yilokhu Ukraine, amaRashiya, Belarusians nezinye izizwe abahlala eSoviet Union. Kulezi zinsuku 1.418 kanye nobusuku kuze kube sekugcineni emlandweni njengoba isikhathi olunegazi kakhulu futhi unonya.

Izigaba oyinhloko ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe

Periodization izenzakalo Second neMpi Yezwe zingenziwa okusekelwe uhlobo izenzakalo ezenzeka ngaphambili. Ngo izinkathi ezahlukene zokulwa, isinyathelo ingeyamakhosi wamabutho ezahlukene.
Izigaba kweMpi Yezwe II, izazi-mlando eziningi imininingwane ngendlela elandelayo:

• kusukela ngo-June 22 kuya ku-November 18, 1941 (Phase 1 yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe);
• kusuka 19 Novemba 1941 kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-1943 (Isigaba 2 ka ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe);
• kusukela ngo-January 1944 kuya ku-May 1945 (isigaba 3 yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe).

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe: izinkathi

Ngamunye ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe has izici zayo siqu, ezihlobene ezindaweni yempi, ukusetshenziswa kohlobo olusha izikhali futhi izinzuzo omunye wamabutho. Ngithanda kuqala ukukhuluma mayelana izigaba Omkhulu Patriotic neMpi kafushane.

• Isigaba sokuqala lwa libhekene isinyathelo egcwele amasosha amaNazi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ibutho likaHitler is matasa ngokugcwele Belarus, Ukraine, futhi cishe safinyelela eMoscow. Ibutho laseSoviet Yiqiniso, ukuze ngangokusemandleni abo washikashikeka, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ahlehla. yimpumelelo enkulu iRed Army ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukunqoba Moscow. Kodwa bebonke, okuhlaselayo German baqhubeka. Bakwazi ukuthatha eziningi eCaucasus, behlele cishe ukuze imingcele yesimanje ye Chechnya, Grozny kodwa wehluleka amaNazi. izimpi ezibalulekile maphakathi no-1942 senzeka phambi YaseCrimea. Isigaba 1 yaphela Battle of kwaseStalingrad.
• Esiteji ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe yesibili, iRed Army waletha inzuzo. Ngemva kokunqoba kwaseStalingrad, ibutho amasosha Paulus Soviet ithole izimo kuhle ecasula wenkululeko. Breaking the Siege kweLeningrad, Battle of eKursk nokuhlaselwa jikelele kuzozonke izinhlangothi ngesikhathi wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi ibutho likaHitler kuyaye kamuva ulahlekelwa empini.
• Esikhathini esiyiminyaka impi eyaphela ngawo Red Army ngesikhathi zihlasela baqhubeka. Kwakulwelwa avele elele phezu komhlabathi ku Ukraine futhi Belarus. Lesi sikhathi besihambisana nesiminyaminya yi kusengaphambili kancane kancane iRed Army entshonalanga ukumelana evuthayo isitha. Lena esigabeni sokugcina Second neMpi Yezwe yaphela ngo uzowanqoba isitha.

Izimbangela kwaphela iMpi Yezwe II periodization ekhona

Izigaba ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, noma kunalokho kwayo nesiphetfo, imakwe abanye izenzakalo ezivelele, izimpi, okuyinto engena emlandweni wezwe. Omude kunayo yonke owake kwaba yinkathi lokuqala impi. Izizathu zalokhu zimi kanje:

• the ukugasela onke esitha;
• ukuhlaselwa massed amasosha ngaphambili ezindaweni kakhulu welulela;
• ukungabikho awujwayelene zempi ebuthweni laseSoviet;
• ebonisa ibutho lamaJalimane e imishini yezobuchwepheshe.

Misa kusengaphambili we lubhuntshile kuphela ekupheleni 1942. Isizathu esiyinhloko ekuphumeleleni kwalo iRed Army in the nesikhathi sempi yesibili angabhekwa:

• the ubuqhawe of amasosha aseSoviet;
• ukuphakama inani iRed Army ngaphezu kwesitha;
• Inqubekela phambili ibutho laseSoviet e matemu (ukuvela amathangi amasha futhi ukufaka anti-aircraft, njll).

Isigaba sesithathu we impi futhi isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa oyinhloko phakathi 2nd futhi izigaba 3 ezempi nendikimba German undlovukayiphikiswa amelwe yokuthi ngo-1944, lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona impi ukusakaza ezivela eRussia Ukraine futhi Belarus, ukuthi kuhlehlela phambili ukunyakaza entshonalanga. Esigabeni sokugcina ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, ngoba mkhathi kwaba ukukhulula lonke Ukraine futhi Belarus, kanye amazwe athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu.

Battle 1941

Ngo-1941, ukuma zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, njengoba kakade kugcizelelwe, kwakunzima kakhulu. Ukuhlaselwa lokuqala elihamba nezingxenye esinenjini ibutho lamaNazi wahlupheka Belarus naseLithuania. Juni 22 waqala ukuvikela Brest Fortress. AmaNazi wayethemba ukuthi uyidlule le lamabutho kuba ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho baphumelela. izinsuku eziningana yabambana ngezihluthu, futhi sokunikela sokugcina Brest wathatha 20 kuphela July 1941. Futhi ngalezo zinsuku amaJalimane phambili ngo isiqondiso Siauliai futhi Grodno. Yingakho-June 23-25, eU.SSR ibutho wathutha kulezi ukulayelwa okuhlaselayo.

Izigaba lokuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ngo-1941 kwabonisa ukuthi inkinga ne isitha ngaphandle kokuhamba iRed Army bengayi. Ngakho okukhulu kwaba ukuhlaselwa amaNazi abulala! Yayinjani ukubaleka ezinyangeni zokuqala lapho yaze yaphela impi? It ephumelele nge izimpi. Futhi, iqembu ibutho namaKhomanisi, ukukhulisa ezenza ukuphila kube nzima isitha ukubhodloza izindawo ingqalasizinda ezingeke zayiswa izindawo eziphephile. Namandla Army ukumelana kwakuhambisana nezinga sokuba kuphunywe langemuva ibalulekile ukwenziwa kuleli zwe.

Phakathi izimpi ngobukhulu e 1941 kuyafaneleka Kiev ukusebenza ukuzivikela, okwaqala ngo-July 7 kuya ku-September 26, futhi impi ngoba eMoscow (30 Septhemba 1941 - April 1942). Futhi indima ebalulekile emlandweni neMpi Yezwe II eyabelwe ukuvikela Odessa kanye ubuqhawe amatilosi Soviet.

1942 emlandweni neMpi Yezwe II

Esigabeni sokuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe yabonisa Hitler ukuthi ibutho laseSoviet tshoda it nje ngeke aphumelele. Hhayi owawusekelwe izimpilo Inhloso ekahle ukuze uthwebule eMoscow, kungakangeni ubusika 1941. Ngaphambi kuka May 1942 wahambe okuhlaselayo jikelele we amabutho aseSoviet, okwaqala ngokubekwa December 1941 eduze eMoscow. Kodwa lokhu kuhlasela samiswa amaNazi ngesikhathi laseKharkov bridgehead, lapho iqembu elikhulu amasosha wawusanda kuzungezwa futhi balahlekelwa impi.

Ngemva kwalokho, ibutho lamaJalimane lasungula okuhlaselayo, ngakho emuva amasosha aseSoviet kwadingeka ukukhumbula izenzo ukuzivikela. Hitler wayazi ukuthi kwakuyodingeka kube nzima uthwebule eMoscow, ngakho umthwalo edolobheni wathumela igama ongokomfanekiso kwaseStalingrad.

Futhi amaFascist asebenzayo okuhlaselayo eyenzeke ku bridgehead YaseCrimea. Ulwela Sevastopol wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-July 4, 1942. Kusukela ngo-July kuya November izenzo asebenzayo ukuzivikela wahola iRed Army ngesikhathi kwaseStalingrad ne eCaucasus. Ulwela kwaseStalingrad langena emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke yomlando njengesibonelo ubuqhawe futhi ayenganqobeki of amasosha aseSoviet. umuzi wabhujiswa ngokuphelele yena, ngasinda kokungena izindlu ezimbalwa, kodwa amaNazi abakwazanga ukuba ukuthathe. 1 qophelo yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ukuthi iwine i-SC at kwaseStalingrad futhi ekuqaleni okuhlaselayo Soviet. Nakuba kwezinye izingxenye usaqhubeka ukuzivikela, kodwa senguquko empini isivele lapha.

Eyesibili qophelo yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe

Le nkathi yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu ngonyaka. Yiqiniso, futhi, sabhekana nobunzima eziningi ngo-1943, kodwa kusengaphambili jikelele amasosha ethu besakwazi ukuyeka. Ngezikhathi, amaNazi wathuthela kuhlasela ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa le Mpi Enkulu Patriotic, izigaba, impi lapho sisuke sicabanga manje, bathuthela isimo lapho kwacaca ukuthi iJalimane kwakuzodingeka ekugcineni alahlekelwe ilungelo empini.

"Ring" operation laqedwa ngo-February 2, 1943. Army General Paulus esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe. Januwari 18 kulo nyaka, wakwazi ekugcineni ifohle nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. Lezo zinsuku, iRed Army lasungula okuhlukumezayo isiqondiso Voronezh futhi Kaluga. Voronezh ukuthi retaken kusukela isitha ku 25 Januwari. I okuhlaselayo waqhubeka. Ngo-February 1943, bekatsatsa Voroshilovgrad okuhlaselayo. Kancane kancane, iRed Army uya itjhaphuluko Ukraine, nakuba kungebona bonke lomuzi wacasulwa kanzima ngamaNazi. Mashi 1943 ukukhululwa zikhunjulwe Vyazma nebutho esiphikisayo sokuhlasela Hitler the Donbas. amabutho yethu ekugcineni babhekana kanjani nalesi kuhlasela, kodwa amaNazi wakwazi kancane ukunqanda ngaphambi amabutho aseSoviet ekujuleni Ukraine. Ukulwa kule bridgehead wathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Ngemva kwalokho, focus Imbangela yempi udluliselwa Kuban ngoba ekunyusweni yimpumelelo eWest kudingeka ebugqilini isitha endaweni Krasnodar futhi laseStavropol izifunda. izimpi okusebenzayo kule ndawo babe kungathi izinyanga ezintathu. I okuhlaselayo kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga ngu budebuduze ezintabeni nangezenzo izindiza isitha.

Eyesibili kwesigamu 1943

Emlandweni seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili ngoJulayi 1943 injena. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakunoFakazi 2 izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu. intelligence German kwakuzwakala mayelana okusondelayo okuhlaselayo ezinkulu amasosha aseSoviet. Kodwa-ke ayikaziwa impela lapho ziyohlasela. Yiqiniso, iSoviet abaphezulu izikhulu zempi wayazi ukuthi izinhloli German ezisebenza ezakhiweni eziningi mkhathi (kanye Soviet eJalimane), ngakho-elivunyelwe ngokuhamba ngobuthi bokwaziswa okunganembile. Julayi 5 impi eKursk. AmaNazi wayethemba ukuthi ngokuwina le mpi, zizophinde zokumelana. Yebo, bona bengasazi ukuhambisa, kodwa ngokuvamile, impi akuyona iwine, ngakho ezinsukwini July 1943 20 esiteji ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe yesibili safinyelela izinga Selilonke. Futhi kwakuyini umcimbi yesibili ebalulekile? Ungakhohlwa omunye empini Prokhorovka? On the field eduze kule ndawo liba the omkhulu kunayo yonke eyake ngesikhathi ithangi lwempi futhi washiya ngoba eSoviet Union.

Kusukela August 1943 kuze ebusika 1943/1944 sika. I iRed Army okhulula idolobha ikakhulukazi Ukraine. Kwakunzima kakhulu ukunqoba isitha endaweni laseKharkov, kodwa ekuseni August 23, 1943 ibutho laseSoviet wakwazi ukungena emzini. Bese-ke ngaya e uchungechunge ekukhokheni emadolobheni Ukraine. Ngo-September 1943, imikhumbi-mkhathi wangena laseDonetsk, Poltava, Kremenchug, Sumy. Ngo-October amasosha ethu yakhululwa Dnipropetrovsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Melitopol nezinye nasemadolobhaneni azungezile.

Impi ye-Kyïv

Kiev kwaba omunye eziningana emadolobheni osendaweni ebalulekile i-USSR. labantu kulo muzi ngaphambi impi 1 million. Man. Phakathi neminyaka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ke siye sancipha ngamaphesenti izikhathi eziyisihlanu. Kodwa manje into esemqoka. IRed Army isikhathi eside ukulungiselela ukuthunjwa Kiev, ngoba lo muzi wawuyinhloko futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ngamaNazi. Ukuze ukuthunjwa Kiev kwakudingeka bawele Dnieper. Impi ye-emfuleni, iwuphawu Ukraine, yaqala ngo-September 22. Ukuphoqa maqembu kakhulu kakhulu, eziningi amasosha ethu wafa. Ngo-October, umyalo kuhlelwe ukuzama ukuthatha Kiev. I elula kunazo salokhu Bukrinsky bridgehead. Kodwa lezi izinhlelo laziwa amaJalimane, bamlahla ibutho eside lapha. Kiev ukuthatha Bukrin bridgehead yayingasekho nhlobo indlela yokubaleka. intelligence yethu ithole umsebenzi ukuthola enye indawo sokuhlasela isitha. Kwatholakala kube elilungile kakhulu Lyutezhsky isizinda, kodwa ukuba baphonse amabutho kwakungekho nzima kakhulu. Ngenxa Kiev kwadingeka ukuba phambi yokugubha usuku esilandelayo November 7, Battle umyalo Kiev uye juqula juba amaviyo alo kusuka Bukrin ku Lyutezhsky bridgehead. Empeleni leli cebo ngokuqinisekile awazange akholwe lutho ngenxa nje yokuthi ngangifuna bengazi isitha, ebusuku, kabili ukuwela Dnieper futhi ukushayela amabanga amade umhlaba. Yiqiniso, okuningi ukulahlekelwa wahlupheka mkhathi, kodwa ngendlela ehlukile ukuthatha Kiev kwakungenakwenzeka. Lokhu inkambo abaholi ebuthweni lempi laseSoviet aphumelele. IRed Army wakwazi ukuya Kiev ekuseni Novemba 6, 1943. Futhi empini ye Dnieper kwezinye imikhakha phambi yathatha cishe kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka. Nge KA ukunqoba le mpi ka esigabeni sokuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

Impi e-1944- 1945 biennium.

Esigabeni sokugcina ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe owaqala ngokuvukela Kirovograd okuhlaselayo. Januwari 8 Kirovograd idolobha yakhululwa. Futhi ngo-January, amabutho aseSoviet wona ngempumelelo waqhuba okuhlaselayo ku Korsun-Shevchenko wesifunda (Cherkasy esifundeni Ukraine), kanye cishe ngokuphelele abakhululiwe Kiev futhi Zhitomir esifundeni.

Isigaba sokugcina kweMpi Yezwe II Lwenziwe sibonga kuphela ubuqhawe of amasosha ethu. Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1944 it wadedelwa cishe zonke Kwesokudla Bank Ukraine kanye eCrimea. Isigaba sokugcina kweMpi Yezwe II kwaphawulwa enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu kuyo yonke iminyaka lokulwa ukuqala iRed Army. Sikhuluma Proskurov-eBukovina futhi Uman-Botosani okuhlaselayo, ezaholela ekumiseni kwe-ekupheleni kuka-April 1944. Cishe yonke indawo e-Ukraine kokuphothulwa le misebenzi Isikhishwe, ukubuyiselwa Republic emva lokulwa uyakhathaza.

IRed Army zempi Imingcele yase-USSR

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, amagadango sisuke sicabanga namuhla, uyeza isiphelo sako okunengqondo. Kusukela ngo-April 1944, amabutho aseSoviet kancane siqale ukuba azixoshe amaNazi endaweni ukuthi ekuqaleni empini babehlangene yabo (isib Romania). Futhi izimpi asebenzayo senzeka endaweni Polish. Ngo-1944, kwaba nezenzakalo eziningi ayesezibhebheni phambi yesibili. Lapho kweJalimane baba akunakugwenywa, empini ngemandla sizana of USSR anti-Hitler womanyano. Ukulwa eGreece, eSicily, eduze Mariana Islands, e-Asia - Basebegcwaliswa bonke igxile ngokuwina anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana ekulweni wobushiqela.

3 izigaba ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe yaphela Meyi 9, 1945. Ngalo lolo suku, zonke izizwe ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union ezigubha leli holidi omkhulu - Victory Day.

Imiphumela ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, lapho izigaba lokulwa babe ngokuphelele okunengqondo, yaphela pheze 4 kweminyaka ngemuva kokuqala. Wayengumngane ngesihluku okuningi futhi olunegazi kuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okwaphela ngo-1918.

Imiphumela zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu 3: kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye ethnographic. Kulezi zindawo ukuthi kwakuhlezi, wabhubhisa eziningi izinkampani. Ingxenye izitshalo kanye nezimboni zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo futhi zonke wabuya. Ngokulandela inqubomgomo kushintsha ngokoqobo lonke uhlelo zokuphila emhlabeni, lenzeka entsha emingceleni. Kancane kancane sakha isimiso sokuvikela esisha e-Europe kanye emhlabeni wonke. New UN waba yisiboniso sokuphepha. Phakathi nempi, eziningi abantu abaye bafa, + ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuze kubuyiselwe sabantu.

Izigaba oyinhloko ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, futhi kwakunamabandla amathathu, wabonisa ukuthi ukunqoba izwe kanjeya like eSoviet Union, akunakwenzeka. UMbuso kancane kancane ophuma emkhakheni esibucayi, ukuba kwakhiwe kabusha. Ngezindlela eziningi, ukululama ngokushesha komnotho wase-USSR ngenxa yemizamo nobuqhawe abantu.