Kuyini Semiboyarshina? Semiboyarshina Esikhathini Nezinkinga

Emlandweni Russia ngesikhathi 1610-1612 biennium. Wangena njengoba Semiboyarshina - phakathi nokubusa abameleli eziyisikhombisa le Boyar Duma ukusungula uhulumeni wesikhashana, injongo okuyinto kwakuwukwenza amakhetho inkosi entsha egumbini we wagudluzwa Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Nokho, ikakhulukazi Isikhathi Nezinkinga, ngokumelene lapho izenzakalo zaziqala ukwenzeka, safuna isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Izwe esimweni esibucayi ezinzima

Isimo sezombusazwe nezomnotho eRussia ekuqaleni 1610 kwaba nzima kakhulu. Kakhulu okungekuhle for wakhe agelezé nempi Poland, ngaphezu, eduze emaphethelweni eMoscow, ibutho lama-enye pretender ukumangalela indima indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi - Amanga Dmitry II. Ngo indaba, wadlula isidlaliso Tushino isela - at indawo ekamu yabo edolobheni eliseduze eMoscow Tushino.

Isimo zaba zimbi ngu imithelela eside ngaphambi elahlasela kulo lonke Russia, lelo tulo eholwa Ivan Bolotnikov futhi ukuhlasela nagayskih futhi YaseCrimea AmaTatar. Konke lokhu kuye kwaholela ububha babantu ngenakugwemeka ezimweni ezinjalo nemibhikisho yomphakathi. Enye ukuhlulwa amasosha imperial empini ne nabasePoland kwaba Umfutho Izinxushunxushu zombango futhi wagudluza Tsar Vasiliya Shuyskogo.

Ezemfundo Semiboyarshina

Phambili kusengaphambili amakhetho autocrat entsha, futhi ulungiselele lesi isenzo ebalulekile empilweni isimo, kanye elawula izwe esikhathini soguquko eyambumbayo uhulumeni wesikhashana, ezazihlanganisa eziyisikhombisa amalungu kunazo kahle wazalelwa futhi enethonya we Boyar Duma. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona izikhulu FI Mstislavsky, IM Vorotynsky, AV Trubetskoy, A. V Golitsyn futhi boyars BM Lykov-Obolensky, I. Romanov futhi FI Sheremetev .

Ngakho, ngemva ukungenela basePoland kwezinkinga zasekhaya, kwakhiwa Semiboyarshina. Phakathi nokubusa igunya, eliholwa Prince Fodorom Mihaylovichem Mstislavskim ezaholela ekumiseni kwe-kokwenyuka eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, inkosi yokuqala zeNdlu Romanov - Mikhail Fedorovich, futhi ekupheleni Isikhathi Nezinkinga. Kodwa lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe isikhathi eside ngokungenakulinganiswa neyinkimbinkimbi ngokungaphezulu.

Beka umkhawulo emandleni boyars

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yini Semiboyarshina nendlela ebanzi babe amandla akhe, kufanele acabangele zinjani izimo ngaleso sikhathi azungeze eMoscow. Emithonjeni obubhalwe ukuthi entshonalanga ke iseduze amasango omuzi babe nabasePoland, eholwa Hetman Zhelkovskim, futhi ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga, ku Kolomna, wazinza amabutho Amanga Dmitry, kukhuphuke ivume squad Lithuanian Sapieha. Ngakho, ngaso sonke isikhathi Semiboyarshina kwegunya layo aluzange lukwazi enhlokodolobha.

Ephoqelekile ukuba baphathe i nabasePoland

Umbuzo lokho Semiboyarshina emlandweni Russia, njengoba umthetho, ungalokothi avuse impikiswano. Ngokuvamile, amalungu kahulumeni unikwa indima zingabakhapheli isizwe, futhi iphuzu lapha lokhu. Ngokwami, usongo yabo eyinhloko akulona nabasePoland, nabo kwakunokwenzeka ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni uma ufisa, futhi amaviyo pretender, kwadingeka phakathi kwabantu abavamile e Moscow eziningi abasekeli. Endabeni ka ngokuwina boyars isela Tushino ngeke kuyicekele amakhanda abo.

Lokhu kwashukumisela kubo ukuxoxisana hetman Zhelkovskim futhi isayine isivumelwano Russian Tsar kwaba ngaphansi okumelwe sibe Vladislav Vasa - indodana amaPolish King Sigismund III. Asekelwe nomkhohlisi naseLithuania eholwa Sapieha nabo bavuma afunge allegiance inkosi yasePoland, ngakho-ke, Amanga Dmitry II waba bancishwa kuyithuba elihle kakhulu lokupha ukugumbuqela umbuso kunoma eMoscow.

Hostage izinqumo siqu

Nokho, ukuze ube ukuphepha siqu ezinkulu, boyars ebusuku Septhemba 21, 1610 ezibiyele wavula ngasese amasango ake abahlaseli enhloko-dolobha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lonke okushiwo umkhandlu eziyisikhombisa lancipha ukufeza indima lab 'onodoli ezandleni inkosi yasePoland, owachitha ngijabulisa umugqa yakhe yezombusazwe ngokusebenzisa protege lakhe - Usigaxamabhande eMoscow Aleksandra Gonsevskogo. Ezicukuthwaneni zaphucwa amandla kwangempela futhi baba ngokuyisisekelo abathunjwa. Kuleli indima wabenza dabukisa ukubona impendulo yombuzo othi: "? Kuyini Semiboyarshina"

Nakuba lesi sivumelwano kuphula izithakazelo kazwelonke abantu Russian futhi beyisikhubekiso kuye, kwakungekho umbuzo ka-waseRussia ukuba Commonwealth, kodwa wawushilo kulondolozwe zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni kusosonke insimu yalo. Ngokwakhe Korolevich Vladislav, u, ngokuvumelana inkontileka, ubophekile ukuba aphume inkolo yamaKatolika Lobu-Orthodox.

Nangobudlova, okubangelwa ukucasula lonke

Phela amandla angempela basukile ezandleni zikahulumeni wesikhashana umbusi Polish, wathola isikhundla boyar, phathelana ezimathonsi ukusingatha kuleli zwe. Ngokusho Vladislav yakhe wakhetha ezweni kanye estate Russian, abahlala bethembekile ukuze umsebenzi wayo ukushisekela izwe, waphana nabasePoland bakha yabo imvelo ngokushesha. Lokhu kwabangela igagasi yentukuthelo kuleli zwe. Kukholakala ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi isimo sakhe sengqondo kuya nabasePoland washintsha futhi Semiboyarshina.

Esikhathini Isikhathi Nezinkinga igunya elikhethekile phakathi abantu babenenkululeko eyayingatholakali inhloko yabangamashumi Russian Orthodox uMphathi weSonto Germogen. A Patriot lonke izwe lakubo weqiniso,, ne ukusekela boyars, wathumela izincwadi kuwo kulo lonke elaseRussia, okwenza kube ukudalwa nabezempi futhi esempini ngokumelene abahlali. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngemiyalo yezikhulu umbusi Polish, eboshwe isiboshwa we Chudov Isigodlo, lapho kungakabiphi bafa ngenxa yendlala, umyalezo wakhe waba umfutho ngenxa eyayiminingi emashalofini Minin futhi Pozharsky ngaphansi izindonga eMoscow.

Ukuphela kwenkathi Semiboyarshina

I okwalandela 1613 ukhetho yesihlalo sobukhosi senkosi Mikhail Fedorovich, kwaba ukuphela kwenkathi eyaziwa emlandweni Russia njengoba Semiboyarshina. Phakathi nokubusa abameleli abayisikhombisa yezikhulu eliphakeme eMoscow ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu ukuba enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu yonke inkathi Isikhathi Nezinkinga. Lapho beqeda izwe liye langena enkathini zomlando entsha.

Ukukhuluma umsuka wenkulumo ethi, kuyafaneleka kokukhuluma ukubukeka kuqhathaniswa sekwedlule izwi Semiboyarshina. Esikhathini Isikhathi Nezinkinga, futhi alandelayo amabili eminyaka, amalungu isakhiwo uhulumeni wasibiza ngokuthi "boyars sedmochislennymi." Njengoba lisetshenziswe namuhla okokuqala zabonakala kuphela ngo-1813 kule noveli AA Bestuzhev-Marly.

Emlandweni Russian phambi kwaba nezikhathi lapho ukungabi kwamandla wenkosi bagxila ezandleni ikhomishini le boyars '. Lokhu kwenzeke ikakhulu lapho uMbusi aya empini noma uhambo olude. Kwabe isiko ukudala lezi kahulumeni wesikhashana kubantu abayisikhombisa. Ubhala ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe emibhalweni yakhe mlando Russian kwekhulu XVII, umabhalane amanxusa oda G. K. Kotoshihin.

Imizamo uhlaziye izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva umbuzo yini Semiboyarshina futhi iyini indima yalo emlandweni isiRashiya, kwaba nokukhanya kuyiwa. Ngaphandle ngembaba nenkathi yamaSoviet leli gunya yesikhashana libhekwe njengelingcwele komuntu oshade naye, e-post-yokwakha kabusha nkathi kwakuba izincwadi lapho usole ne nabasePoland uthathwa njengoba kuphela abaphendula ngokunengqondo hambisa zamanxusa okuhloswe ngaso kulondolozwa lizwe kusukela izinxushunxushu olunegazi, ngenakugwemeka uma yokunqoba Amanga Dmitry II.

Namuhla, bethi eyeqisayo yamaSoviet, abacwaningi nethuba ukunikeza ngaphezulu ukuhlolwa Inhloso yalezi zinto zomlando ezenzeka phakathi namakhulu eminyaka edlule, phakathi okuyinto zisendaweni ebalulekile Semiboyarshina. Iminyaka sihlukaniswe wangaleyo nkathi akuyona angasulwa imemori kazwelonke izici ezingezinhle nemisebenzi yayo, kodwa futhi avunyelwe ukuba abanike ukuqonda okujulile.