Izincwadi zangenkathi ephakathi

Esikhundleni endulo weza Ephakathi - Usuqhubekile ebalulekile intuthuko engokomoya izizwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lesi sikhathi iqala wangekhulu 5th futhi iphela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-17. Liyaziphikisa nokuba yinkimbinkimbi inkathi uvele izici amasiko alo. Umlando yobuciko Western ihlukanisa ngokwayo ngeNkathi Ephakathi nangeNkathi Yempucuko. Esokuqala sasithatha 5 Ekhulwini kuya ekhulwini le-15, kanti isixuku esikhulu - ne ngekhulu le-14 futhi eyesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-17.

izincwadi Western Europe ephakathi izincwadi Renaissance kuthiwa ngokwesiko ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu. Ngokohlelo lwezikhathi, kuba ulayini ukutjheja imikhawulo yokutholwa isayensi zomlando. Periodization ibukeka kanje:

1. Imibhalo yase Early Ephakathi (kusukela ekhulwini lesi-5 kuya kwele-11). It sabonakala ukuphila kwabantu baseYurophu ngesikhathi kuwa uhlelo wumphakathi ngokuhlanganyela kanye nezinhlelo kumiswa ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo. Mela umkhiqizo wawo art temlomo ikakhulu Saxon, amaCelt zaseScandinavia futhi zesiLatini.

2. T emibhalo kwempahla feudalism (ngekhulu le-11 kuya ekhulwini le-15). Ngalesi sikhathi, ngo parallel imisebenzi athandwa ukuthuthukiswa okwandisa uthola umsebenzi abalobi ngabanye. Ngokuvamile, ukusakaza kwezincwadi isiqondiso letihloniphekile, esichaza izithakazelo futhi isimo sengqondo amakilasi ezahlukene emphakathini amakhosi asendulo. Kukhona imisebenzi ebhaliwe hhayi kuphela e-Latin kodwa futhi ophilayo izilimi zaseYurophu.

3. izincwadi ngeNkathi Yenguquko (ekhulwini le-15 kuya wesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-17). Lena inkathi okubizwa ngomlobokazi ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, lapho umphakathi izinduna kungokoqobo nesimo esibucayi futhi abasafufusa ubudlelwane olusha kwezomnotho.

izinhlobo Original kwezincwadi medieval ukulolongwa ukuphila eyinqaba futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezizwe European ngalesi sikhathi. Izenzo eziningi ungazange asinda, futhi lezo ezingaxazululeki ezibaluleke kakhulu ekutadisheni nakumasiko.

izincwadi Medieval kwesikhathi ekuseni sehlukaniswe izincwadi, abhalwe ngolimi Latin futhi izincwadi ngezilimi lwebantfu bemdzabu. Okokuqala okuqukethwe sehlukaniswe kwabefundisi nowezwe.

izincwadi Church, yebo, kuhlangene okholweni kuKristu futhi iSonto LamaKatolika. Nokho, yawa nemibono "yezihlubuki," ezwakalisa wokumelana yokucindezela abantu abefundisi futhi izinduna.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi uvezwa izinkondlo Latin futhi ilandisa Vagant ukukwazi inkambo imicimbi kanye izimbangela zazo. Lesi sakamuva engumthombo esibalulekile mlando.

Izincwadi ngezilimi lwebantfu bemdzabu eyethulwe nendumezulu Irish futhi-Anglo-Saxon, kanye nomsebenzi we-Nordic.

Medieval izincwadi isikhathi ezakha umphakathi izinduna wehlukile ngaphezulu okuqukethwe kanye uhlobo. Kuyinto ekhombisa ebanzi futhi ajulile isimilo imibono, indlela yekutiphatsa kanye ukuphila isikhathi sakhe. Izithakazelo kwabefundisi isigaba izinduna siboniswa kwabefundisi futhi izincwadi courtly. Ngo yetemlomo uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa lokusungula zabantu abavamile, hhayi nesibhamu diploma. Kusukela ngekhulu le-12, nge ukuvela emadolobheni lapho burgher (idolobha) izincwadi. It libhekene orientation yeningi anti-amakhosi asendulo.

izincwadi Medieval Yenguquko libonisa ukunakekela emhlabeni wangempela. Okuqukethwe kwalo kazwelonke-zomlando, ngemishini zonke izicelo zokuphila kwanamuhla, ubonisa ngesibindi zonke ukuphikisana yayo. Into esemqoka besithombe imisebenzi kulesi sikhathi ungumuntu nezwe lakhe imizwa nemicabango, izenzo zakhe. Engokomfanekiso futhi ukusetshenziswa abalobi e lokusungula futhi inganekwane eqanjiwe yabo izakhi ayedabuka temdzabu.

Renaissance izincwadi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene babe izici ezivamile, ejwayelekile le nkathi.