Ngobani Normanists futhi antinormanistov?

Esikhathini isayensi IsiRashiya sinamagama isikhathi eside kukhona antinormanistov ingxoxo Normanists futhi okuphathelene indima le Normans (amaNorseman) kwetinhlavu wekuba sive medieval eRussia. Le mpikiswano yenzeka izindiza ezahlukene - the ngemibono nesayensi.

ingxoxo umlando

Umbango mayelana Normans Kwathi ekhulwini XVII, lapho izazi-mlando Swedish baye basebenzisa ulwazi izimpande Varangian Rus ukusekela ezweni ukunwetshwa eMpumalanga Yurophu. mpendulo ezinjalo kuye kwabangela nokunqatshelwa ideologists kazwelonke kwekhulu XVIII (okokuqala, Mikhail Lomonosov). Antinormanistov wakuphika uxhumano Rus futhi amaViking.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, kulokhu kugxeka kuye cishe wanyamalala. Ngu isikhathi sifika eziningi imisebenzi sina yesayensi zezilimi, ukuze bathethelele umsuka amagama zaseScandinavia wezikhulu zokuqala Russian e imithombo medieval (ezifana Oleg, Rurik, Igor, nokunye. N.). Ikakhulukazi thi okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo ukushicilelwa wamazwe odumile Danish Vilgelma Tomsena. Mayelana Varangians uvele Russia ekhulwini VIII, kukhona eziningi ubufakazi rechecked. Kuthiwa ithonya lazo phezu isiko lwamaSlav empumalanga wafunda kuze kube yilolu suku.

Nokho, impikiswano Normanists antinormanistov futhi wavuselela ne amandla amasha kakade Stalin inkathi, lapho antinormanizma umqondo eziye zasetshenziselwa ukulwa inkulumo-ze yamaNazi mayelana akaphakeme abantu zamaJalimane we Slavic (abaseSweden futhi Scandinavians ngokuvamile kukhona izihlobo abaseduze yama-Jalimane yisho uhlanga lwakho). Kusukela ezinsukwini zeSoviet Union ukugxekwa lonke Norman ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla.

Umsuka Rurik

Iningi Normanists antinormanistov futhi bephikisana ngokuthi ungubani Rurik - isikhulu abusa Novgorod eminyakeni 862-879. Weza Russia kanye nabafowabo kanye Truvor Sineus. Ngokwe- "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" e 862. Ilmen lwamaSlav kanye lendawo Finno-Finns Umeme ukuba ubuse umhlaba Novgorod. ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala baye bahlupheka kude nokuxabana engapheli. ukuxabana Yangaphakathi phakathi lwamaSlav we North-West of laseRussia aqala ngemva kwalokho njengoba ezadlula amaViking, bakhokha intela esenana mayelana nokuphepha kwabo. Independence sekubangele zokuchitha igazi njalo. Ekugcineni ezilwayo imibango ahlukile Novgorod bavumelana ukumema umbusi kokungathathi hlangothi ngawo wakwazi ukumisa ukuxabana phakathi kwabo.

Le ndoda yaba Rurik. Umbango Normanists futhi antinormanistov Ngokuqondene nethonya elafika amaViking kwadingeka ku Eastern lwamaSlav. Akungabazeki elafika isikhulu kusukela eScandinavia, kanye nabasizi bakhe nabeluleki. Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke isizwe ngokuthi "Rus". Normanists futhi antinormanistov zingafani incazelo kwethemu.

Ruric lithole Novgorod, Sineus - Beloozero, Truvor - Izborsk. Igama umfowabo omdala iphindela Hrærekr - igama zaseScandinavia, ngakho akungabazeki ukuthi wayenguKristu ukhishwa inyumbazane. Nokho Normanists antinormanistov nekuhumusha ezahlukene umsuka isikhulu lokuqala Novgorod. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izazi ukuhlonza ngayo Rerik Jutland, owaphila phakathi nekhulu IX kanye kwakungekaNkulunkulu lwamakhosi scylding evela eDenmark. Lo mbono kusekelwe ukufana amagama, nakuba lesi sici engabalulekile - into kuphela labekasekela umbono.

imithombo kusele izingxenyana

Konke yesimanje mpikiswano Normanists futhi antinormanistov esekelwe zemihla medieval ukuthi basuke noma yakopishwa noma ngokwengxenye nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada ngenxa imililo nokubuna izibambiso. Konke lokhu edonsa eziningi innuendo nasekuqageleni.

Uma uqhathanisa nesikhundla Normanists antinormanistov, kuba sobala ukuthi ingxabano zabo kuhilela zemihla eziningana isiRashiya, ngezinye izikhathi engqubuzanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, owalandela Ryurika Oleg ekuqaleni ngokuthi umbusi wakhe. Ngo izivumelwano eByzantium ekuqaleni X leminyaka it is sekushiwo njengoba eyisihlobo isikhulu lokuqala Novgorod. imithombo kwesikhathi Russian of XII leminyaka, futhi benanela lo mbono, iphikisane imisebenzi ekuqaleni we mlando yasekhaya.

Enye inkinga itholakala lokuthi ukuthi akukho mlando angaphandle imithombo ezimele kwesikhathi, okungaqinisekisa ukuthi nganekwane Rurik nabafowabo ababili. Kule ndaba, akukho ukuphola esiqondile imisebenzi ye Varangian izikhulu.

ocwaningweni IsiSwidi

Ngokwesiko, kunenkolelo yokuthi Normanists antinormanistov futhi waqala ingxoxo yabo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVIII. Nokho, lolu cwaningo yokuqala ubuhlobo Scandinavians neRussia esukela emuva le XVI-XVII eminyaka. Lapho Muscovy kwakungamadodana abaMhlophe bokuqala Western. Ngakho, umbuzo umsuka amaViking abanesifiso inxusa imperial Sigismund Herberstein. On indlela kuhlelwe eya kwamanye abacwaningi.

Umqondo umsuka IsiSwidi Rurik yalwela ohlakaniphile IsiSwidi nesazi-mlando Petr Petrey de Erlezunda, owayehlala e-Russia ngenkathi Boris Godunov. Imisebenzi yakhe kwaduma ngisho phesheya futhi ziye zahunyushelwa German. umbhali Swedish Olaf Dalin, ngesicelo olusemthethweni wabhala "The History of isimo Swedish," Rurik ebona nge Erik Björnsson kusukela zaseScandinavia Ynglings lwamakhosi. Nokho, maduze nje lo mbono uye achithwa.

Incwadi Gottlieb Bayer

Okokuqala umsebenzi uqobo ngokwesayensi ukuthi waqala normanizm kubhekwe indzaba "Ngo Varyag" eRussia. Umbhali wayo waba uprofesa e-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738). Waqale wahlola isethi zomlando okuqala imithombo ephakathi, eyagcina sicabangisise izizukulwane olandelayo eziningana ososayensi.

I Bayer lokuqala wencike encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla kwesikhathi. Academician sinqatshiwe ethandwa ke "inkolelo-mbono Prussian" owawuthi amaViking kwadingeka umsuka yuzhnobaltiyskoe. Encwadini yakhe ethi futhi ithole izitifiketi zombhalo ofihliwe kusuka yezinye izizwe, isibonelo kusuka zemihla Bertinskih.

Ngaphansi Bayer amaViking wayeyazi Scandinavians ngomqondo ebanzi izwi: abaseSweden, Gotlanders, Danes futhi baseNorway. Asebenzise yezilimi, yena ihlaziye izikhulu Russian kanye amagama ezikhulu IX-X eminyaka. Kuze kube yimanje, umlobi waphendukela emithonjeni efana itshe Runic kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe, nemisebenzi WaseGrisi, nezinye izikhumbuzo kwesikhathi. Bayer wathatha imibhalo, futhi uMbusi waseByzantium u X leminyaka, Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo. Ngenxa yalokhu-mlando emsebenzini baphetha ngokuthi amagama Rurik futhi kwadingeka Truvor imvelaphi zaseScandinavia.

Sebenza Gerard Miller

Ezinye "Varangian" encwadini izingcezwana yabakhanga Vasiliya Tatischeva (1686 -1750), kanye ziye ezacashunwa kuye "Umlando Russia" yakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo usosayensi Russian yena washaya izikhundla ncamashi obuhlukile Bayer. Tatishchev khona antinormanizma umlweli, AmaViking ayekholelwa le Finns futhi imvelaphi Finnish isibaluli Rurik.

Ngaphezu nombhali "Umlando Russia" nazo engxoxweni eScandinavia phakathi kwekhulu XVIII yahanjelwa abacwaningi abaqavile ababili. Esokuqala kwaba enkulu ethnographer nesazi sokuma komhlaba Gerard Miller (1705-1783), kanti eyesibili - Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765). Kugcine wayesebenza ezihlukahlukene sciences kanye washiya uphawu abalulekile kuhlanganise ngesiyalo zomlando.

Ngo 1749, ngesikhathi olandelayo igama usuku ngosuku iNdlovukazi Elizabeth, inhlokodolobha wawuzoqhutshwa Emhlanganweni weningi, lapho izifundiswa avelele ayehlangana khona imibiko ukufunda Emaceleni. Ngokukhethekile Lomonosov wabhala "Eulogy" yakhe edumile kulungiselelwa lesi senzakalo. Miller wakhetha isihloko kunalokho ezishelelayo of "The Origin of abantu egameni Russian." Umbhalo abakulungiselweyo ngesikhathi, kodwa ayizange ungeniswe-mpikiswano kawonkewonke isivele umagazini ukuphrinta bambamba.

umbiko likaMiller akakuthandanga ososayensi abaningi nezikhulu eduze iNdlovukazi wakuthola "predosuzhdenie Russia." Njengoba ayenqotshiwe mqondo futhi Lomonosov, owayeyilungu abaphikisi abukhali Umbono wokuthi "Varyag" Roots yeRussia. Okufanayo emibonweni yabo ingxoxo Tatischev kugwenywe. Thanda izikhathi eziningi kangaka phambi e 1749 Normanists ithiyori antinormanistov kubange ezingqubuzana kakhulu phakathi ososayensi yasekhaya.

Miller e mqondo yakhe bejabule kakhulu aphindwaphindwe ngabanye Bayer. Qhathanisa isikhundla Normanists antinormanistov bese uzama ukuthola ukuthi yini umehluko yabo ukhiye. Abakwazi kalula isehlane ngokuqhathanisa Miller ne-University kokuhlaziywa. Okokuqala, ivikela theory Norman, wafanisa ukuba Scandinavians futhi amaViking kwaholela esivuna lo mbono, ubufakazi obusha. Ikakhulukazi, Miller yabhekisela ngokwesiko amagama "Russian" ka Dnieper Rapids, okuyinto kwanikezwa indatshana yakhe "Ngo ukuphathwa umbuso" yi-umbusi WaseByzantium Konstantinom Bagryanorodnym. Futhi umbhali imisebenzi akukhuthazwa bakhangwa cwaningo kwakhe lisikisela abalobi zaseScandinavia ka ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, ukhuluma lwamaSlav empumalanga.

Izazi-mlando Normanists futhi antinormanistov ngokuvamile baba abadlali alwa eziyinkimbinkimbi zezombusazwe. Lokho kuhlaselwa Miller zazibangelwa kungasiko isici yesayensi yomsebenzi wakhe, nokugxila yayo ngemibono. yokubusa kuka-Elizabeth uqalile ngemva "eyishumi amnyama", lapho, phakathi Anny Ioannovny bahlangana zisizungezile amaningi kakhulu amaJalimane. Ngaphansi iNdlovukazi entsha kwalandelwa backlash. It wagxeka konke okwabezizwe, Sweden futhi benza yaqala impi. Yiqiniso, nalemvelaphi, umsebenzi, ukukhuluma ngemvelaphi zaseScandinavia ka Rurik, wayebhekwa njengomuntu smear. Miller, usesimweni obucayi, imibono yabo, Nokho, ayikashintshi. Umsebenzi wakhe yanyatheliswa phesheya futhi ngesiRashiya ke umfundi jikelele zitholakala kuphela ngo-2006.

agumenti antinormanistov

Imphendvulo inemininingwane yonkhe ledzingekako kushicilelwe Miller kwalandelwa umphikisi wakhe oyinhloko Mihaila Lomonosova. emva ukuthusa ingxabano Varangian usosayensi Russian Eminyakeni embalwa waqala ukuqamba umsebenzi wakhe siqu elikhulu emlandweni wezwe. Qeda ke, akazange abe nesikhathi ngenxa ngokufa okuzumayo. Ngemva kokufa Lomonosov yanyatheliswa umqulu owodwa kuphela yakhe "umlando wasendulo Russian." Noma kunjalo, umbuzo we Varangians (njengoba omunye kuqala), umlobi emsebenzini wakhe kubhekwe.

"NaseRussia ngaphambi Rurik" Mikhail enikelwe izahluko ezimbalwa okunzima. Ukuze lwamaSlav, wambalela hhayi kuphela lwamaSlav, kodwa futhi aseBaltic (Lithuania, Zhmud, Prussians) kanye Veneto, amaMede paflagontsev, kokubalula umsuka leli qembu ezivamile yobuhlanga cishe kuya nenkathi yaseTroy neMpi. Kakade lokhu isithembiso kungabonwa umqondo wokuthi akukho amaViking noma iyiphi ezinye izizwe nawo ayengase ngeke usithonye ekumiseni Russia ezimele, ogama imisuka esukela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo. I ethile eyinhloko yomsebenzi Lomonosov kwakungu yokuthi kuwo umbhali banamathela esimisweni historiography XVI-XVII eminyaka, ngesikhathi isayensi European has ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku kuhlatiya wemithombo.

"Russophile" inkolelo yokuthi Rurik babevela lwamaSlav zigcinwe zikhona bese kuthi Ekaterina II, zilalele "Umlando" Vasiliya Tatischeva. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye historiographers ebaluleke kakhulu isikhathi, Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733-1790) kubhekwa ngowokuqala isikhulu Novgorod abadala isihlobo Ilmen Slovenes Gostomysl.

umbono Karamzin

A iseluleko esinokulinganisela kanye sina kuqhathaniswa ne ababephila nabo kwenza UNikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). enomthamo omningi yakhe "Umlando we State Russian" luye lwaba lomkhuba ezibaluleke kakhulu isiko Russian nesayensi.

Karamzin kwaba akulalelisise ngendlela efanayo ukunake okushiwoyo uyothola Normanists futhi antinormanistov. Izimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili babengazazi kunakwe ngokunakekela esiphezulu namaqiniso. Karamzin ohlonishwa imisebenzi Bayer kanye Miller, uwabheka i- wonke umlando. Kodwa antinormanskaya umqondo Tatishcheva ke wagxekwa. umbhali Special obusolisayo ngokuthi ubufakazi podcherpnut Ioakimovskaya irekhodi.

Karamzin wathi wonke amaqiniso eziyisithupha eliyisisekelo asekelayo umsuka zaseScandinavia ka Rurik kanye Varangians bebonke. Okokuqala, kuwubufakazi babalobi Western, isibonelo, uMbhishobhi Liutprand Cremona, lapho Russ bacabanga ukuthi kwase Normans. Okwesibili, igama Rurik, nezinye izikhulu yakhelwe nge etymology ecacile zaseScandinavia. Okwesithathu, imithombo WaseByzantium. AmaViking eConstantinople wabizwa ngokuthi Knights zaseScandinavia. Okwesine, i-agumenti Miller mayelana amagama Dnieper Rapids. Okwesihlanu, ukufana kwamazwi iqoqo lemithetho Russian iqiniso nge vaults efanayo isiJalimane zaseScandinavia. Okwesithupha, "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka," lapho khona umbhali Nestor okukhulunywa ukuthi amaViking wahlala entshonalanga khona oLwandle iBaltic.

Winning Normanists

mpikiswano Zezıhlabane abaphikisi ngemibono benza ingxabano phakathi Normanists antinormanistov futhi omunye "imibuzo uqalekisiwe!" esemqoka yomlando Russian. Izinto zashintsha ekuthuthukisweni yayo kwaba encwadini sezilimi Danish Vilgelma Tomsena (1842-1927) "Ekhaya isimo Russian." It is kulo msebenzi yaqale ethulwa okushiwo egcwele classical Norman theory. incwadi Iningi Thomsen ayehlukile kuzo ezazingaphambi kwayo nokuchema yezilimi. Izimpikiswano usosayensi ngokuphathelene ingxenye kwezilimi imithombo ephakathi, awalulahlanga ukuqondana abo namuhla.

Njengoba abaphikisi bayo sina kuphela Thomsen wathi UStepan Gedeonov (1816-1878), njengoba kwakuwusuku umsebenzi wakhe "AmaViking futhi Rus" wenza ukuba Dane, "umbono ka amakhanda sina." Okunye imisebenzi antinormanskie sezilimi okuthiwa nesayensi. Encwadini yakhe ethi Thomsen wenza ukubuyekeza ngokujulile imithombo Arab futhi WaseByzantium e latin ku amaViking.

Icubungula Umsuka wegama elithi "Russia", usosayensi walibiza impande empandeni okulingana Swedish ukuthini amazwi athi "ngomkhumbi" futhi "ukugwedla". Kule ndaba Thomsen wasikisela ukuba igama enjalo bona ngokwabo ngokuthi le Scandinavians, owayehlala ogwini eGulf of Finland, futhi uhambo emazweni angomakhelwane. Ngokufanayo, sezilimi wenza igama elithi "amaViking". Ngokusho hypothesis yakhe, livela Swedish impande "var", okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "yokukhosela" noma "isivikelo."

Thomsen ngamnyama nedlanzana amazwi lasendulo izilimi, ngubani kubonakala kahle etymology zaseScandinavia (Tiuna, grid, esitolo, induku, nokunye. D.). Efingqa isifundo sakhe, umlobi ezihlongozwayo isingathekiso capacious: i Scandinavians isisekelo kwesimo elincane, amaSlav ayo lenyuka izingxenye ezinkulu. Uma uqhathanisa nesikhundla Normanists antinormanistov, ukuqhathanisa okunjalo ngempela uhlezi phezu agumenti ukuthi Yaqala Dane Vilhelm Thomsen.

umphumela ingxabano

Icacisa ngubani kwesokudla Normanists ingxabano kanye antinormanistov, kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi impikiswano yabo kwakunenjongo kuphela endabeni engcono ekhulwini XIX, lapho kumiswa isimo elihlobene ne umsuka lwamakhosi. Kodwa ngisho nombhali umthombo oyinhloko ephakathi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" Nestor uphendule imibuzo emithathu eceleni, "wayaphi" amaSlav ababe Rurik futhi, ekugcineni, kanjani Russia uqobo. Emhlabeni indlela efanayo namuhla ithobela isayensi zomlando.

Modern Normanists antinormanistov bese uqhubeke ingxabano yabo, nakuba sekunesikhathi eside kucace ukuthi inqubo kumiswa isimo izimele uhlanga lomndeni yokubusa. Iqiniso lokuthi Rurik kwaba inyumbazane alien, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa indodana yakhe Igor kusukela usewusana sikhule endaweni ehluke ngokuphelele futhi sigxilise. nendodana yakhe nomzukulu Vladimir Svyatoslav akuzange neze kululaze indlela ungathi Scandinavians - base lwamaSlav kokubili igazi ku imikhuba noma ulimi. Kwenzeka into efanayo ne Varangian ukulethwa abeluleki, ayephelezelwa, nabanye ngokuthi evela phesheya eRussia northerners.

Qhathanisa isikhundla Normanists antinormanistov bese uzama ukuthola indlela enkulu kwaba ithonya Scandinavians ukudalwa Omdala isimo Russian. Nakuba Novgorod kanye imithetho amaViking (Rurik), kanye Kiev lathunjwa umeluleki wakhe noma isihlobo (Oleg), iningi labantu ezweni elisha kuye kwaba Slav njalo. ekugcineni isici zaseScandinavia unyamalale kolwandle. Futhi ngakho ukunqoba yesayensi abasekeli "inkolelo-mbono Varangian" Awukwazi babukise "ukuziqhenya kazwelonke we Omkhulu", okuyinto wagomela ngisho Normanists okuqala futhi antinormanistov. Kafushane, kwale mpikiswano esikhathini esidlule. ucwaningo Professional kanye ngokujulile ku kwethonya Norman sidilizwa Rus uyaqhubeka namuhla, kodwa ezihlobene ezincane: amanye amagama olimini isiRashiya, amasiko, ezindabeni zezempi nokunye ..